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Modeling Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibition Resulting From Exposure to a Mixture of Atrazine and Chlorpyrifos Using a Physiologically Based Kinetic Model in Fish
No full textInternational audienceAquatic organisms are exposed to mixtures of chemicals that may interact. Mixtures of atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) may elicit synergic effects on the permanent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in certain aquatic organisms, causing severe damage. Mechanistic mathematical models of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics (TD) may be used to better characterize and understand the interactions of these two chemicals. In this study, a previously published generic physiologically-based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model for fish was adapted to ATR and CPF. A sub-model of the kinetics of one of the main metabolites of CPF, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-oxon), was included, as well as a TD model. Inhibition of two esterases, AChE and carboxylesterase, by ATR, CPF and CPF-oxon, was modeled using TD modeling of quantities of total and inactive esterases. Specific attention was given to the parameterization and calibration of the model to accurately predict the concentration and effects observed in the fish using Bayesian inference and published data from fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), zebrafish (Danio rerio) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). A PBTK-TD for mixtures was used to predict dose-response relationships for comparison with available adult fish data. Synergistic effects of a joint exposure to ATR and CPF could not be demonstrated in adult fish
Characterizing environmental geographic inequalities using an integrated exposure assessment
No full textInternational audienceBackground: At a regional or continental scale, the characterization of environmental health inequities (EHI) expresses the idea that populations are not equal in the face of pollution. It implies an analysis be conducted in order to identify and manage the areas at risk of overexposure where an increasing risk to human health is suspected. The development of methods is a prerequisite for implementing public health activities aimed at protecting populations.Methods: This paper presents the methodological framework developed by INERIS (French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks) to identify a common framework for a structured and operationalized assessment of human exposure. An integrated exposure assessment approach has been developed to integrate the multiplicity of exposure pathways from various sources, through a series of models enabling the final exposure of a population to be defined.Results: Measured data from environmental networks reflecting the actual contamination of the environment are used to gauge the population's exposure. Sophisticated methods of spatial analysis are applied to include additional information and take benefit of spatial and inter-variable correlation to improve data representativeness and characterize the associated uncertainty. Integrated approaches bring together all the information available for assessing the source-to-human-dose continuum using a Geographic Information System, multimedia exposure and toxicokinetic model.Discussion: One of the objectives of the integrated approach was to demonstrate the feasibility of building complex realistic exposure scenarios satisfying the needs of stakeholders and the accuracy of the modelling predictions at a fine spatial-temporal resolution. A case study is presented to provide a specific application of the proposed framework and how the results could be used to identify an overexposed population
Phytomanagement of a metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural site using aromatic and medicinal plants to produce essential oils: analysis of the metal(loid) fate in the value chain.
No full textInternational audiencePhytomanagement uses plants and soil conditioners to create value on contaminated land while minimizing environmental risk. This work was carried out on a metal(loid)-contaminated site and aimed at assessing the suitability of Salvia sclarea L. (sage) and Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) combined with an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) inoculant to immobilize metal(loid)s and produce essential oils (EO). The effect of the inoculant on the transfer of metal(loid)s (ML, i.e., Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Ni, and Sb) to plants and the ML soil mobility were investigated. The ML concentrations in EO from both plant species and the valorization options for the distillation residues (soil conditioner, animal fodder, and anaerobic digestion) were studied. Sage was a suitable candidate for this value chain because it presents an excluder phenotype and the residues of oil extraction could be used as a soil conditioner. The metal concentrations in the sage EO were similar to those obtained from plants cultivated on an uncontaminated soil. These results indicate the suitability of sage harvested on the contaminated soil according to the ML fate in the whole value chain. Like the EO of sage, ML concentrations in the coriander EO did not differ from those in the commercial EO that were obtained from plants grown on uncontaminated soil. However, the use of distillation residues of coriander was limited by their relatively elevated Cd concentrations. The use of a mycorrhizal inoculum did not decrease the Cd mobility in soil for the coriander
Origine de la sismicité observée dans le bassin houiller abandonné de Gardanne et son lien avec l’ennoyage des travaux miniers
No full textThe closure of mines and post-mining management nowadays present a major challenge as the problems that arise can greatly concern public security. When mines are abandoned, groundwater pumping systems are usually stopped and the water which progressively fills the remaining voids can affect the mechanical stability of underground structures. In general, mechanisms of observed seismicity in flooded, post-mining districts have been poorly understood. As a case study, this thesis focused on the abandoned, flooded coal mine in Gardanne, France, which has been experiencing significant post-mining seismicity problems. Seismic activity in Gardanne mine seems to originate from an interaction between rocks and fluids, as spatio-temporal distribution of events suggests the link with intense rainfall events as well as the active pumping. The knowledge on the origin and the triggering mechanisms of the seismic activity in Gréasque and Regagnas sector is the key for seismic hazard assessment of the entire Gardanne basin. Thesis work focused on questions concerning precise identification of seismic source origin evaluating two hypothesis, determination of the mechanism behind the seismicity, link between seismicity and the hydrogeological system, as well as improving of the detection and location of microseismicity with a sparse network. The new developed detection and location methodology adapts the full waveform-based method BTBB by Poiata by overcoming the challenges of the sparse seismic monitoring network, and includes a novel approach for noise removal from continuous dataset as well as location quality-based classification system. The seismicity clustering behaviour was indicated by the new seismic catalogue 2014-2017, which was further analysed more thoroughly. All results are in favour of the origin of the seismic sources on the fault below the mine. Spatial and temporal characteristics of observed seismic events and multiplet and repeater occurrences provided a clearer image of the active geological structures and allowed a preliminary interpretation of possible mechanisms affecting the initiation and driving of the repeating or after-shock like behavior of seismic events, based on comparison with available hydrological data. Despite the general understanding of the mechanism behind the seismicity, the maximum magnitude of the events that can be triggered is at this moment is difficult to quantify and predict due to limitations of available data. As a prospective, in order to better understand the seismic hazard, more accurate observations of the seismicity, mechanical parameters and water level changes in the seismically active zone are required to improve the understanding and the interconnection between these factors.La fermeture des mines et la gestion post-minière constituent aujourd’hui un défi majeur car les problèmes engendrés peuvent impacter grandement la sécurité publique. Lorsque les mines sont abandonnées, les systèmes de pompage des eaux souterraines sont généralement arrêtés et l’eau qui remplit progressivement les vides peut affecter la stabilité mécanique des structures souterraines. En général, les mécanismes de la sismicité observée dans les districts post-miniers inondés sont mal compris. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude de la sismicité enregistrée à la suite de l’ennoyage de l’ancien bassin houiller de Gardanne, en Provence, fermée en 2003, qui connaît des problèmes importants de sismicité post-minière. La distribution spatio-temporelle des événements sismiques suggère un lien avec les épisodes de précipitations intenses ainsi qu’avec le pompage actif. La connaissance de l’origine et des mécanismes de déclenchement de l’activité sismique est la clé pour l’évaluation des risques sismiques de l’ensemble du bassin de Gardanne. Les travaux de thèse ont porté sur des questions liées à l’identification précise de l’origine de la source sismique en évaluant deux hypothèses, à la détermination du mécanisme derrière la sismicité, et le lien entre la sismicité et le système hydrogéologique, et en améliorant la détection et la localisation de la microsismicité avec un réseau clairsemé. La nouvelle méthodologie de détection et de localisation développée adapte la méthode BTBB (Poiata) basée sur la forme d’onde complète en surmontant les défis du réseau de surveillance sismique clairsemé, et inclut une nouvelle approche d’élimination du bruit de l’ensemble des données continues ainsi qu’un système de classification basé sur la qualité de la localisation. Un comportement sismique sous forme de clusters a été mis en évidence par le nouveau catalogue sismique 2014-2017, qui a ensuite fait l’objet d’une analyse plus approfondie. L’ensemble des résultats sont en faveur de l’origine des sources sismiques sur la faille en dessous de la mine. Les caractéristiques spatio-temporelles des événements sismiques et les occurrences de multiplets/répéteurs ont fourni une image plus claire des structures géologiques actives et ont permis une interprétation préliminaire des mécanismes de déclenchement possible, basée sur la comparaison avec les données hydrologiques. Malgré la compréhension générale du mécanisme de la sismicité, la magnitude maximale des événements qui peuvent être déclenchés est actuellement difficile à quantifier et à prévoir en raison des limites des données disponibles. En tant que perspective et dans le but de mieux comprendre le risque sismique, des observations plus précises de la sismicité, des paramètres mécaniques et des changements de niveau d’eau dans la zone sismique active sont nécessaires pour améliorer la compréhension de ces facteurs et de leur interconnexion
Integrative approach in a safe by design context combining risk, life cycle and socio-economic assessment for safer and sustainable nanomaterials
No full textInternational audienceMoving towards safe and sustainable innovations is an international policy ambition. In the on-hand manuscript, a concept combining safe by design and sustainability was implemented through the integration of human and environmental risk assessment, life cycle assessment as well as an assessment of the economic viability. The result is a nested and iterative process in form of a decision tree that integrates these three elements in order to achieve sustainable, safe and competitive materials, products or services. This approach, embedded into the stage-gate-model for safe by design, allows to reduce the uncertainty related to the assessment of risks and impacts by improving the quality of the data collected along each stage. In the second part of the manuscript, the application is shown for a case study dealing with the application of nanoparticles for Li-Ion batteries. One of the general conclusions out of this case study is that data gaps are a key aspect in view of the reliability of the results
Challenges and perspectives of direct test methods for assessing waste hazardous properties (HP)
No full textInternational audienc
Diurnal evolution of total column and surface atmospheric ammonia in the megacity of Paris, France, during an intense springtime pollution episode
No full textInternational audienceAbstract. Ammonia (NH3) is a key precursor for the formation of atmospheric secondary inorganic particles, such as ammonium nitrate and sulfate. Although the chemical processes associated with the gas-to-particle conversion are well known, atmospheric concentrations of gaseous ammonia are still scarcely characterized. However, this information is critical, especially for processes concerning the equilibrium between ammonia and ammonium nitrate, due to the semivolatile character of the latter. This study presents an analysis of the diurnal cycle of atmospheric ammonia during a pollution event over the Paris megacity region in spring 2012 (5 d in late March 2012). Our objective is to analyze the link between the diurnal evolution of surface NH3 concentrations and its integrated column abundance, meteorological variables and relevant chemical species involved in gas–particle partitioning. For this, we implement an original approach based on the combined use of surface and total column ammonia measurements. These last ones are derived from ground-based remote sensing measurements performed by the Observations of the Atmosphere by Solar Infrared Spectroscopy (OASIS) Fourier transform infrared observatory at an urban site over the southeastern suburbs of the Paris megacity. This analysis considers the following meteorological variables and processes relevant to the ammonia pollution event: temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, and the atmospheric boundary layer height (as indicator of vertical dilution during its diurnal development). Moreover, we study the partitioning between ammonia and ammonium particles from concomitant measurements of total particulate matter (PM) and ammonium (NH4+) concentrations at the surface. We identify the origin of the pollution event as local emissions at the beginning of the analyzed period and advection of pollution from Benelux and western Germany by the end. Our results show a clearly different diurnal behavior of atmospheric ammonia concentrations at the surface and those vertically integrated over the total atmospheric column. Surface concentrations remain relatively stable during the day, while total column abundances show a minimum value in the morning and rise steadily to reach a relative maximum in the late afternoon during each day of the spring pollution event. These differences are mainly explained by vertical mixing within the boundary layer, provided that this last one is considered well mixed and therefore homogeneous in ammonia concentrations. This is suggested by ground-based measurements of vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, used as tracer of the vertical distribution of pollutants in the atmospheric boundary layer. Indeed, the afternoon enhancement of ammonia clearly seen by OASIS for the whole atmospheric column is barely depicted by surface concentrations, as the surface concentrations are strongly affected by vertical dilution within the rising boundary layer. Moreover, the concomitant occurrence of a decrease in ammonium particle concentrations and an increase in gaseous ammonia abundance suggests the volatilization of particles for forming ammonia. Furthermore, surface observations may also suggest nighttime formation of ammonium particles from gas-to-particle conversion, for relative humidity levels higher than the deliquescence point of ammonium nitrate
Etude des performances de phytoextraction du Zn et du Cd de l’hyperaccumulateur Arabidopsis halleri en co-culture avec Salix viminalis
No full textPhytoextraction aims at partially reducing soil pollution. This in situ polluted soil management method avoids its excavation, transport and disposal. In order to provide feedback in real conditions and on the long term, an experiment of phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was set up in 2013 in Montataire (Oise, France) by co-cultivating Arabidopsis halleri and Salix viminalis on a contaminated urban site (average Cd and Zn contents of 1.7 and 616 mg kg-1, respectively). My thesis work is part of this experiment and contributes to the knowledge related to the deployment of in situ phytoextraction. The objectives were to study (i) soil-plant-herbivore metal transfers, (ii) potential associated environmental risks, (iii) the impact of metal pollution and a plant cover on the biological functioning of the soil and (iv) to identify optimal conditions for the valorization of the biomass produced by studying the effects of several cultural practices. The phytoextraction efficiency of A. halleri and S. viminalis was demonstrated. Both species adapted well to the site conditions (basic pH). Zn leaf concentrations in both species were well above physiological values and Cd was above normal values confirming the tolerant and accumulating characteristics of these species for this two elements. The agronomic practices tested (NPK+S fertilizer, mowing, co-cultivation) increased the phytoextraction potential of A. halleri (biomass and/or TE accumulation). Our results also showed that pre-inoculation of willows with a commercial mycorrhizal inoculum was possible. However, A. halleri was found to be not mycorrhizable in our exprimental conditions, regardless of the growing conditions (in the presence or absence of NPK fertilizer, in situ or in pots in the presence of a nurse plant) and regardless of the developmental stages (rosette, flowering and fruiting). However, we showed that root colonization of A. halleri was possible using an endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica. Trace elements have a negative effect on soil biological functioning (microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, earthworm biomass and abundance). The use of willow as a vegetation cover has a beneficial effect on several soil biological parameters (earthworm biomass, the microbial enzyme activity dehydrogenase) compared to the non-vegetated soil. The more the aerial parts of A. halleri are enriched in Zn and Cd, the less they are consumed, suggesting a direct link between Zn and Cd concentrations and defense mechanisms against herbivores in this species. Conversely, no link was established with the concentrations and nature of glucosinolates. Based on the TE concentrations in the biomass produced (S. viminalis; A. halleri; colonizer plant) on the experimental site, several valorization pathways seem to emerge with Zn ecocatalyst production (A. halleri, S. viminalis leaves), combustion (S; viminalis trunk) and composting as well as methanization for colonizer plant on the site.La phytoextraction a pour objectif de réduire partiellement la pollution des sols. Ce mode de gestion de terre polluée in situ évite leur excavation, transport et mise en site de stockage. Pour alimenter les retours d’expérience en conditions réelles et sur le long terme, une expérimentation de phytoextraction du Zn et du Cd par une co-culture d’Arabidopsis halleri et de Salix viminalis sur un site urbain contaminé avec des teneurs moyennes en Cd et en Zn de 1,7 et 616 mg kg-1, respectivement, a été mise en place en 2013 à Montataire (Oise, France). Mes travaux de thèse s’inscrivent dans ce contexte et contribuent à alimenter les connaissances liées au déploiement de la phytoextraction in situ. Ils avaient pour objectifs d’étudier (i) les transferts de métaux sol- plantes- herbivores, (ii) les risques environnementaux potentiels associés (iii) l’impact de la pollution métallique et d’un couvert végétal sur le fonctionnement biologique du sol et (iv) d’identifier les conditions optimales pour la valorisation des biomasses produites par l’étude des effets de plusieurs pratiques culturales. L’efficacité de phytoextraction de A. halleri et S. viminalis a été démontrée. Les deux espèces se sont bien adaptées aux conditions du site (pH basique). Les concentrations foliaires en Zn des deux espèces sont largement supérieures aux valeurs physiologiques et en Cd supérieures aux valeurs ordinaires confirmant les caractères tolérants et accumulateurs de ces espèces pour ces deux éléments. Les pratiques agronomiques testées (fertilisant NPK+S, fauche, co-culture) ont permis d’augmenter le potentiel de phytoextraction d’A. halleri (biomasse et/ou accumulation d’ET (élément trace)). Nos résultats ont également montré que la pré-inoculation des saules par un inoculum mycorhizien commercial à base de CMA était possible. Cependant, A. halleri n’était pas mycorhizable par les inoculums mycorhiziens testés dans les conditions expérimentales de notre étude et, ce, quelles que soient les conditions de culture (en présence ou en absence de fertilisant NPK, in situ ou en pot en présence d’une plante nurse) et quels que soient les stades de développement (rosette, floraison et fructification). Toutefois, nous avons montré que la colonisation racinaire d’A. halleri était possible en utilisant un champignon endophyte Piriformospora indica. Les ET ont un effet négatif sur le fonctionnement biologique du sol (biomasse microbienne, activité enzymatique, biomasse et abondance des vers de terre). L’utilisation du saule en couvert végétal à un effet bénéfique sur certains paramètres biologiques du sol (biomasse des vers de terre, activité enzymatique microbienne déhydrogénase) par rapport au sol non végétalisé. Plus les parties aériennes d’A. halleri sont enrichies en Zn et en Cd et moins elles sont consommées ce qui suggère un lien direct entre les concentrations en Zn et Cd et la défense face aux herbivores chez cette espèce. Au contraire, aucun lien n’a été établi avec les concentrations et la nature des glucosinolates. Sur la base des concentrations en ET dans la biomasse produite (S. viminalis ; A. halleri ; adventices) sur le site d’expérimentation, plusieurs voies de valorisation semblent émerger : la production d’écocatalyseur de Zn (A. halleri, feuilles de S. viminalis), combustion (S. viuminalis tronc) et le compostage et la méthanisation pour les adventices du site
Développements de protocoles méthodologiques pour le monitoring géochimique appliqué à la détection de fuite d'hydrogène (H₂) à l'aplomb des sites de stockage souterrain
No full textCombined with the energy transition, underground H₂ storage is a storage solution for the energy. The research project named "Rostock'H" integrating this thesis work associated the University of Lorraine and Ineris to develop geochemical monitoring methods in order to analyze the risks and opportunities. This project aims to study the risks and opportunities of H₂ storage in salt caverns. The next goal is to be able to store H₂ in a volume of up to 1,000,000 m³ between 300 and 1,400 m deep. The development of an underground storage site involves controlling pre, syn and post-operational risks by geochemical monitoring methods. Colorless and odorless, H₂ is a volatile and explosive gas. A particular attention is therefore paid to the risks of subsurface leakage from these storage sites and to the metrology associated with this detection. This thesis work had three main objectives: (i) to experiment in-situ and continuous monitoring methods from dissolved gas injections on a dedicated experimental site, (ii) to determine the potential impacts of a leak in “soils” and “aquifers” with a modeled analysis of the geochemical behavior of H₂ and associated parameters, (iii) to establish recommendations and a monitoring strategy for existing or future underground storage sites to prevent potential H₂ leakages. Composed of a semi-confined aquifer from 13 m deep, this experimental site in the Paris Basin has several wells and equipments reaching the saturated and unsaturated zones. Oxidizing, oxygenated and moderately mineralized, the waters of this aquifer have an initial chemical composition belonging to the calcium bicarbonate facies with a slight alteration in nitrates and sulphates. Several steps were necessary to simulate and model a potential leak: - Preparation of the site and choice of the metrological systems that will be deployed - Establishment of the initial state of the site through the definition of a geochemical baseline from measurements of the piezometric level, physico-chemical parameters, analyzes of ionic species and dissolved gas measurements in a dedicated well by combining of the Raman and infrared spectroscopies - Co-injection of dissolved He and hydrogeological tracers to validate the experimental protocol of the H₂ injection and to allow a first analysis of the aquifer dynamics - Co-injection of dissolved H₂ and tracers selected according to the adapted protocol linked to the experience feedback from the He injection - Post-injection monitoring to determine the impacts and the kinetics of return in the initial state of the aquifer using in particular the monitoring system of dissolved gases by optical sensors. An initial concentration of H₂ dissolved at 1.78 mg.L-1 was injected under surface conditions for 2.5 hours into the aquifer. The migration of the dissolved H₂ plume as well as other gases initially present in the aquifer was monitored both by continuous method (Raman and infrared spectroscopies) and discontinuous measurements (partial degassing). A dynamic of H₂ transfer in the water table was observed up to 20 m downstream from the injection well: 0.6 mg.L⁻¹ at 5 m, 0.17 mg.L⁻¹ at 7 m then 1.8*10⁻³ mg.L⁻¹ of H₂ at 10 and 20 m during the first week. Following the addition of H₂(aq), the physico-chemistry of the aquifer was modified with an increase of pH, a decrease of redox potential and of the O₂(aq) concentration. From continuous measurements by Raman spectroscopy (at 7 m downstream the injection well), a 2D model was established on the basis of a mixed H₂ diffusion/advection process, assuming a single-channel flow in the aquifer. The experimental results acquired in this thesis work validate, over the long term, the metrological choices applied, with a detection limit of H₂ in aquifer lowered to 0.02 mg.L⁻¹. These results thus confirm the feasibility of monitoring dissolved H2 in shallow aquifers and highlight the potential impacts of leakages from underground storage reaching the surface.Associé à la transition énergétique, le stockage souterrain d’H₂ est une solution de stockage de l’énergie. Le projet de recherche « Rostock’H » intégrant ce travail de thèse a associé l’Université de Lorraine et l’Ineris pour développer des méthodes de monitoring géochimique afin d’en analyser les risques et opportunités. Il s’agit de pouvoir stocker l’H₂ dans un volume allant jusqu’à 1 000 000 m³ entre 300 et 1400 m de profondeur. Le développement d’un site de stockage souterrain implique une maîtrise des risques anté, syn et post-opérationnels par des méthodes de surveillance géochimique. Incolore et inodore, l’H₂ est un gaz volatil et explosif. Une attention particulière est donc portée sur les risques de fuite en subsurface à partir de ces sites de stockage et sur la métrologie associée à cette détection. Ce travail de thèse a eu trois objectifs : (i) expérimenter des méthodes de monitoring in situ et continu à partir d’injections de gaz dissous sur un site expérimental, (ii) déterminer les impacts potentiels d’une fuite dans les «sols» et «nappes phréatiques» avec une analyse modélisée du comportement géochimique de l’H₂ et des paramètres associés, (iii) établir une stratégie de monitoring recommandé pour les sites de stockages souterrains, afin de prévenir de potentielles fuites d’H₂. Composé d’un aquifère semi-captif à partir de 13 m de profondeur, ce site expérimental du Bassin parisien dispose de plusieurs puits et équipements atteignant les zones saturée et non saturée. Oxydantes, oxygénées et modérément minéralisées, les eaux de cet aquifère ont une composition chimique initiale appartenant au faciès bicarbonaté calcique avec une légère altération en nitrates et sulfates. Plusieurs étapes ont été nécessaires pour simuler et modéliser une fuite potentielle : - Préparation du site et choix des systèmes métrologiques - Établissement de l’état initial du site (ligne de base géochimique) définit à partir de mesures du niveau piézométrique, des paramètres physico-chimiques, d’analyses d’espèces ioniques et des mesures de gaz dissous en puits dédié en combinant spectroscopies Raman (N₂, O₂, CO₂, H₂ et CH₄) et infrarouge (CO₂, CH₄) à l’aide de capteurs optiques - Co-injection d’He dissous et de traceurs hydrogéologiques validant le protocole expérimental d’injection d’H₂ et une première analyse de la dynamique de l’aquifère - Co-injection d’H₂ dissous et de traceurs sélectionnés selon le protocole adapté lié au retour d’expérience - Suivi post-injection déterminant les impacts et la cinétique du retour à l’état initial de la nappe à l’aide notamment du puits dédié et du développement du système de monitoring des gaz dissous par capteurs optiques. Une concentration initiale d’H₂ dissous à 1,78 mg.L⁻¹ a été injectée en conditions de surface durant 2,5 heures dans la nappe. La migration du panache d’H2 dissous ainsi que d’autres gaz initialement présents dans l’aquifère a été suivie à la fois par méthode continue (spectroscopies Raman et infrarouge) et mesures discontinues (dégazage partiel). Une dynamique de transfert d'H₂ décroissante dans la nappe a été observée jusqu'à 20 m en aval du puits d’injection : 0,6 mg.L⁻¹ à 5 m, 0,17 mg.L⁻¹ à 7 m puis 1,8*10⁻³ mg.L⁻¹ d’H₂ à 10 et 20 m lors de la première semaine. À la suite de l'ajout d’H₂(aq), la physico-chimie de l'aquifère a été modifiée avec une augmentation du pH, une diminution du potentiel rédox et de la concentration en O₂(aq). A partir des mesures Raman (à 7 m en aval), un modèle 2D a été établi sur la base d’un processus mixte de diffusion/advection de l’H₂ en supposant un écoulement monocanal au sein de l’aquifère. Ces résultats expérimentaux acquis valident, sur le long terme, les choix métrologiques appliqués, avec une limite de détection d’H₂ en aquifère à 0,02 mg.L⁻¹. Ils confirment ainsi la faisabilité du suivi d’H₂ dans les aquifères peu profonds et mettent en évidence les impacts potentiels des fuites des stockages souterrains atteignant la surface
