Lietuvos statistikos darbai
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Užimtumo ir nedarbo kitimo tendencijos Baltijos šalyse ir statistiniuose Latvijos regionuose 1998–2011 m.
No full textThe aim of the paper is to analyse the number and proportion of employees, unemployment rates and theirterritorial trends in Latvia, and to compare them with those in Estonia and Lithuania. The paper analyses the number ofemployees at the main job, its proportion in the private sector, and unemployment rates in the Baltic countries and statisticalregions of Latvia. In 2000–2007, employment and its proportion in the private sector was on the increase. In 2008, an upwardtrend in Estonia and Lithuania started to decrease, but in Latvia number of employees and its proportion in the private sectoralready had dropped. In 2009, the number of employees continued to decline. The unemployment rate grew from 1998 to2000 and from III quarter 2008 to I quarter 2010. From 2001 to II quarter 2008, during an economic boom, it decreased to aminimum. A faster economic growth means a higher proportion of employees in the private sector; however, during theeconomic crisis, it creates more instability in the labour market than in the public sector, especially at the beginning. As thecrisis deepens, unemployment in the private sector begins to stabilize; however, it increases in the public sector.Straipsnio tikslas yra išanalizuoti Latvijos darbuotojų skaičių, darbuotojų struktūrą, bei nedarbo lygio teritorinėsplėtros tendencijas, palyginti kitimo tendencijas su Estijos ir Lietuvos duomenimis. Straipsnyje analizuojamas darbuotojų skaičius pagrindiniame darbe, jų dalis privačiame sekjatoriuje, taip pat aktyviųjų žmonių nedarbo lygis Baltijos šalyse ir statistiniuose Latvijos regionuose. Gyventojų užimtumas ir jo dalis privačiame sektoriuje didėjo 2000–2007 metų laikotarpyje. 2008 metais užimtumo didėjimo tendencija ėmė mažėti, tačiau Latvijoje krito žemyn. Darbuotojų skaičius ir toliau mažėjo 2009 metais. Nedarbas augo nuo 1998 iki 2000 metų ir nuo III ketvirčio 2008 metų iki I ketvirčio 2010 metų. Ekonominio pakilimo metų, nuo 2001 iki II ketvirčio 2008 metų, nedarbas sumažėjo iki minimalaus lygio. Didesnis ekonomikos augimas reiškia didesnę darbuotojų dalį privačiame sektoriuje, tačiau ekonominės krizės metu, ypač jos pradžioje, sukuriama daugiau nestabilumo privačioje darbo rinkoje nei viešąjame sektoriuje. Gilėjant krizei, nedarbas pradeda stabilizuotis privačiame sektoriuje, tačiau didėja viešajame sektoriuje
Padėties darbo rinkoje pokyčiai,užimtumo ir nedarbo rodiklių taikymo metodiniai ypatumai
No full textThe aim of the article is to reveal the main trends in the national labour market. The main focus of the analysis is on the employment and unemployment rates, used in official statistics. In the paper, certain methodological aspects of the application of key labour market indicators are highlighted, the peculiarities of the development of employment statistics are reviewed, and the structure of potential human resources and its development opportunities are assessed. This article is more closely linked with official statistics, and the priority is given to the data of Statistic Lithuania; however, the author also makes use of the Lithuanian Labour Exchange and State Social Insurance Fund Board (Sodra) data, which in their own way complement and substantiate the results of the analysis provided in the article
Daugiamačių skalių taikymas rinkos tyrimuose: privalumai ir trūkumai
No full textMultidimensional scaling was developed by psychometricians, namely R. N. Shepard (1962) and J. B. Kruskal (1964). Its purpose is to deduce indirectly the dimensions a respondent uses to evaluate alternatives. The reason for using the indirect approach is that, in many cases, the attributes may be unknown and respondents may be unable or unwilling to represent their reasons accurately. As already mentioned, multidimensional scaling requires an object-by-object similarity matrix as an input.
Initially popularized, however, multidimensional scaling relies on judged similarity. That is, respondents indicate how similar pairs of objects are directly rated (e.g. on a 1–10 scale). This can be a burdensome task since for p objects p(p-1)/2judgments are needed. Still, the use of similarity judgments is relatively easy for respondents, especially when they cannot or do not want to reveal the basis for their opinion.
The results of multidimensional scaling depend on (a) the sample chosen to judge similarity and (b) the objects whose similarity is judged and the quality of input data. Multidimensional scaling derives dimensions that appear to be used by those rating a particular set of objects.
The basic type of multidimensional scaling involves deducing graphical models of alternatives (e.g. brands) alone (simple space) from similarity data.
Some early applications of multidimensional scaling accepted apparent dimensions as “truth” without question or validation, which often proved to be disastrous. It is advisable to use multidimensional scaling as a generator of hypotheses rather than as a final model of the market. Any important result should be confirmed on a separate sample with a separate method, such as direct questioning, before the results are given too much credence.
Multidimensional scaling generates a configuration in which the relative positions of the brands are unique. The picture can be changed by several operations without changing the relationship among the interpoint distance in some of the algorithms (assuming the Euclidean distance is used, which it almost always is).
A major problem in data collection is the burden on respondents as the number of alternatives increases (e.g. 20 alternatives require 190 pairs). However, if respondents are “homogeneous”, it is possible to have different subjects rate a different pair
Žanas Batistas Kolberas (J. B. Colbert) – teoretikas ir praktikas
Full text linkThe main purpose of this article is to analyse the theoretical and practical work of Jean Baptiste Colbert – the grandee of French economics and the representative of mercantilism. This article deals with almost all areas of his work: state economy, trade policy, national defence, culture and art.
This article mainly focuses on economics. First of all, the article widely analyses the works of J. B. Colbert in the area of tax reform. Colbert focused on the shift in the tax load from the poor onto the prosperous, not forgetting the simplification of tax administration. The ideas of Colbert, which remained purely theoretic, are introduced alongside.
In addition, Colbert focused on the industrial development of the country. The State promoted the establishment of manufactories, high-skilled labour imports, estimated the quality standards of production, aimed at the effective administration of supplies. Moreover, an effort was made to restrict imports and expand exports, as well as to establish transatlantic trade companies.
At the end of the article, other activities of Colbert and changes in the situation after he passed away are briefly analysed.
This article is topical for today’s realities. Recent turmoil both in the global and in the national economy stimulates the search for analogies and methods of how similar situations were handled in the past
Kontrabandos ekonominės prielaidos ir pasekmės
Full text linkThe phenomenon of perpetually existing contraband draws attention of both the public and authorities. This is part of black economy, while black economy itself is a phenomenon that is neither new nor characteristic of a certain economic system. The nature of black economy is destructive as its existence
contradicts to public order and interests. Black economy avoids state taxes; therefore, the State – in order to collect funds required for national needs – is forced to increase taxes imposed on those who do pay them. Hence, since some avoid paying taxes, while others assume a heavier tax burden, this results in unequal economic conditions for legal and illegal business and distorts conditions for fair competition.
The theoretical study of the problem of contraband is linked to the problem of tax evasion; it reveals stimuli for making a decision not to pay taxes. The decision of each individual to pay or not to pay taxes determines the scope of tax evasion. Adopting a decision not to pay taxes, one faces uncertainty; any individual knows that tax evasion is illegal and subject to punishment in case this comes to light. Therefore, the economics of crime gives initial knowledge about the process of making such decisions.
The major part of contraband is comprised of goods subject to excise duties – alcohol, tobacco, and fuel. One of the factors influencing contraband is great difference in prices in Lithuania and neighbouring countries from which contraband comes. For example, contraband cigarettes on the domestic market are approximately three times cheaper than those sold legally. The largest part of these contraband goods comes from neighbouring states – the Russian Federation and Belarus.
The main negative consequences of contraband are as follows: a relative reduction in annual government revenue; a general deterioration in economic subordination, which reduces the ability of the government to adopt rational solutions and predict their consequences; insufficient accuracy of provision of social assistance since even those who earn large income from illegal activity may receive it; natural and legal persons tend not to observe existing rules, and the failure to observe the rules may become a norm
Mokesčių mokėjimo tendencijos Lietuvoje 2008 – 2009 metais
No full textThe article discusses the most important changes in the Lithuanian tax system, which took effect on 1 January 2009. The main focus is on tax payment trends, i.e. what are the patterns of tax revenue stream determined by the legal basis, how the revenue stream is influenced by legislative changes, what is the relationship between the country’s economic situation and the main sources of national budget revenue (value added, individual and company income taxes, excise duties).
Changes in the tax system can be divided into several categories: changes in tax rates, abolition of tax exemptions, changes in tax calculation, declaration and payment procedures. All of these changes were a challenge to both taxpayers and tax administrators due to an extremely short period between amendments to legislation and the actual moment when they came into force. It should be noted, however, that, although the changes in the tax system provided additional income to the national budget, the contracting economy forced the national government to reduce the expectations related to the tax revenue stream.
The article also contains a few alternative views on the growth in the black economy, which is often said to be one of the consequences of tax system changes. Moreover, the so-called “Phoenix” syndrome is discussed
Sudėtiniai rodikliai – papildomas matas Lietuvos ekonomikai įvertinti
No full textIn this research, a hypothesis about an additional measure that could be used as an additional tool for the analysis and assessment of economic trends in Lithuania is put forward. This additional measure has been constructed as a composite indicator, involving social and economic fields. Moreover, the paper presents business cycles, evaluated using the Hodrick–Prescott filter.
For many frequently purchased products, however, it is unlikely that consumers actively process information about many brands on many attributes before making a choice. Rather, their behaviour is likely to be relatively routinized. Hence, these models are useful for explaining preference formation and indicating the most likely long-run equilibrium positions, but are not necessarily good models for repetitive decision-making
Oro temperatūros išvestinės priemonės: naudojimo galimybės Lietuvos ūkyje
No full textThe impact of weather on many commercial and recreational activities is significant and varies both geographically and seasonally. Many industries, including agriculture, energy, utility, construction, tourism and other businesses, are either favourably or adversely affected by “bad” weather. For this reason, financial markets have devised a relatively new class of instruments, the so-called “weather derivatives”, the first of which were launched in 1996 in the United States. There is a number of factors behind the growth in the weather derivatives market. One of these is the deregulation of energy markets. Another one is that capital and insurance markets have come closer to each other. A weather derivative is the newest product of the financial derivatives market. It allows a market participant to minimise a risk from daily weather fluctuations, while insurance companies sell insurance against catastrophic events.
The main aim of this article is to explore possibilities to use weather derivatives for the Lithuanian economy. To reach the aim, the following goals were set: to describe products of weather derivatives and their features and to present the possibilities to use these derivatives in the Lithuanian economy on the basis of an example of temperature derivatives. A hypothesis is made that Lithuanian companies could discover new possibilities for business management through the use of weather derivatives.
The methods used in the paper are as follows: comparative analysis, indexes, regression and correlation analysis
Namų ūkių vartojimo ekonomikos augimo ir nuosmukio sąlygomis statistinis tyrimas
No full textThe article presents an in-depth analysis of household consumption expenditure in Lithuania in 2005−2008 through the use of not only traditional indicators and methods but also those proposed by the authors of the article. The results of the calculations might be useful in the analysis of the efficiency of the poverty and social inequality reduction policy. The purpose of the article is to reflect the socioeconomic stratification of society and its changes across the country, in urban and rural areas. In the survey, different – identification, secondary grouping, summary indicators, and index – methods were used. Traditional and elementary statistical indicators – an arithmetic mean, a mode, and a median – were used for the assessment of the asymmetry of the distribution of expenditure. In summarising structural differences in consumption expenditure, it is proposed to use the Gateva integral coefficient of structural differences; movement in this coefficient helps to reveal shifts in consumption patterns in household groups.
The analysis carried out confirmed the assumption that the outbreak of the economic crisis in 2008 had a negative impact on the level and structure of household consumption expenditure, which was stronger in case of urban than rural households
Lietuvos statistika minint pasaulinę statistikos dieną
No full textOn the 3rd of July, the United Nations General Assembly, taking into consideration the decision of the Statistical Commission, has adopted a Resolution wherein it was decided to designate 20 October 2010 as the World Statistics Day. Aiming to focus on the core values of statistics, such as quality services, integrity and professionalism, the main topic of the celebration will be “Celebrating the many contributions and achievements of official statistics”.
The official Lithuanian statistics meets the World Statistics Day not only by declaring but also by actually implementing the principles of statistics of a democratic state, complying with the standards of European statistics and satisfying the needs of national and foreign users of statistics.
The article gives a brief overview of the pathways of national statistics stretching 90 years backwards, the development of statistical thought, statistical integration processes in democratic society, as well as discusses the significance of statistical capacity in preparing reliable and timely statistical information necessary to arrive at legitimate political decisions and to inform society, demonstrates the achievements of Lithuanian statistics over 20 years of independence, and mentions key statistical works to be implemented in the nearest future