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Living Labs et autres approches participatives appliquées à la recherche sur les multi-expositions environnementales et les risques chroniques.
No full textContexte Les recherches participatives en santé-environnement restent peu développées en France. Les objectifs poursuivis de manière générale par les recherches en santé-environnement (ex : identifier des situations potentiellement à risque, estimer des expositions, évaluer des effets, tester des actions préventives) et les méthodes employées à ces fins sont variés. Les opportunités d’une plus grande implication de la société civile et défis associés diffèrent à chaque étape de ces recherches. Ces aspects demandent à être mieux appréhendés collectivement. Le projet LILAS vise, en amont du développement de futurs projets de recherches participatives sur les multi-expositions environnementales, à 1) co-construire, entre chercheurs institutionnels, académiques et représentants de la société civile, une bonne compréhension commune des principales problématiques et méthodes de recherche en santé-environnement, de leurs enjeux, prérequis, forces et limites 2) identifier les bénéfices et points de vigilance liés à l’introduction de plus fortes dimensions participatives dans ces recherches. Méthode adoptéeLe projet LILAS a rassemblé des chercheurs institutionnels, académiques et représentants de la société civile intéressés par les multi-expositions (chimiques, radiologiques). Une recherche bibliographique a été initiée pour tirer le retour d’expérience de projets de recherches participatives en santé-environnement. Plusieurs réunions ont permis d’identifier collectivement différents types d’études et de réfléchir sur les apports, limites et principes méthodologiques relatifs à l’introduction de différents degrés de participation dans celles-ci. Une matrice d’analyse a été co-construite puis alimentée par les participants, en s’inspirant des approches « Living Lab ».Résultats Pour différents types d’études (études d’évaluations d’expositions, d’identification de leurs déterminants, tests d’interventions sur ceux-ci, développement de capteurs, évaluations de risques sanitaires, études épidémiologiques, recherches expérimentales, études sur la santé des écosystèmes…), la matrice liste les bénéfices attendus pour plusieurs catégories de parties prenantes, les principes méthodologiques fondamentaux et contraintes pratiques, les avantages et limites relatifs à l’emploi d’approches participatives (comme l’approche Living Lab) ou plus “classiques”, mais également les besoins d’accompagnements institutionnels et les effets structurants nécessaires à leur déploiement et leur amélioration qualitative.Conclusion LILAS a permis, par acculturation croisée, de poser des bases consolidées pour la co-construction de futurs projets de recherches participatives sur les multi-expositions environnementales
Prenatal exposure to pesticides and risk of preeclampsia among pregnant women: Results from the ELFE cohort
No full textInternational audienceBACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific syndrome caused by abnormal placentation. Although environmental chemicals, including some pesticides, are suspected of impairing placentation and promoting preeclampsia, its relationship with preeclampsia has been insufficiently explored. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the relation between non-occupational exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. METHODS: The study cohort comprised 195 women with and 17,181 without preeclampsia from the ELFE birth cohort. We used toxicogenomic approaches to select 41 pesticides of interest for their possible influence on preeclampsia. We assessed household pesticide use (self-reported data), environmental exposure to agricultural pesticides (geographic information systems), and dietary exposure (food-frequency questionnaire with data from monitoring pesticide residues in food and water). Dietary exposures to pesticides were grouped into clusters of similar exposures to resolve collinearity issues. For each exposure source, pesticides were mutually adjusted, and odds ratios estimated with logistic regression models. RESULTS: The quantity of prochloraz applied within a kilometer of the women’s homes was higher in women with than without preeclampsia (fourth quartile vs. others; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.02, 2.35), especially when preeclampsia was diagnosed before 34 weeks of gestation (aOR = 2.25; 95%CI: 1.01, 5.06). The reverse was observed with nearby cypermethrin application (aOR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.36, 0.96). In sensitivity analyses, women with preeclampsia receiving antihypertensive treatment had a significantly higher probability of using herbicides at home during pregnancy than women without preeclampsia (aOR = 2.20; 95%CI: 1.23, 3.93). No statistically significant association was found between dietary exposure to pesticide residues and preeclampsia. DISCUSSION: While the most of the associations examined remained statistically non-significant, our results suggest the possible influence on preeclampsia of residential exposures to prochloraz and some herbicides. These estimations are supported by toxicological and mechanistic data
A European aerosol phenomenology - 7: high-time resolution chemical characteristics of submicron particulate matter across Europe
No full textInternational audienceSimilarities and differences in the submicron atmospheric aerosol chemical composition are analyzed from a unique set of measurements performed at 21 sites across Europe for at least one year. These sites are located between 35 and 62°N and 10° W – 26°E, and represent various types of settings (remote, coastal, rural, industrial, urban). Measurements were all carried out on-line with a 30-minute time resolution using mass spectroscopy based instruments known as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) and following common measurement guidelines. Data regarding organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, as well as the sum of them called non-refractory submicron aerosol mass concentration ([NR-PM1]) are discussed. NR-PM1 concentrations generally increase from remote to urban sites. They are mostly larger in the mid-latitude band than in southern and northern Europe. On average, organics account for the major part (36-64%) of NR-PM1 followed by sulfate (12-44%) and nitrate (6-35%). The annual mean chemical composition of NR-PM1 at rural (or regional background) sites and urban background sites are very similar. Considering rural and regional background sites only, nitrate contribution is higher and sulfate contribution is lower in mid-latitude Europe compared to northern and southern Europe. Large seasonal variations in concentrations (μg/m³) of one or more components of NR-PM1 can be observed at all sites, as well as in the chemical composition of NR-PM1 (%) at most sites. Significant diel cycles in the contribution to [NR-PM1] of organics, sulfate, and nitrate can be observed at a majority of sites both in winter and summer. Early morning minima in organics in concomitance with maxima in nitrate are common features at regional and urban background sites. Daily variations are much smaller at a number of coastal and rural sites. Looking at NR-PM1 chemical composition as a function of NR-PM1 mass concentration reveals that although organics account for the major fraction of NR-PM1 at all concentration levels at most sites, nitrate contribution generally increases with NR-PM1 mass concentration and predominates when NR-PM1 mass concentrations exceed 40 μg/m³ at half of the sites
Effets des champs électromagnétiques de basses fréquences et de radiofréquences sur la fonction endocrinienne : étude de l’hormone mélatonine
No full textInternational audienceElectromagnetic fields can be generated by natura, phenomena as the earth's magnetic field or by humor activities, mainly by using electricity and wireless communication. This previous technology is now ubiquitous and has a great influence on our life, which evoked several debates and scientific investigations on its effects on our health. This article sheds the light on the latest evidence found in this regard, including impacts on the endocrine hormone, melatonin. This hormone, produced by the pineal gland and controlled by the circadian system, is pleiotropic with several physiological and pharmacological functions. It is considered as a synchronizing agent, free radical scavenger, oncostatic and anticancer agent as well as being a regulator of the sleep-wake and neuroendocrine rhythm, the immune system, and the circadian variation in body temperature
Origin and hazard of induced seismicity at the Balmatt geothermal doublet (Belgium)
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Covid-19 Lockdown in Spring 2020 in France Provided Unexpected Opportunity to Assess Health Impacts of Falls in Air Pollution
No full textInternational audienceLockdown measures to limit the spread of Covid-19 in France in spring 2020 sharply reduced activities and lowered air-pollution concentrations. This study sought to determine the short- and long-term impacts on mortality in metropolitan France resulting from the temporary decrease in the population's exposure to air pollution. The reduction in exposure to air pollution was estimated by calculating the difference between modeled exposure of the population during the strict lockdown and the gradual lifting, and the simulated exposure that would have been observed in the absence of lockdown. A quantitative health impact assessment was used to estimate both the short-term impact of PM 10 and NO 2 reductions, and the long-term impact of PM 2.5 and NO 2 reductions on mortality. Reduced activities during the lockdown lowered NO 2 and PM concentrations, resulting in about 2,300 deaths postponed for PM 2.5 and nearly 1,200 for NO 2 , mainly due to avoided long-term effects. This study shows that, even in an unprecedented context that is certainly neither realistic nor desirable to improve air quality in the long run, public interventions appear to have a significant impact on health through reductions in air-pollution levels. In a long-term perspective, the study also reminds us that the total burden of air pollution on health remains a significant risk factor in France. Efforts to reduce ambient air pollution must thus be pursued sustainably for all sources of air pollution with suitably adapted but ambitious policies. Finally, the lockdown restrictions had other consequences, both positive and negative, on the population's health. These consequences highlight the need to conduct more integrated assessments of health impacts that include the multisectoral consequences of interventions, particularly in terms of population compliance with mitigating restrictions, behavior and mental health and, more broadly, climate change
Engineered nanomaterials at workplace: an overview of the state of the art
No full textInternational audienceThe nanometric scale reveals unexpected properties of materials, and often completely different from those of the same materials at the micro- or macro-scales. Occupational exposures to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) concern workers in research laboratories, manufacturing plants or sites of use of ENMs, the number of which remains unknown to date. Besides, significant quantities of ENMs are deployed yearly nationwide in a wide variety of sectors, according to R-Nano mandatory annual reporting register for ENMs (R-Nano Report). In parallel, several experimental studies, although scattered and still incomplete, sometimes even contradictory, suggest deleterious biological effects for certain families of ENMs. Uncertainties therefore remain on the risks potentially generated by some ENMs. Furthermore, metrological challenges persist for the assessment of exposures. However, despite this context of uncertainties, the prevention of occupational risks in workers exposed to ENMs is essential, and the existing regulations in terms of prevention of occupational risks remain applicable under the responsibility of employers. Professional national guidelines are made available to employers and occupational health services by the French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS) as well as the High Council for Public Health (HCSP). In addition, health monitoring (national EpiNano epidemiological surveillance system) is essential to provide convincing data concerning the health risks of workers potentially exposed to ENMs. This manuscript, written by a multidisciplinary group, provides an overview of the state of the art related to ENMs.Le passage de la matière à des dimensions nanométriques fait apparaître des propriétés inattendues et souvent totalement différentes de celles des mêmes matériaux à l’échelle micro- ou macroscopique. Les expositions professionnelles aux nanomatériaux manufacturés (NM) concernent des travailleurs dans les laboratoires de recherche, les usines de fabrication ou les sites d’utilisation de NM, dont le nombre reste à ce jour non déterminé. Par ailleurs, des quantités importantes de NM sont déployées annuellement en France dans des secteurs très variés selon le registre national de déclaration annuelle obligatoire des substances à l’état nanoparticulaire R-Nano. En parallèle, plusieurs études expérimentales, quoiqu’éparses, lacunaires, voire même contradictoires, suggèrent des effets biologiques délétères pour certaines familles de NM. Des incertitudes demeurent donc sur les risques engendrés par certains NM. De plus, des limites métrologiques persistent pour l’évaluation des expositions. Néanmoins, en dépit de ce contexte d’incertitudes, la prévention des risques professionnels chez les travailleurs exposés aux NM s’impose, et la réglementation existante en matière de prévention des risques professionnels reste applicable sous la responsabilité des employeurs. Des recommandations professionnelles sont mises à disposition des employeurs et des services de santé au travail par l’Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS) ainsi que le Haut Conseil de Santé Publique (HCSP). En complément, la veille sanitaire (Dispositif national EpiNano) est incontournable pour fournir des données probantes concernant les risques pour la santé des travailleurs exposés aux NM. Ce manuscrit, rédigé par un groupe pluridisciplinaire, présente un aperçu de l’état de l’art relatif aux NM
Toxic effects of a mixture of five pharmaceutical drugs assessed using Fontinalis antipyretica Hedw.
No full textInternational audienceThe potential health risks associated with the pharmaceuticals released into the environment through effluents from sewage treatment plants have become a major cause for concern. Owing to the lack of effective indicators, monitoring the concentration of these pollutants in the aquatic environment is challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the toxicity of a mixture of five pharmaceutical drugs (paracetamol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, irbesartan, and naproxen) using the aquatic moss Fontinalis antipyretica as a bioindicator and bioaccumulator. We examined the effects of the drug mixture on the cellular antioxidant system, chlorophyll content, and morphological traits of F. antipyretica. The plant was exposed for 5 months to three concentrations of the mixture, including the environmental concentration (MX1), and 10-(MX10) and 100-times (MX100) the environmental concentration. The results showed that only carbamazepine and irbesartan were accumulated by the species. The bioconcentration level increased with exposure time, with the maximum uptake at the 4th month of exposure. The increase in bioaccumulation with exposure time was more evident in plants exposed to MX100. Analysis of the activity of antioxidant enzymes showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1.) and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6.) were highly sensitive to the drug mixture. The activity of the enzymes was significantly higher in plants exposed to MX100; however, the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.7.) was not significantly affected. Plants exposed to MX10 and MX100 had significantly lower total chlorophyll content and chlorophyll a/b ratio compared with those of plants in the control group; however, photosynthetic activity was restored after 5 months of exposure. The morphological characteristics of F. antipyretica were less sensitive to the treatment conditions
Measuring the flow and the turbulence in a harsh environment using a modified Mc Caffrey gauge
No full textInternational audienceConsidering that many laboratory measurement techniques devoted to fluid mechanics are difficult to implement in field, especially for combustion and explosions, the present authors developed during the last 2 decades, a special type of Mc Caffrey gauges to measure the flow and the turbulence in those harsh situations (figure 1). Especially a fully embedded version is now under development and the initial work about this innovation is evoked. In this paper, the theory underpinning this technique is presented together with some technical details. Limitations are given and comparisons with reference techniques (hot wire in air jets) are presented