Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Vilniaus šv. Kotrynos stačiatikių parapija 1925-1936 metais: opozicijos Varšuvos bažnytinei vadovybei židinys
Get PDFLast page with English resume missing.Trūksta paskutinio puslapio su angliška santrauka
Lietuvos istorija dokumentiniame kine ir televizijoje. Diskurso konstravimo ypatybės
Get PDFThe aim of the article was to take a look at the peculiarities of construction of historical discourse in documentary cinema and television from the perspective of the contemporary history science. The raised goal was specified by the following tasks: 1. To motivate the beginning and relevance of the selected research in the introductory part; 2. To describe the essence of audio-visual history following the works of Western (mainly German) authors; 3. To discuss the particularity of documentary films and broadcasts dealing with historical topics which have been created during Lithuania\u27s independence, having employed a certain classification.
The article considers presentations with historical content and expressed in audio-visual language as audio-visual history. They are determined by internal (particularity of audio-visual language as the means of creation and perception of the way of expression, genre requirements) and external (concepts of purpose of institutions that create audio-visual history which range between conveyance, entertainment, and society education; their wish to please the audience and survive in competition) factors.
A great number of documentary films and thematic broadcasts dealing with audio-visual history have been created during Lithuania\u27s independence. Classification has been employed in order to describe their construction particularities. The criterion of such classification is an implicit concept of history\u27s purpose created by authors; selection of "construction material," organization, and eventually the nature of predominant information depend on this concept. Based on it, three groups of audio-visual history have been distinguished: factographic (with problematic history as its "branch"), ethical, and aesthetical.
The intention of the authors of factographic history is history as the means for cognition of the past. This concept determines selection of "reliable" sources of knowledge (scientific works) and commentators (professionals), demonstration of abundant adjusting and/or iconographic material. Problematic history should be perceived as a separate "branch" of factographic history. It is characterized by a focus on the modern actualities of social historic consciousness and emphasis on the problems of the cognition of the past and the reconstructional nature of history.
The second group of historical discourses has been identified as an ethical group. It focuses on the axiological information on the past. The main source of historical information in the broadcasts and films of such nature is individual or collective memory recorded by audiovisual technical means. The discourses emphasizing an ethical part of the past often do not provide historical context and lack criticism with regard to memorized contents.
The third group of history discourses has been identified as aesthetic. The products of this group are distinguished from the other broadcasts and films by a particular emphasis placed by the creators on the forms of historical art and their specific presentation, which highlights their aesthetic information rather than documentary value
Čekoslovakijos diplomatinės tarnybos Lietuvoje (1921-1939 metais) klausimu
Get PDFThe problem of diplomatic relations between Lithuania and Czechoslovakia is that Lithuanian historiography has not been investigated yet. There are very important L Švec works from the Czech historians. The base of this article is material from Lithuania and Czech Republic archives.
Recognition of de jure question and the entering into diplomatic relations with Lithuania and Czechoslovakia were discussed together. At the Paris Peace Conference, Czechoslovakia considered Lithuania as a part of the Russian question. Only in 1921 autumn Lithuania and Czechoslovakia exchanged non-official representatives. In 1921 12 29, Czechoslovakia recognized Lithuania de jure and excluded it from the Russian question. In 1922, Czechoslovakia\u27s diplomatic representative in Kaunas, J. Galia, became a consul.
J. Galia (1921-1928), M. Niederle (1928-1933), and J. Skalicky (1933-1939) represented Czechoslovakia\u27s interests in Lithuania. Only J. Skalicky was the ambassador extraordinary from 1936. The possibility to replace the consulate of Czechoslovakia with the embassy of Czechoslovakia in Kaunas was discussed in the ministry of foreign affairs of Czechoslovakia in 1927. The embassy was opened only formally: the ambassador extraordinary resided in Stockholm (till 1936), whereas a consul in Kaunas got the charge d\u27affaires title. In 1925, J. Galia provided an honour consulate in Klaipėda (the first consul was M. Reišys; from 1933 - J. Galia junior).
One of the most important questions raised by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia for its diplomatic corps was the ability to make and develop the diplomatic contacts. Diplomats were also charged to care about the political questions and follow the different changes in the country. They informed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Czechoslovakia about the political and economic questions in their political reports.
J. Galia - the first Czechoslovakia representative - was a very active diplomat because of his personal characteristics. He succeeded in good relations with Lithuania\u27s politics. Being in Kaunas, he personally worked on the question that Lithuania would officially be recognised de jure by Czechoslovakia as soon as possible. Also, J. Galia invited trades of Lithuania and Czechoslovakia to participate in exhibitions and encouraged them for close inter-cooperation. The import of Czechoslovakia to Lithuania increased significantly during his term of office in Kaunas.
M. Niederle\u27s relations with Lithuania\u27s politics were not very good. In 1928-1933 (the period he worked in Kaunas), the political cooperation was small. His role in solving political problems is not remarkable. Lithuania\u27s trade began to orientate towards the England\u27s market during the 4th decade; therefore, M. Niederle cared about strengthening of Czechoslovakia\u27s interests in Lithuania\u27s market.
J. Skalicky was the most active in the political cooperation between Lithuania and Czechoslovakia. Lithuania\u27s politics were informed of German aggression to the Middle Europe by him. J. Skalicky had close contacts with the minister of Lithuania\u27s Foreign Affairs - S. Lozoraitis. He also cared about the maintenance of Czechoslovakia\u27s economic interests in Lithuania. During personal contacts with official persons of Lithuania, J. Skalicky always marked the importance of such relationships.  
Lietuvos politinės ateities problema Lenkų komiteto Vilniuje memorialuose 1916-1917 metais
No full textIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird die Bedeutung des Persönlichkeitsfaktors für die Tätigkeit einer politischen Organisation untersucht. Im Mittelpunkt der Aufmerksamkeit steht der Polnische Ausschuss in Vilnius, der Anfang des Jahres 1916 aus verschiedenen lokalen polnischen politischen Parteien und Organisationen gebildet wurde. Das Grundproblem sind die von dem berühmten polnischen Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Politiker Professor Władysław Zawadzki während des 1. Weltkrieges verfassten politischen Denkschriften, die die Position des Polnischen Ausschusses hinsichtlich der Frage der Zukunft Litauens widerspiegeln sowie der deutschen Besatzungsmacht das Potential der politischen und sozialen Schichten der litauischen Polen sowie deren Rolle bei der Lösung der die Zukunft dieses Landes betreffenden Probleme zeigen sollten. Dieses Problem ist deshalb aktuell, weil bisher weder die polnische Historiographie noch die litauische die Persönlichkeit von Władysław Zawadzki im ausreichenden Maße beachtet hat. Seine politische Tätigkeit in Vilnius während des 1. Weltkrieges bleibt bisher in vielen Aspekten unbekannt. Einige Informationen dazu liefern in ihren Schriften die polnischen Historiker W. Sukiennicki, J. Jurkiewicz und P. Wandycz. Als Hauptquelle dienten die in der Abteilung für Handschriften der Bibliothek der Litauischen Akademie der Wissenschaften aufbewahrten Archivalien. Einige von Władysław Zawadzki verfasste Denkschriften liegen in maschinenschriftlicher Form, redigiert und nicht völlig ausgearbeitet vor. Władysław Zawadzki verfasste sie im Auftrag des Polnischen Ausschusses. Obwohl sie die allgemeine Position aller Mitglieder des Ausschusses zum Ausdruck bringen, kann man voraussetzen, dass sich darin auch die Denkweise von Władysław Zawadzki widerspiegelt. Aus diesem Grunde ist es wichtig, die Forschungen in dieser Richtung und zwar unter Einbezug weiterer Materialien fortzusetzen. Dies würde bei der Klärung nicht nur der Ansichten von Władysław Zawadzki, sondern auch der Position und des Einflusses anderer polnischer Politiker aus Vilnius im Polnischen Ausschuss zu der Zeit, wo sich der Antagonismus zwischen den Litauern und den Polen verschärfte, von Hilfe sein
Lietuvos valdovų insignijos XIII amžiaus pabaigos-XV amžiaus vidurio majestotiniuose antspauduose: ikonografiniai politinės programos ypatumai
Get PDFDevelopment of the Lithuanian ruler\u27s status and political context has a direct influence on the formation of seals\u27 portrayal as well as on the seal, as insignia itself. Royal insignia expressed the ideology and symbolism of the ruler\u27s power. They played a significant symbolic and sacral role during the coronation ceremony. The oldest royal insignia are the crown, sword, and lance, while the latter lost its significance. Because of the lack of written sources on the coronation and enthronization of Lithuanian kings and grand dukes, seals have enormous advantages over other historical witnesses. The portrayal of figures enriched by additional symbolism gives us a clear impression of what insignia were used. The majesty seals of Mindaugas, Gediminas, Vytautas, Švitrigaila, and Žygimantas Kęstutaitis not only depicted the rulers\u27 insignia but also help us to reconstruct the political conception of these rulers. Different insignia were attributed to different ranks of rulers. According to the sphragistics materials, Mindaugas, being a king, used insignia of royal rank (an orb surmounted by a cross and a flowered sceptre). Gediminas, being a grand duke, also used insignia of royal rank (an orb and a crown) but with a slight difference: the crown is in his hand but not on his head. The sword, together with the mitra (dukes\u27 cap), is a very important insignia of grand dukes. The portrayal figures of Vytautas, Švitrigaila, and Žygimantas Kęstutaitis seals have these insignia. The sword, being one of the oldest insignia, was already depicted on the Lithuanian rulers\u27 seals with mounted and unmounted warriors. The sphragistic data also shows that the sword was a prerogative of rulers and was not used by those who only belonged to the ruling dynasty. Examining the Lithuanian seals\u27 data, one could prove that the iconographical programme was influenced not only by the medieval sphragistic tradition but also by political aspirations. The seals were not only a sign of authority but also expressed the status of the Lithuanian ruler and political realities during the 13th and 15th centuries. The portrayal figure of the seal conveys, even if sometimes only symbolically, the ideal of the sovereignty of the person using it