Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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KGB kova su antisovietinėmis apraiškomis Lietuvoje ir išeivijoje: žmonių kompromitavimas
Get PDFOne of the main aims of the Soviet regime in Lithuania is to crush internal and external enemies. Discreditation of the enemy - creation of their negative image and opinion in the society is one of the means of that fight. Political changes after the death of Stalin and changes of the USSR international position forced KGB to use the means of psychological influence, pressure besides physical repression, actions of falsehood, discreditation, various provocations, and intimidation. In such a way, KGB wanted to hide political repression. In a struggle with inner enemies, KGB used the method of discreditation, which aims to damage authority, good name of an opponent, and trust of society in him by leaking out or interpreting negatively the facts of his life and activity in order to suppress their activity, lower the number of supporters and to justify the repression. The time of appearance of discreditable information, its form, and to what part of society it is designed is very important. In Soviet Lithuania, the discreditable information is related to the person\u27s past, his activity in independent Lithuania, during the first Soviet and Nazi occupation, and after the war period. Personal information, like diseases, love affairs, sexual orientations, crimes, and mistakes in the past was used also. After crushing armed resistance in 1953, anti-Soviet opposition turned into unarmed form of resistance. It is difficult to crush it with force; that is why every more important national, religious, and civil anti-Soviet action was followed by discreditation actions. There were a couple forms of discreditation actions - falsehood and slander campaign through press and spreading rumors, letters or petitions incited by KGB, criminalizations of political trials, putting dissent into mental hospitals. Those campaigns were carried out until the ninth decade, but during the rebirth period, they did not make any effect on public opinion. The biggest discreditation actions were carried against the biggest critics of the Soviet system - Lithuanian Catholic Church, dissidents, fighters for human rights and liberties, emigration organizations, and most active persons. The discreditation method was efficient just partly because KGB did not reach the main target - to make opposition end their anti-Soviet activity, although they overshadowed their good name, morale, and activity
Reklama lietuviškoje periodikoje 1918-1940 metais: kiekybinės ir kokybinės raidos ypatybės
Get PDFHistoriography has devoted little attention to the issue of advertising in Lithuanian periodicals during the period between 1918 and 1940. The article investigates this issue from two aspects. One of the aspects is a quantitative characteristic of advertising. Calculations of the data of adverts in periodicals in 1918-1940 were made, which allowed presenting the comparative analysis of quantitative parameters according to the nature of publications and their readers. During the period under discussion, the number of adverts increased. For example, from 1918 to 1939, this number increased by as many as seven times in the Lietuvos aidas; in the Lietuvos ūkininkas, the increase was fivefold during the period from 1919 to 1939. Fluctuations in the number of adverts were characteristic of each publication separately, which depended on the level of popularity of the publication, prices of advertising, and the economic situation in particular. A decrease in the number of advertised items during the period between 1930-1935, which is related to the economic crisis, is observed. The greatest number of adverts in the dailies under investigation were published in the semi-official newspapers Lietuva, the Lietuvos aidas, and in the weekly Ukininko patarėjas. When investigating the periodicity of advertising in the press, two waves of an upsurge (in spring and at the end of a year - November-December) and two waves of a decline (at the beginning of a year - January-February and in summer - at the beginning of autumn) were noticed. The number of adverts increased markedly at Easter and Christmas. Saturday was the most popular day for advertising. The second aspect of the investigation is dividing the qualitative development of advertising into periods. The analysis carried out permitted four periods to be distinguished: 1) 1918-1920 - post-war advertising is not impressive, the space taken by it was small; only some of the adverts were illustrated, and the main advantages of goods and services advertised were characterized as cheap and of high quality. Large manufacturers who published adverts in periodicals were wholesalers from abroad; the local market mostly offered the press or the sphere of services. Advertising of warehouses, shops, and goods contained therein rather than that of separate trademarks or brand products was much more common. 2) 1921-1926 - it did not take long for advertising to come to life again following economic and political disturbances. First of all, illustrated advertising increased in number considerably. Adverts did not only provide information about where one or another kind of goods could be found but also accentuated the quality, necessity, and singularity of the product. Competition of Lithuanian manufacturers with imported goods was growing. 3) 1927-1935 - this period was many-sided for advertising. Illustrated advertising became equal to textual one. The greatest change was the fact that people who published adverts mastered new technologies, which had an impact on the consumer. Advertising no longer focused on the qualities of the product but tried to persuade customers that namely that product would help them be modern, have success, etc. However, during this period, advertising went through an economic crisis, which somewhat arrested its development. 4) 1936-1940 - during this period, a technical change became most pronounced: illustrated advertising considerably outweighed non-illustrated advertising, the use of photographs increased markedly, advertising became colored
Lietuvių kultūros ir švietimo sąjūdis baltarusių-lietuvių paribyje 1920-1939 metais vietinės lenkų administracijos požiūriu
No full textŠis darbas parengtas remiant Baltarusijos respublikiniam fundamentalių tyrinėjimų fondui. Autorius straipsnyje mėgina nušviesti lietuviškų kultūros ir švietimo organizacijų, privačių mokyklų, lietuvių kunigų veiklą baltarusių - lietuvių paribyje pagal tai, kaip ji atspindima apskričių ir vaivadijos lygio lenkų administracijos atitinkamuose dokumentuose. Panaudoti įvairūs šaltiniai (pirmiausia iš Baltarusijos, taip pat Lietuvos bei Lenkijos archyvų), kurių daugelis pirmą kartą pateko į mokslinę apyvartą. Atskirų mokyklų, bibliotekų, Šv. Kazimiero bei „Ryto" draugijų ratelių veikla parodyta lietuvių judėjimo visame Vilniaus krašte kontekste. Nusistatęs svarbiausias darbo kryptis ir išanalizavęs dokumentus, autorius atskleidė nuotaikas ir pažiūras, vyraujančias tarp lietuvių kunigų, mokytojų, kultūros bei švietimo organizacijų žemutinių grandžių vadovų. Nors panaudoti šaltiniai yra subjektyvaus pobūdžio, juose nėra rimtos tarpkonfesinių ir tarpetninių santykių baltarusių-lietuvių paribyje analizės, jie leidžia daryti kai kurias išvadas dėl nagrinėjamų problemų. Lietuvių ir lenkų santykiai nušviečiami susiejus su įtemptais tarpvalstybiniais Lenkijos santykiais su Lietuva laikotarpiu tarp dviejų pasaulinių karų, tada egzistavusiais visuomenėje stereotipais. Archyviniai dokumentai patvirtina, kad lenkų valdžia labai neigiamai vertino lietuviškąjį judėjimą. Lenkų valdininkai vienareikšmiškai traktavo jį kaip ardomąjį, nukreiptą prieš Antrąją Lenkijos Respubliką. Būtent tuo jie ir grindė savo represines priemones lietuvių atžvilgiu. Antra vertus, Vilniaus krašto lietuvių visuomenei Lenkija buvo svetima valstybė. Ypač įtempti lenkų ir lietuvių santykiai buvo paribio (taip pat lietuvių-baltarusių) vietovėse. Vietinių lietuvių gyventojų tautinio sąmoningumo lygis baltarusių-lietuvių paribyje dėl nedidelio jų skaičiaus ir kai kurių kitų priežasčių liko žemas. Todėl ten kultūrinė bei šviečiamoji veikla neįgijo masinės bazės, išskyrus Lydos, Gardino ir Breslaujos (Braslavo) apskritis, kuriose buvo stiprios lietuvių organizacijų pozicijos. Aktyviai veikiant Šv. Kazimiero draugijos skyriams, „Ryto" rateliams ir bibliotekoms, nors ir lėtai, bet tvirtėjo lietuvių tautinė savimonė, siekis išsaugoti savąją kultūrą bei kalbą. Lenkijos valdžios įstaigos ir politinės jėgos traktavo paribio žemes išimtinai kaip arealą lenkų kultūrai įtvirtinti. Todėl dargi nežymi lietuvių organizuoto judėjimo aktyvizacija sukėlė neadekvačią Lenkijos valdžios organų, kurie ketvirtojo dešimtmečio antroje pusėje ji faktiškai sutriuškino (tai turėjo neigiamų padarinių, ypač paribio vietovėse) reakciją. Straipsnyje taip pat pateikta medžiaga apie lietuvių ir baltarusių sambūvį. Jų tarpusavio bendravime vietiniu lygmeniu pasireiškęs atšalimas, kuris vis dėlto nevirto priešiškumu, paaiškinamas baltarusių-lietuvių politinių santykių pokyčiais, glaudaus bendradarbiavimo tarp baltarusių ir lietuvių tautinių judėjimų nebuvimu, lietuvių tautybės gyventojų problemų nepaisymu Vakarų Baltarusijos komunistų partijos veikloje
Tensions of Europe - transnacionalinė XX amžiaus Europos istorija per technologijos istorijos prizmę
Get PDFDvišalių Lietuvos ir Čekoslovakijos santykių (1918-1939) dinamika: naujas indėlis į Lietuvos diplomatijos istoriją (Dalios Bukelevičiūtės daktaro disertacijos gynimas)
Get PDFLietuvos istorijos periodizacijos modeliai socialinės istorijos požiūriu
Get PDFThe article reviews periodization models of Lithuanian history that are based on the history of politics and culture. A discussion about the periodization of the history of Lithuania is also renewed, and the insights into periodization that are considered to be up-and-coming are given in the article. In the 20th-century historiography of Lithuania, such insights are found in the works of famous historians Z. Ivinskis, J. Jurginis, and E. Gudavičius. Realizing the limitations of the history of politics and culture, attempts are made to formulate the appropriate assumptions for the creation of a periodization model of the development of Lithuanian society on the basis of the insights of the historians mentioned above and on certain theoretical principles of creation of periodization models related to the integral social German history.
Such concepts, related to the political, cultural, and social history, as the Middle Ages, the Early New Ages, the Renaissance, Baroque, and the Age of Enlightenment are under discussion in the article, and the optimal approach to the periodization of the Early History of Lithuania (1009-1795) from the point of view of the history of society is being searched for. The article deals with the question of what is peculiar about the problems of periodization from the point of view of social history. Questions and arguments concerning the beginning of the Early New Ages in the history of Lithuania and the attitude towards Baroque as the civilization epoch of Lithuanian history help to ground the tripartite periodization of the Early History of Lithuania (1009-1795): the epoch of Paganism (1009-1387), the epoch of Europeanization (1387-1569), and the epoch of Baroque. Arguments of political, cultural, and economic development are regarded as basic in the article, and the development of Lithuanian society is viewed as an integral part of this periodization
Lietuva Vakarų valstybių nuostatose (Apie Ramojaus Kraujelio daktaro disertaciją „Vakarų valstybių nuostatos Lietuvos okupacijos ir aneksijos klausimu 1940-1953 metais" ir jos gynimą)
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Sportas ir politika: vokiečių sportinė veikla Klaipėdos krašte 1923-1939 metais
Get PDFSince 1920 national European countries made their efforts to support their national policy and it caused problems among national minorities and they started actions in order to keep their national identity. In Klaipėda region there were over 65 thousand Germans. There they had a number of sport clubs and cultural, political, religious organizations. In 1923 Klaipėda region was appended to Lithuania but Germans never abandoned their revanchist sentiments to return the region to Germany. Since 1933 as Hitler came into power in Germany, Germans in Klaipėda started Nazi policy. The leaders of sports clubs were members of Nazi organizations and they started military training in the clubs, some sportsmen became shock troops. The German sport organizations showed a clear political support for National Socialism and Hitler\u27s policy in Germany. In 1934 Nazi organizations in Klaipėda were closed and their leaders were imprisoned for illegal work, so the Germans decided to continue Nazi policy in legal organizations, such as sport clubs.
German sport clubs in Klaipėda had a big number of members (in 1931 - 28 clubs with 2199 members, in 1936 - 52 clubs with 2907 members, in 1938 - 75 clubs and more than 3000 members), a lot of various sport clubs, good material basis and financial support from Germany. German sport clubs wanted to stay apart from Lithuanian teams. German sportsmen competed only among their clubs or with clubs in Germany. The leaders of German sport organizations even refused to send German sportsmen to an international sport tournament to represent Lithuania. Such a behavior caused some conflicts between German sport clubs and Lithuanian authorities. Every effort of Lithuanian Palace of Physical Culture (Kūno kultūros rūmai) to make German clubs observe Lithuanian laws was unsuccessful. Every time the resistance of German sport clubs grew stronger. At the end of the conflict with Lithuanian authorities in 1938 the German leading sport organization „Sportbund" proclaimed its isolation from Lithuanian authorities.
In general German sport clubs in Klaipėda region since 1930s ignored Lithuanian sport clubs, refused to play and compete with Jewish sport clubs, and demonstrated chauvinism. In Lithuania there were about 30 thousand Germans, they had only two sport clubs: „K.S.K. Kultus" in Kaunas and „Sportverein" in Kybartai. Both were loyal to Lithuanian authorities and participated in Lithuanian competitions. These clubs were quite in a long distance from Klaipėda region, they had a small number of members and received neither political nor financial support from Germany