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    Veidų reprezentacijos modeliai

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    Considering that information alteration of faces and other visual stimulus differ qualitative, it is important to establish models, which would enable to explain peculiar consistent patterns of information processing of faces.One of the most important stages of informatikon processing – representation in memory. Recently, seeking to discover the peculiarities of faces representation in memory, the biggest attention is given to face space of T. Valentine and patterns of M. B. Lewis and R. A. Johnston Voronoi.In T. Valentine’s multidimensional face-space framework, faces are encoded according to a series of visual or physical parameter particular to each face. Each of these parameters is represented along a space dimension. The dimensions of the space will be those that serve to discriminate between faces and they represent the perceptual dimensions or features of faces that distinguish the faces. A face’s representation will be made up of many values taken along many different dimensions. This set of values will be unique for every individual face and will be represented as a single point (or vector) in an N-dimensional face-space. The main problem – because of non-comprehensive description of face’s dimension and encoded information of faces it is not clear the way of distinguishing physical and psychological faces’ dimensions, the possibilities to range the encoded face dimensions according to their importance and significance.Two different models based on this framework, norm-based and exemplar-based models are described and contrasted. Models that incorporate the facial prototype are referred to as norm-based models. On such models, faces are represented by face vectors taken relative to the facial prototype at the center of the face-space, which represent the average value of the population on each dimension. Although the existence of face-prototype is certified by the research of faces’ caricature, it is unclear why the faces of representatives of other races are reproduced inaccurate, how are the valuation mediums of encoded faces’ dimension calculated, does the face-prototype is kept in memory as the real face?As an alternative to these – exemplar-based models have face representations that are stored as absolutes, relative only to other exemplars. The present study describes Voronoi diagram, developed from the exemplar-based model, which accounts for the caricature advantage without reference to an explicitly encoded facial prototype. Voronoi diagram involves interpreting the face-space as a space of regions of identity (also called „Voronoi cells“) rather than a set of points or vectors. The advantage of this pattern – the identity of observed face is connected with appropriate „cell“. It is important, because such structure, differently to the pattern oriented to standard, enables to explain the fact, that faces are recognized despite their dimensions or change of circumstances of observation.Distinguishing between these two models remains difficult because they make similar predictions. For example, both models predict that faces that are judged to be distinctive will be recognized faster and more accurately than those judged to be typical. Also indicate that typical faces are generally located near the center of the space in more densely populated facespace while distinctive faces will tend to be present in the outer regions. However, with help of patterns oriented to standards, as well as to examples, it is possible to explain only some of peculiarities of informatikon alteration of faces and the results of empirical researches are quite contradictory. Further analysis of pattern of faces’ expansion is necessary – it would not only specify the hypothetical structure of faces’ expansion, but also elaborate the proceeding processes.Straipsnyje nagrinėjami T. Valentine’o veidų erdvės ir M. B. Lewiso bei R. A. Johnstono Voronoi modeliai, kuriuose pagrindinis dėmesys skiriamas veidų reprezentacijos atmintyje ypatumams. Pažymima, jog veidai reprezentuojami hipotetinėje daugiamatėje veidų erdvėje. Veidų erdvės matmenys (arba geometrinės ašys) atspindi koduojamos veido informacijos požymių įverčius. Tuomet pats veidas apibūdinamas kaip unikalus įvairių matmenų įverčių derinys, kuris gali būti reprezentuotas veidų erdvėje kaip vienintelis abstraktus taškas arba vektorius (pagal tai, ar kodavimo metu atsižvelgiama į veidą-prototipą). Remiantis veidų išsidėstymo erdvėje principais (nuotoliu nuo veido-prototipo ir atstumu tarp reprezentuojamų veidų) aiškinami kai kurie veidų informacijos apdorojimo dėsningumai (pvz., informacijos atgaminimo tikslumas, veidų tarpusavio panašumo, savitumo / tipiškumo nustatymas ir pan.). Pagrindinė problema – netikslus ir nedetalus modeliuose vartojamų sąvokų bei aprašomų veido informacijos apdorojimo procesų apibūdinimas. Tai lemia atliekamų tyrimų rezultatų prieštaringumą ir pasunkina empirinį modelių prielaidų patvirtinimą

    Karių pasitenkinimo privalomąja karo tarnyba ir jų kovinio pasirengimo sąsajų ypatumai

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    The present investigation examined the relations between servicemen satisfaction with the military service, demographic variables and military readiness. The study also assessed the dynamic changes of servicemen satisfaction with the military service.Participants: 211 servicemen of obligatory military service in N battalion aged 19–24 years took part. The servicemen satisfaction with the military service was assessed by the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale (JAWS) and Job Satisfaction Scale (JSS). Both scales were translated into Lithuanian language with the permission of P. Spector. The servicemen were evaluated twice with JAWS – on the 3rd and 12th months of the service. At the end of 3rd month of the military service servicemen were evaluated with JSS.22 indicators of the military readiness were taken as follows: 2 grades of physical fitness tests; 8 grades of Basic Military Training (BMT) Programme; 6 scores of tactics field training performance and 6 scores that generalize the servicemen military readiness during the whole period of the military service, which were presented by the section commanders.Significant relationships were revealed between the level of the servicemen emotional well-being that was evaluated on the 3rd month and the level of the emotional well-being at the end of the military service (r = 0.63; p < 0.01).The results indicated that the scores of all three evaluations of servicemen satisfaction with the military service are significantly higher among the servicemen descended from countries as compared with the servicemen descended from towns. The differences of satisfaction indicators were not significant among servicemen with higher and lower education.In the result of applying the nonhierarchical clustering k-means method three estimates of satisfaction with the military service grouped the servicemen in two clusters. One group consisted of 113 servicemen of relatively higher satisfaction. The other group consisted of 98 servicemen of relatively lower satisfaction.Comparisons between these groups by means of Mann-Whitney criterion of ranks sum for independent samples showed that the scores of military readiness indicators were higher in the group with higher  satisfaction. More than 50% (12 from 22) of all military readiness indicators differed significantly in these groups.BMT grades as compared revealed that the group with higher satisfaction scored significantly higher on 5 subjects: tactical knowledge (p < 0.001), topography, shooting and musketry, military communication and weapon of mass destruction (p < 0.05). Ratings of tactics field performance as compared differ significantly in three evaluations: tactical proficiency, topography and ability to act in team (p < 0.05). Section commanders evaluated as better the Professional readiness and relations with the service peers in the group of the higher satisfaction with the military service (p < 0.05).To conclude, it seems that the servicemen satisfaction is quite stable during the whole period of the military service. This seems to suggest that the first months of obligatory military service could predict further dynamic changes of the servicemen satisfaction. The satisfaction with the military service is related with the scores of the military readiness. It let us assume that satisfaction with the military service influences in some degree the formation of the servicemen skills and abilities to perform their functions. Straipsnyje analizuojamos pasitenkinimo privalomąja tarnyba sąsajos su kovinio pasirengimo rodikliais. Naudojant dvi pasitenkinimo tarnyba įvertinimo skales ištirta 211 karių. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad pasitenkinimas tarnyba yra stabilus rodiklis, mažai kintantis per visą jos laiką. Atlikus pasitenkinimo įverčių klasterinę analizę sudarytos dvi karių grupės: santykinai didesnio pasitenkinimo tarnyba grupę sudarė 113 karių, o santykinai mažesnio – 98 kariai. Palyginus šias grupes nustatytos statistiškai reikšmingos sąsajos tarp karių pasitenkinimo tarnyba ir jų kovinio pasirengimo rodiklių. Daugiau nei 50 proc. (12 iš 22) visų kovinio pasirengimo rodiklių yra geresni santykinai didesnio pasitenkinimo tarnyba karių grupės

    Instrukcijoje numatyto atsakymo tipo įtaka formulavimo poveikiui

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    According to classical rationality presumptions the preferences should not be dependent on the response type and on the description of the problem in gain and loss terms. However, the data of empirical research often negate the invariance presumptions of both the procedure and the description. The examples of such negalion could be preference reversal and the framing effect. The main purpose of the research was determining whether the framing effect manifests itself after presenting not only choise but also numerical estimation task. The research subjects were given a task, which is very similar to Asian disease problem according to its logical structure, the only difference that it was economic to its content. It was mentioned in the task there was a danger of losing equipment and work places.There was a hypothesis presented that the framing effect will be determined only when the research subjects are given the choice but not the numerical estimation task. The hypothesis was confirmed by the research data. When the estimation task was presented, most research subjects appreciated more the risky alternative, irrespective how the task was formulated. It is very likely that the reason for such results could not have been accidental guessing. According to the research data, the guessing hypothesis could be rejected with marginal significance level (p = 0,053). Since the estimations of the research subjects were not dependent on the task formulation characteristics, there is no basis to assume that the preferences of the research subjects were determined by high referente point. It is most likely that the necessity to estimame the attractiveness of the alternatives in quantitative indicators made the research subjects do a more detailed analysis of the tasks, and compare the magnitude and the likelihood of gain and loss. Under these circumstances the emphasis of the gain or loss already did not have any influence on the responses of the research subjects. After evaluating all the consequences, the research subjects gave higher score to the risky strategy because it gave a chance to avoid potential losies.There should be the demand for the detailed analysis of problems. When the choice task is presented, differently from the numerical estimation task, the research subjects do not have such a need. One cannot postulate universal rationality standards that are not dependant on the structures of the task.Pagal klasikinio racionalumo prielaidas, preferencijos neturi priklausyti nuo atsakymo tipo ir nuo problemos apibūdinimo išlošimo ar pralošimo terminais. Tačiau empirinių tyrimų duomenys dažnai paneigia ir procedūros, ir aprašymo invariantiškumo prielaidas. Tokio paneigimo pavyzdžiai yra preferencijų apgręžimas ir formulavimo poveikis. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas buvo nustatyti, ar formulavimo poveikis pasireiškia pateikus ne tik pasirinkimo, bet ir dydžio įvertinimo užduotį. Tiriamiesiems buvo pateikta užduotis, logine struktūra panaši į Azijos ligos problemą, tiktai ekonominio turinio. Joje buvo minima, kad gresia įrenginių ir darbo vietų praradimas.Buvo iškelta hipotezė, kad formulavimo poveikis bus nustatytas tik pateikus tiriamiesiems pasirinkimo, o ne dydžio įvertinimo užduotį. Tyrimo duomenys šią hipotezę patvirtino. Pateikus dydžio įvertinimo užduotį dauguma tiriamųjų labiau vertino rizikingą alternatyvą, neatsižvelgdami į tai, kaip buvo suformuluota užduotis. Labai tikėtina, kad tokių rezultatų priežastis negalėjo būti atsitiktinis spėjimas. Pagal tyrimo duomenis spėjimo hipotezę, nors ir ribiniu riekšmingumu (p = 0,053), galima atmesti. Kadangi tiriamųjų vertinimai nepriklausė nuo užduočių formulavimo ypatybių, nėra pagrindo manyti, kad tiriamųjų preferencijas lėmė aukštas atskaitos taškas. Labiausiai tikėtina, kad būtinybė vertinti alternatyvų patrauklumą kiekybiniais rodikliais privertė tiriamuosius įvairiapusiškiau analizuoti užduotis, palyginti išlošimų ir pralošimų dydį bei tikimybes. Šiomis sąlygomis sėkmės ar nesėkmės pabrėžimas jau neturėjo įtakos tiriamųjų atsakymams. Įvertinę visus padarinius tiriamieji atidavė didesnį įvertinimą rizikingai strategijai, kaip teikiančiai progą išvengti gresiančių praradimų.Turi būti visapusės problemų analizės poreikis. Pateikus pasirinkimo užduotį, kitaip nei dydžio įvertinimo, tiriamieji tokio poreikio neturi. Negalima postuluoti universalių, nepriklausomų nuo užduoties struktūrų, racionalumo standartų

    Motinų įsitraukimas į turinčių mokymosi negalę vaikų mokyklinę veiklą

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    Problem: This study deals with mothers\u27 involvement in their learning disabled children schooling defined as different mothers\u27 activities: support for doing homework, negative control of homework, mother-child discussions about learning and school activities, child reinforcement for learning. Mothers\u27 involvement in child\u27s schooling is discussed in the light of family factors - mother\u27s feelings and attitudes toward the child, child\u27s "goodness of fit" to mother\u27s expectations, mother\u27s education level, family status and stressful life events - possibly related to particular forms of mothers\u27 involvement.Sample: Experimental group consisted of 92 primary school children (8-11 years old) diagnosed as learning disabled and control group - 90 average achievers from the same classes as children from experimental group.Evaluation tools: Mothers\u27 involvement with child?s learning was assessed via Mothers\u27 Involvement in Child\u27s Schooling Scale (constructed by author of article), mothers - feelings and attitudes toward the child - via Mothers - Feelings Scale (constructed by author of article), child\u27s "goodness of fit" to mother\u27s expectations - via technique recommended by Feagans and al. (1991). Data on family status, mother\u27s education level and family stressful life events were gathered through family questionnaire made by author of article.Results: Results revealed that mothers of learning disabled children are more controlling as well as give more positive reinforcement and support for child\u27s learning when compared to mothers of average achievers. Mothers of learning disabled children report higher degree of dissatisfaction with themselves as mothers as well as more negative feelings toward child. Mother\u27s positive feelings toward child and child\u27 high fit within mother\u27s expectations positively correlated with child reinforcement, mother-child discussions about learning and school as well as with general level of mother\u27s involvement in child\u27s schooling. Negative control of homework was higher when child\u27s fit within mother\u27s expectations was low. Negative control had positive statistically significant correlation with mother\u27s negative feelings toward child. Other family features such as stressful live events, family status is to be considered in the examination of mother\u27s involvement with their learning disabled children schooling.Straipsnyje analizuojama motinų įsitraukimo į mokymosi negalę turinčių vaikų mokyklinę veiklą problema: laipsnis, pobūdis, veiksniai. Aptariami įvairūs požiūriai, nagrinėjantys įvairių šeimos veiksnių reikšmę motinų įsitraukimui į vaiko mokymąsi.Tyrimas buvo skirtas įvertinti mokymosi negalių turinčių vaikų motinų įsitraukimo į vaiko mokymąsi pobūdį, laipsnį ir sąveiką su šeimos ypatumais - šeimos statusu, motinos išsilavinimu, stresiniais šeimos gyvenimo įvykiais, motinos lūkesčiais ir jausmais vaikui. Eksperimentinę grupę sudarė 92-jų mokymosi negalių turinčių vaikų šeimos, kontrolinę - 90-ies vidutiniškai besimokančių vaikų šeimos.Tyrimo duomenys rodo, jog mokymosi negalių turinčių vaikų motinos, palyginti su vidutiniškai besimokan čių vaikų motinomis, labiau įsitraukia į vaiko mokymąsi, bet skiriasi įsitraukimo pobūdis: jos dažniau negatyviai kontroliuoja namų darbų atlikimą (p < 0,05), suteikia paramą ruošiant namų darbus (p < 0,001) ir paskatina vaiką (p < 0,05), tačiau reikšmingai nesiskyrė motinos pokalbių su vaiku dažnumas mokymosi negalių turinčių ir vidutiniškai besimokančių vaikų grupėse. Motinos teigiami jausmai vaikui ir aukštas vaiko atitikimas jos lūkesčius reikšmingai koreliavo su paskatinimu, pokalbiais su vaiku apie mokymąsi bei bendru įsitraukimo į vaiko mokymąsi indeksu, o neigiami motinos jausmai vaikui, nepasitenkinimas savimi kaip motina ir menkas vaiko atitikimas motinos lūkesčius - su negatyvia namų darbų atlikimo kontrole. Negatyvi namų darbų atlikimo kontrolė reikšmingai koreliavo ir su stresiniais šeimos gyvenimo įvykiais

    Paauglių depresijos požymiai ir kognityvinės strategijos: lyties bei amžiaus ypatumai

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    Adolescence can be described as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood consisting of a variety of changes in role patterns, obligations, and normative expectations (Nurmi, Poole, Kalakoski, 1993). Whether or not adolescents effectively adapt to the new social roles is determined, in part, by cognitive and behavioral strategies they apply in social situations. Strategies have been defined as the latent mental structures that are stored and carried forward over time in memory and then activated by a specific goal or a situation (Crick & Dodge, 1994; Eronen, 2000). They could also be described in terms of two major processes, cognitive planning and the evaluation of behavioral outcomes by means of causal attributions (Nurmi, Onatsu, Haavisto, 1995; Onatsu-Arvilommi & Nurmi, 2000). The term "cognitive and behavioral strategy" is used to refer to the ways in which people typically feel and react in challenging achievement and affiliative situations by anticipating behavioral outcomes and related affects, and by planning and investing effort in the situation at hand. Another line of study is concerned with the attributional style as a developmentally acquired personality characteristic, which is examined in the relation with depression and other internalized problems. The cross-sectional association between attributional patterns and self-reported depression in youth is found across age groups, in both boys and girls, and in clinical (inpatient, outpatient) and non-clinical samples (Gladstone, & Kaslow, 1995; Joiner & Wagner, 1995). However, despite the abundance of data on the depression-attributional style link, there information about the age and gender differences is rather controversial. Consequently, the aims of this study were to investigate the age and gender differences in links between depressive symptoms, and cognitive and behavioral strategies.In this cross - sectional study, the links between depressive symptoms, cognitive and behavioral strategies, gender, and age were explored. Un-selected sample of adolescents (N = 418, from 16 to 18 years-of age) was given a test measuring their cognitive and behavioral strategies in achievement and in affiliative contexts, and test measuring emotional problems of adolescents. The YSR (Achenbach, 1991) has been used to assess depressive symptoms. Cronbach alpha reliability for YSR depression subscales was 0.829. The cognitive and behavioral strategies were assessed using Lithuanian version of the SAQ (Nurmi, et al., 1995), which consists of 60 statements, and ten subscales. Thirty items on this scale measure cognitive and behavioral strategies "in social context" (five subscales) and another thirty items scale measure cognitive and behavioral strategies in an "achievement context" (Success expectation subscale, Task-irrelevant behavior subscale, Avoidance subscale, Master orientation subscale, Pessimism subscale). The translation of these scales into Lithuanian language followed established guidelines. Cronbach alpha reliabilities for these subscales ranged from 0.55 to 0.69, showing acceptable internal consistency (Zukauskiene, Sondaite, 2003).First, depressive symptoms were found to be higher for girls than for boys. Our data is showing that the symptoms of depression tend to increase with age both for boys and for girls. Next, depressive symptoms were significantly predicted by 5 strategies for girls. Among these strategies, we have found 3 maladaptive strategies (pessimism, task irrelevant behavior in achievement context, and task irrelevant behavior in affiliative context) and 2 adaptive strategies (mastery-orientation in achievement context and success expectation in affiliative context). For boys, depressive symptoms were significantly predicted only by one maladaptive strategy (pessimism in social context). These differences between gender, and the lower percent of explained variance by regression analysis for boys than for girls, are discussed in the context of gender differences in etiology of depression.Šiame darbe analizuojami depresijos požymių, kognityvinių ir elgesio strategijų, lyties ir amžiaus ryšiai. Tyrime dalyvavo 16-18 metų paaugliai (n = 418). Depresijos požymiams bei kognityvinėms ir elgesio strategijoms nustatyti buvo naudojami YSR (Achenbach, 1991) bei SAQ (Nurmi ir kt., 1995) klausimynai. Nustatyta, kad merginoms būdingas aukštesnis depresijos požymių lygis nei vaikinams, be to, depresijos požymiai su amžiumi tampa labiau išreikšti. Paaiškėjo, kad penkių kognityvinių ir elgesio strategijų (3 neadaptyvių ir 2 adaptyvių) pagrindu merginoms bei vienos kognityvinės ir elgesio strategijos (neadaptyvios) pagrindu vaikinams galima prognozuoti depresijos požymius. Šis skirtumas tarp lyčių ir dėl regresijos mažesnis sklaidos procentas vaikinams nei merginoms aptariamas aiškinant etiologinius su lytimi susijusius depresijos skirtumus

    Skurdas kaip rizikos veiksnys psichikos sveikatos problemoms atsirasti

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    Health care specialists all over the world are entirely preoccupied with the growing distance between people\u27s health and their socio-economic level. In 1997 established International Poverty and Health Organization suggests to struggle against the problem by various means and one of them encompasses the possibility to include information how socio-economical differences affect people\u27s health into health care specialists training curricula. In many other countries respective studies are being carried out or are already done.Goal of the work: to detect the link between poverty and mental health problems.Methodology: The survey was done using the questionnaire created especially for this study and it was composed of 3 parts: demographic data, indicators of socio-economical status, mental health data. 1231 person were randomly selected and interviewed.Results: Correlation between incomes and mental health problems is established as follow: the strongest positive correlation (rs= 0,321) is between incomes and moods and the strongest negative correlation (rs = -0,368) is between incomes and how often people is in the state of sad and blue. It is established that there is a statistically reliable difference between answers to the questions about state of mental health of people who are in all poverty risk groups and who are not. It is also established that those who can not satisfy their minimal needs more often mark answers showing worse state of mental health.Viso pasaulio sveikatos specialistai yra susirūpinę vis didėjančiu žmonių sveikatos ir jų finansinio pajėgumo skirtumu. 1997 m. susikūrusi Tarptautinė skurdo ir sveikatos organizacija siūlo spręsti šią problemą įvairiais būdais. Vienas jų yra į sveikatos specialistų rengimo programas įtraukti informaciją apie tai, kaip socioekonominiai skirtumai veikia žmonių sveikatą.Darbo tikslas: nustatyti skurdo ir psichikos sveikatos problemų ryšį.Metodika. Tyrime buvo panaudotas anoniminis anketinės apklausos būdas. Anketa buvo sudaryta iš 3 dalių: demografinių duomenų, duomenų apie psichikos sveikatą, informacijos apie ekonominę tiriamųjų padėtį. Tyrime dalyvavo 1231 asmuo.Rezultatai. Nustatytas koreliacinis psichikos sveikatos problemų ir tiriamųjų pajamų ryšys. Stipriausias teigiamas koreliacinis ryšys buvo nustatytas tarp pajamų ir nuotaikos (rs = 0,321). Stipriausias neigiamas koreliacinis ryšys (rs = -0,368) buvo nustatytas tarp tiriamųjų pajamų ir to, kaip dažnai jie jaučiasi nuliūdę ir prislėgti. Nustatytas statistiškai patikimas skirtumas, kaip į klausimus apie psichikos sveikatą atsako tiriamieji, priklausantys visoms skurdo rizikos grupėms, ir žmonės, kurie toms grupėms nepriklauso. Tiriamieji, kurie nepatenkina minimalių savo poreikių, taip pat daugeliu atvejų statistiškai patikimai dažniau pažymėdavo atsakymus, kurie liudija apie prastesnę psichikos sveikatą, palyginti su tais žmonėmis, kurie savo poreikius patenkina

    Psichologinė ekspertizė: teisiniai ir psichologiniai taikymo aspektai

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    The first part of the article deals with legal position of psychologist-expert in criminal, civil and administrative procedure. The aim, tasks and functions of the forensic psychological expertise and psychologist- expert\u27s duties and rights are analyzed. The second part is devoted to special branches of psychological expertise: a) assessment of people with reduced liability; b) assessment of offender\u27s states in a crime situation as well as sudden great emotional arousal; c) assessment of a person\u27s ability to take part in criminal procedure; d) assessment of parts ability to give testimonies; e) assessment of a suspect\u27s and accused person\u27s ability to understand and use his right to refuse giving testimonies; f) assessment of a person\u27s capability in civil procedure. In the third part of the article are analyzed requirements of professional ethics as well as the main ethical dilemmas, which can meet forensic psychologist (confidentiality, roles and emotional conflicts, impartiality).Pirmojoje straipsnio dalyje analizuojami psichologo eksperto teisinio statuso ypatumai baudžiamajame, civiliniame ir administraciniame procese, nagrinėjama psichologinės ekspertizės paskirtis, uždaviniai ir funkcijos, psichologų ekspertų teisės ir pareigos. Antroji dalis skiriama kai kurioms psichologinės ekspertizės atmainoms - asmens riboto pakaltinamumo įvertinimui, kaltinamojo būsenos nusikaltimo situacijoje ir staigaus didelio susijaudinimo įvertinimui, asmens sugebėjimo dalyvauti baudžiamajame procese įvertinimui, proceso šalių sugebėjimo duoti parodymus įvertinimui, įtariamojo ir kaltinamojo sugebėjimo suprasti ir pasinaudoti savo teise atsisakyti parodymų davimo įvertinimui, asmens veiksnumo įvertinimui (civiliniame procese) - pristatyti. Trečiojoje dalyje analizuojami profesinės etikos reikalavimai ir pagrindinės etinės dilemos, su kuriomis gali susidurti psichologas, dalyvaujantis teismo procesuose (informacijos konfidencialumo išsaugojimas, atliekamų vaidmenų ir emociniai konfliktai, psichologo objektyvumas ir nešališkumas)

    Pasirenkamo rizikos lygio pastovumas įvairiose sprendimų situacijose

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    Few would dispute that we are living at a time of high anxiety and uncertainty. That\u27s why in recent years, social scientific interest in risk has increased enormously. The main theory that explains human decision processes in the face of risk is Prospect theory of D. Kahneman and A. Tversky. It emphasizes the impact of situation upon human risk taking. The contradictory results from the investigations in the perspective of human trait theory give the challenge to the prospect theory and raise the assumption that people have the personality trait - propensity to risk that could explain at least the part of human risky decision making and risk taking behavior. The present investigation aims to find if the decision risk level is stable across various decision situations and could be the index of human propensity to risk. The subjects were 262 students from Vytautas Magnus University and Vilnius University in Lithuania; they completed Choice Dilemma Questionnaire (Kogan, Wallach, 1964) and The Scale of General Decision Making Style (Scott, Bruce, 1995). The results showed that correlation coefficients among risk levels in various decision situations were high and significant. So risk level was stable across the situations and could be related to the personality disposition - propensity to risk. The implications of results and limitations of the study were discussed.Kadangi gyvename didžiulio nerimo ir netikrumo laikais, pastaruoju metu socialinių mokslų atstovų domėjimasis rizika smarkiai padidėjo. Pagrindinė teorija, analizuojanti rizikingus sprendimus, yra D. Kahnemano ir A. Tversky?o sukurta prospektų teorija, kuri akcentuoja situacijos veiksnius, nulemiančius sprendimo rizikos lygį. Prieštaringi tyrimų rezultatai paskatino psichologus iškelti mintį, kad žmonės turi tam tikrą asmenybės savybę - polinkį rizikuoti. Šio tyrimo tikslas - nustatyti, ar yra įvairiose sprendimų situacijose pasirenkamo rizikos lygio, kuris gali būti asmenybės bruožo - polinkio rizikuoti rodiklis, ryšys. Tyrime dalyvavo 262 Vilniaus ir Vytauto Didžiojo universitetų studentai; jie pildė Pasirinkimo dilemų klausimyną bei Sprendimų priėmimo stiliaus skalę. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė, kad rizikos lygis, pasirenkamas įvairiose sprendimų situacijose, yra santykinai pastovus dydis ir gali būti susijęs su asmenybės bruožu - polinkiu rizikuoti. Taigi gauti tyrimo duomenys leidžia diskutuoti su tais psichologais, kurie ypač akcentuoja situacijos svarbą priimant rizikingus sprendimus ir nuvertina asmenybės bruožų įtaką žmogaus pasirinkimams

    Vaikų patirtos prievartos ir jų traumavimo laipsnio ryšys

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    This study was designed to look at levels of incidence of child emotional, physical and sexual abuse, associated risk factors and trauma symptoms in a crosscultural comparison between two Baltic countries. Six hundred six chilren ages 10-14 from Latvia (306), Lithuania (300) participated in the study. They were assessed by questionnaires concerning experience of emotional, physical or sexual abuse. The children also responded to questionnaire items concerning parental risk-factors and trauma symptoms: depression, anxiety, anger, PTSD, dissociation, sexual concerns and psychosomatic complaints. Levels of reported incidence of emotional, physical and sexual abuse differed by country, as did levels of reported trauma symptoms. Incidence of emotional and physical abuse differed by region, with higher levels of abuse reported in the rural regions. In both countries generally similar levels of high association between emotional/physical abuse and trauma symptoms were found. Children who had experienced abuse possess more traumatic symptoms rather than those who had not experience the abuse; self assessment of children who experience abuse is lower; there are substantial differences between data from Lithuania and from Latvia, children in Lithuania much more often dream and fantasize and tend to dissociate themselves from unpleasant experience.Straipsnyje analizuojamI vaikų patirtos prievartos (fizinės, emocinės, seksualinės) situaciniai psichologiniai padariniai. Buvo tirta 300 įvairių Lietuvos vietovių vaikų (amžius 10-11 ir 13-14 metų). Lietuvoje mažiau nei pusė vaikų (43 proc.) patiria prievartą, dažniausiai emocinę. Gauti rezultatai parodė, kad vaikų patiriama prievarta turi ryšį su trauminiais požymiais - šie vaikai jų turi daugiau negu prievartos nepatyrę. Patyrusių prievartą vaikų savęs vertinimas yra menkesnis. Gauti tyrimo duomenys buvo palyginti su analogiško tyrimo Latvijoje duomenimis. Fizinės prievartos atvejų skaičius panašus abiejose šalyse, lietuvių vaikai patiria daugiau emocinės prievartos, o latvių - seksualinės. Lietuvių vaikai, patyrę prievartą, dažniau turi disociacinių požymių. Prievartą patyrusių ir jos nepatyrusių lietuvių vaikų savęs vertinimas blogesnis negu latvių

    Apie vidinį balsą

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    A. Šidlauskaitė kindly agreed to explain and comment on some of her discoveries, to share her insights and assessments."Psichologijos" 26 numeryje pristatėme šiuo metu Kanadoje savo įkurtoje Ventos parengiamojoje mokykloje dirbančią Lietuvos psichologų asociacijos garbės narę dr. Agotą Šidlauskaitę ir porą jos straipsnių, publikuotų užsienio spaudoje. Iš lakoniškų straipsnių ir konferencijose skaitytų pranešimų galima suprasti, kad jų autorė turi ne tik didžiulę praktinio darbo patirtį, bet yra giliai apmąsčiusi žmogaus raidos, palankių ir nepalankių veiksnių įtakos jai klausimus, kad autorei pavyksta susieti gilias mokslines žinias su konkrečiomis poveikio priemonėmis ir pasiekti tikrai įspūdingų rezultatų. Tačiau dr. A. Šidlauskaitė nėra aktyvi savo minčių ar atradimų propaguotoja, negali smalsaus skaitytojo nukreipti į savo parašytas knygas. "Mano knyga - vaikas", - mėgsta ji kartoti. Vis dėlto dr. A. Šidlauskaitė sutiko su Vilniaus universiteto psichologų prašymu plačiau paaiškinti ar pakomentuoti kai kuriuos savo atrastus dalykus, pasidalyti savo įžvalgomis bei vertinimais. Taigi suformulavome keletą klausimų ir nusiuntėme juos elektroniniu paštu į Kanados Ventą. Viską darydama labai atsakingai, mūsų gerbiama bičiulė surikiavo klausimus į eilę ir pažadėjo ta tvarka į juos atsakyti. Jau sulaukėme atsakymų į du pirmuosius klausimus. Autorės pageidavimu, jos angliškai parašytą tekstą pristatome lietuviškai

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