Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Senkonių palivarko inventorius
Get PDFThe geometrical (land measuring) inventory of the Estate farm Senkoniai, which once belonged to the Karpis family and is kept at the Manuscript Department of Vilnius University Library, is being presented in this summary. It is characterized by the relative sufficiency of data about peasant farms, minuteness of description, and the addition of 12 land plans in good condition.
The land plans were being drawn earlier, during the time of GDL, as well. The earliest of them were found at the same Manuscript Department from GDL Slavonic districts, dated 1789. One of them (No 13) is being presented here as an example.
The inventory is written in Polish and is called "land measuring" (mierczy), i.e., the quantity of the land and its quality (whether it is a humus, a humus with loam, a sandy loam), its purpose (whether it is arable, used as a hayfield, a pasture, grown with bushes, a forest, or it is barren land) is indicated in it. Part of the land was designated for gardening and hop growing. The arable land, belonging both to the estate and to the peasants, was sectioned according to the traditional three-field system. The estate\u27s fields were mostly in one place, whereas the peasants\u27 fields, to their inconvenience, were not always situated near their villages; they were also in other places, as conditioned by the age-long stripped land system (rėžinė valstiečių ūkių sistema). In total, there were 8578.06 margas or 402.73 valakas of land in the estate, including the Estate farm Senkoniai, which had 522.79 margas (25.95 valakas), and the small Estate farm of Čeniškiai, which had 152.06 margas (7.14 valakas).
The proportion of estate and peasant land, given in the inventory, is 1:12.7 in favor of the peasants, and as indicated by historiography, is reputed to be the most favorable among the other estates in the first half of the 19th century in Lithuania. In total, there are 15 villages with 80 peasant households of all categories (except the Estate farm Senkoniai) presented in the inventory. Because of its stripped land system denotation and marking of the strips of land in the plans, this inventory is regarded as a historical rarity.
Besides the estate, the following data are presented in the inventory:1) The category of each peasant household, the number of men and women in the household, their names, family dependence, age, hired persons, their names, and age.2) Cattle belonging to the household, their breed and category.3) The category of each household\u27s owned land, its quality, including the three-field system sections.4) The quantity of crops in all the three fields.5) The peasants\u27 duties to the estate: monetary, performing one\u27s corvée (eiti lažą), paying by work and in kind (mokėti darbu ir natūra).6) The quantity of estate horses, bulls, and crops given to farms; besides, the number of inns in the estate farm is also indicated. There is a summary of all peasant households\u27 and the estate\u27s data at the end.
All the twelve plans are in good condition and inserted, except the last one with the frayed borders. According to the authors of this survey, the scale of the land plans is given in valakas 1:6, because the scale has 5 divisions and their number 30 is given at the end, although a rope as the basis of the scale is clearly defined in the land plans dated 1789.
There is evidence of one main principle in all the land plans: there is the land of one or two villages with the farms pictured in each plan, also two villages with the land beyond the margin (užusienio žemė), and the farms in one of the plans. Next, the three fields, situated near the estate farms and villages, are marked by the letters A, B, and C, while additional areas, such as hayfields and land grown with bushes, are marked by the following letters of the alphabet. In addition, separate land areas are marked by numbers. The double numbers were used at that time to denominate the stripped land system. It is worth mentioning that the 13th land plan of the village is dated 1789 and is special in that the cultivable three fields (marked XX) are not pictured by the households.
The basis of its scale is a rope (1 rope = 43.2 meters or 30 ropes = 1 margas). This is not mentioned in the Senkoniai inventory, alas. However, from the contents, we can presume not a rope, but that valakas was used for measuring
Žemaitijos valdžios elitas nuo XV amžiaus pradžios iki XVI amžiaus vidurio (Apie Eugenijaus Saviščevo daktaro disertaciją)
Get PDFAnkstyvosios valstybinės struktūros Lietuvoje XIII amžiuje - XV amžiaus pradžioje
Get PDFIn diesem Beitrag wird das Werden des früheren litauischen Staatsgebildes als ein Prozess der Herausbildung und der Intensivierung der politischen-administrativen Strukturen verstanden. So gesehen, erweist sich die Entstehung des litauischen Reiches als ein ungleichmäßig verlaufender Vorgang, bei dem die Modernisierungsschübe von den Rückfällen begleitet wurden.
Die vergleichende europäische Geschichte beweist, dass die Änderungen in der Verfassung der west- und ostmitteleuropäischen Länder erst während des späteren Mittelalters stattfanden. Die Hauptmerkmale dieser Entwicklung waren: 1) die Entstehung des Konzeptes der Rechte des Landesherrschers auf das ganze Territorium des Landes („domini / haeres naturales“); 2) die Rezeption des Regalienrechtes; 3) die Bildung der territorialen Organisation; 4) die Formierung des institutionellen Hofes und des Amtersystems.
Ein heterogenes politisches System blieb im Großfürstentum Litauen bis zur Vytautas-Zeit (1392-1430) bestehen, als dieser Großfürst im Anschluss an westeuropäische Beispiele eine neue territoriale und administrative Struktur zu bauen begann. Jetzt, als nach der Einführung des Christentums die andauernde politische Isolierung Litauens zu Ende ging, entstanden die Bedingungen, Reformen durchzuführen, die sich mit der fortschreitenden Territorialisierung und Verwaltungsausbau offenbarten.
Während des 15. Jahrhunderts ist hier eine neue Institutionskultur erschienen. Eine wichtige Rolle im Laufe dieser Reformen hat der neu gegründete institutionelle Hof des Großfürsten gespielt.
In der frühen Geschichte Litauens können wir nicht vermeintlich allmähliche Steigerung der großfürstlichen Macht beobachten, sondern eher bestimmte Zeitabschnitte unterscheiden, in denen es den einzelnen Herrschern (etwa Mindaugas, Gediminas oder Vytautas) gelang, den Hochadel um sich zusammenzuziehen und die Veränderungen im Herrschaftssystem anzuregen. So ging die Bildung der staatlichen Organisation bzw. der Prozess der inneren Konsolidierung des Landes und der Modernisierung der politischen Institutionen voran, an dem die großfürstliche Dynastie und der Adel gleichermaßen beteiligt waren
Tautos atminties vaizdai: vizualinis XX amžiaus Lietuvos istorijos stereotipizavimas Lietuvos dokumentikoje
Get PDFThe article aims to answer the following questions: what are the reasons for the stereotyped vision of the Lithuanian history? What views have become conventional representations of certain historical events, phenomena, and processes in Lithuania? A series of documentary films on the Lithuanian history of the 20th century created in 1990-2004 has been chosen as the object of the analysis. The analysis has shown that manifestations of stereotyped visions of the Lithuanian history are determined by certain cinematographic tendencies. Historical films and programs that are considered to be an adaptation of the national narrative cinematography have been predominant since the Lithuanian independence in 1991. This kind of narration is characterized by the validation of history as a national value, formation of national identity, and its stabilization rather than diversification and correction of the historical memory or the development of critical thinking. The current documentary material that is based on the understanding of history as a myth of the nation\u27s history is not aimed at creating a new visual and verbal narration about the realities of the past, but rather at recognizing what has been said and made in the previous works. The repetition of the visions is also related to visual material as illustration rather than a perception of it as a historical source of a certain fact. Due to such thinking of creators of documentary films, they are not very ardent in seeking new material for films in foreign archives of view and sound. Also, Lithuanian history sometimes is being represented by pictures taken from facts that are not originally Lithuanian. Besides, sometimes a real meaning of views is being hidden under an additional comment behind the picture. Such tendencies have been observed in representing the most important historical events and processes for the Lithuanian statehood of the 20th century - namely, the occupation of Vilnius and Klaipeda, the restitution of Vilnius, the annexation of Lithuania by the Soviet Union, collectivization, the National Revival Movement "Atgimimas" of 1991, and finally, the events of January 13th
Dėl Šv. Jurgio pilies
Get PDFThe location question of St. George\u27s castle, erected by the Teutonic Order (and signified by Peter Dusburg 1259), isn\u27t resolved. Until the last years, the predominating opinion, backed by the coincidence of settlement names, was that the fourteenth-century castle Georgenburg of the Teutonic Order stood on the same place as the castle of St. George. Now, doubts arise based on the strategic ground: at that time, the Order\u27s possibilities to erect a castle at such a distance were too exiguous. R. Batūra, defending the traditional opinion, doesn\u27t assess the war circumstances of the mid-thirteenth century. The Order, without a fleet, couldn\u27t erect the castle on the banks of the Nemunas there. The Livonian branch of the Order didn\u27t possess a reliable fleet, and the Prussian branch commenced using its fleet on the Nemunas only in the 1370s. R. Batūra\u27s review of the archaeology and geology of the Jurbarkas locality gives no regard to the report of Ragnit\u27s commendator (1406), who mentions a ruin of Georgenburg on the bank of the river Mituva (in Jurbarkas)
Rec.: Dokumenty strony polsko-litewskiej pakoju melnenskiego z 1422 roku/ Wydali Przemyslaw Nowak i Piotr Pokora. Poznan: Wydawnictwo Poznanskie, 2004. 101 p.
Get PDFOkupacinė darbo prievolių politika Lietuvoje 1941-1944 metais
Get PDFAfter generalization of the thoughts stated in the article, the following conclusions were made:
1. Recruitment of the local inhabitants for labour in Lithuania and outside its borders - in Germany - was managed by the entire system of German and local municipal bodies. A. T. von Renteln, General Commissioner for Lithuania, under the subordination of Reichskommissariat Ostland, was at the top of this system. The German labour bureaus - arbeitsamts - operated in all districts under the district commissariats, which all, in their turn, were subordinate to the Central Arbeitsamt that operated in Kaunas.
2. The municipal authorities of Lithuania - the Administration of Internal Affairs, the Administration of Labour and Social Affairs, district governors, town burgomasters, chiefs of rural districts, as well as the Lithuanian police - rendered assistance to the German arbeitsamts.
3. The Lithuanian inhabitants were recruited for various works, which, according to the occupants, were necessary for the satisfaction of the needs of the country and fighting the German army. In Lithuania, the local inhabitants were mostly recruited for various agricultural works, fuel and wood preparation works, as well as forced works in Germany.
4. Decrees passed by the occupants covered various layers of the population: farmers, urbanites, students, school-leavers, etc. For failure to fulfill labour obligations, the local inhabitants faced the threat of imprisonment and big pecuniary penalties. Thus, the Nazi occupation authority was in breach of Article 52 of the 1907 Hague Convention, under which it is prohibited during the war to involve the inhabitants of the occupied territory in taking part in such work and of such proportion, which is directed against their own country.
5. The facts presented in the article and the accumulated experience of the author in investigating the archival materials of the Nazi occupation period enable the conclusion to be made that officials higher in rank were those of the Lithuanian municipal officials that assisted mostly the Nazis to recruit the labour force, specifically: P. Kubiliūnas and J. Paukštys, general councillors of internal as well as labour and social affairs, district governors, and town burgomasters. However, the major part of the Lithuanian administration - the lower and higher rank officials, which retained already from the times of the Provisional Government - chiefs of rural districts; elders, the Lithuanian police were not active in implementing the Nazi labour policy. This is proved by the fact that Nazis did not succeed in recruiting or forced catching for works in the Reich of the planned number of the labourers.
6. Even though this article does not consider the reasons of the Lithuanian administration in aiding the Nazis to recruit the labour force, however, we are of the opinion that such a position was predetermined by several causes: 1) necessity to maximally employ the local production potential during the war for the supply of the Lithuanian population with food, fuel, etc.; 2) striving to consolidate all the forces of the country, simultaneously to help the German army in the fight against the mortal enemy of the Lithuanian nation - Bolshevism. The major part of the Lithuanians did not realize at all about their fate after the war. The illusionary principle was used as a guide: "The enemy of my enemy is not the enemy for me.