Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Daugiakultūrių miestų paveldas: interpretacijos problemos ir galimybės
Get PDFIn the article, the conceptions that have influenced (and still are influencing) appreciation, assimilation, and usage of the heritage accumulated in Lithuanian historical towns are analyzed, and some potential ways of solving the arising problems are proposed. It is emphasized that recognition, usage, and interpretation of cultural values accumulated in historical towns, which are, as a rule, multi-ethnic, multi-confessional, and multi-cultural, are a complex undertaking and a competence-, creativity-, and responsibility-requiring process.
The relationship of such a multipartite problem with the cultural politics of modern Lithuania is examined. Two attitudes, mono-perspective (nationalistic) and multi-perspective (postmodern), towards the relation of ethnic communities and prevailing culture are distinguished. The most lucid cases of heritage appropriation/assimilation, which provoked interethnic or intersectional conflicts of recent times, are analyzed. These are related to the sensitivity of historical memory, which is linked with traumas and wrongs of the recent past.
The strategic possibilities of using cultural riches accumulated in our historic towns are treated, referring to the ideas of conservation theorists such as G.J. Ashworth, J.E. Tunbridge, and others ("inclusivist," minimalist, localizing models proposed by them) and taking into account Lithuanian particularity. The actuality of multicultural traditions and experiences of the unique concord in the Great Duchy of Lithuania, considering the present circumstances of a global world, is emphasized
Pirmoji Lietuvos archeologinė ekspedicija Afganistane
Get PDFAfghanistan is most considerable for its historical, political, and geographical situation, however this region of Central Asia is least explored. The country falls into the sphere of East Iran and Indo valley cultures influence. Afghanistan carries its rich history, which reflects in most monuments of culture. The earliest records of Afghanistan\u27s cultural heritage are the accounts of travelers, first Chinese, then Muslim, and finally European. Interest in Afghanistan\u27s cultural heritage grew in the 20th century with the archaeological expeditions provided by Italian, Indian, German, Japanese, Russian, French, and American scientists. The end of the 20th century was marked by the regression of activities in the cultural sphere. Only after 2001 did the works of heritage reestablishment begin. The priority of the Afghanistan government and UNESCO is the search, documentation, and registering of cultural heritage sites.
With the creation of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan and the establishment of the provincial reconstruction team in Ghor province, conducted by Lithuania, civilian projects related to culture, education, and health services are being carried on. In 2007, the Center of Archaeological Projects "Antiqua" started an archaeological heritage mission related to the search, survey, and registration of archaeological remains in the province of Ghor. The search for new archaeological sites, according to the maps, was carried out within a 30-40 km radius around Chaghcharan (the center of the province). During the expedition, 14 new cultural valuables and their complexes, situated on the banks of the Hari Rud river, were found. According to the fragments of pottery discovered at the sites, the cultural valuables are dated back to the 4th millennium BC to the XIX/XX centuries AD. These are complexes of ancient settlements, usually called tapa (Purnbakar, Ahangaran, Sheke, Puzei-Leče), dated 4th millennium BC-XX AD, fortified towns (Farizkuh, Qala Mana), dated XI-XIII AD, castles and defensive towers (Qala Akbar Bek Zahak, Qala Malek Antar, Qala Kassi, Qala Kuhna, Shinia, Badgha), dated VI-XIX AD, and historic industrial objects such as brickfields, mills, caravanserais, and bridges.
Many of the surveyed cultural valuables are not only undescribed and unregistered, but are also under the destruction of illegal excavations, natural forces, and farming. Most Afghan people still live and use some cultural monuments, applying long-lasting, changeless farming systems
Arijų protėvynės beieškant (Antroji Lietuvos archeologinė ekspedicija Afganistane)
Get PDFThe second Lithuanian archaeological expedition in the province of Ghor is a constituent part of the long-term programme "Archaeological - Heritage Mission in Ghor Province, Afghanistan, 2007-2010." The programme is financed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Lithuania. The programme is carried out by the Archaeological Projects Centre ANTIQUA. The partners of the project are the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Lithuania and Vilnius University.
The purpose of the lasting project was contribution to the work of preservation of objects of cultural value in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan by paying particular attention to the search of archaeological sites and their documentation aimed at entering them into the national register of cultural monuments. During the expedition, the archaeological sites found in the course of the Feasibility Study 2007 were visited, and in parallel, new ones were sought with the purpose of documenting the objects of archaeological value existing in Ghor province. Register certificates were started for 11 archaeological sites discovered last year (Kushke Bahar (Qala Mana), Qala Akbar Bek Zahak, Qala Malek Antar, Puze-i-Leche tapa, Lok Galandar Tower, Lok Galandar tapa (Shekhe), Pumbakar, and Ahangaran tapa No 1-5) as well as for 9 ones found anew (Qala Alayar, Sare Ahangaran 1, Sare Ahangaran 2, Dowlat Yar tapa, Geshwoinde tapa, Qalesang tapa, Zahak tomb (Hesar), Wajguna Sange-Bar monastery, and tapa).
These are ancient settlements or tapa chronologically dating back to the Anaeolithic period and the Bronze Age and castles of the 1st millennium AD. During the expedition, new groups of cultural value were surveyed, too. These were the site of worship, Qabre Zahak, rock carvings at Qala Malek Antar of the 2nd millennium BC, and the Buddhist monastery of the first half of the 1st millennium AD. No doubt, Wajguna Sange-Bar Buddhist monastery is one of the most interesting archaeological sites in Chaghcharan environs, having many analogues with the cultural landscape of Bamiyan valley entered into the list of UNESCO heritage. The discovered monastery is important from the historical and cultural aspect; its localization in central Afghanistan shows the spread of Buddhism into the west in the times of the Kushan empire. It is possible that this is the most distant site of Buddhism in the west
,,Brežnevinio sąstingio" praeities deformacijos lietuviškuose kino ir televizijos vaidybiniuose filmuose ( 1968-1980 metai)
Get PDFThe objective of this work is to identify collective memory shapes in Lithuanian fiction TV and cinema film during the Brezhnevian period (1968-1980). According to new popular theoretical approaches, this work analyses the specific source of history—fiction film—so this research brings Lithuanian fiction film up-to-date with usual resources of history.
According to the research conclusions, new methodological approaches are made, which can help to classify fiction films in which past representations can be seen. On the other hand, the analysis of archival origins helps to reconstruct the Soviet film industry system of Lithuania (censorship, the specific "control-gear" of films) and contextual analysis, which identifies the main political and creative displacements. Film content research helps to identify the reconstructions of the past and its sociohistorical approaches
SSRS Generalinio štabo viršininko maršalo Aleksandro Jegorovo 1937 m. vasario 15-26 d. vizito į Lietuvą, Latviją ir Estiją ataskaita
Get PDFA. Jegorov\u27s report to the People\u27s Commissar of Defence Kliment Voroshilov that is being published has been found in the Russian State Military Archive (F. 33987. Ap. 3. B. 1035. L. 118-147). This report is a unique testimony of the USSR policy and international relations and a sign of the activity of the policy in question that in principle has never been used in scientific research. It raises doubts about the statement that has been and is still widely used in the works devoted to history, namely, that parceling out of the Baltic states in 1939 and their occupation in 1940 have been the actions provoked by the intricacies in the international situation and may not be directly associated with the preceding Soviet policy, which in general failed to be conceptual and well-planned and that at that time they received the given states not as a result of "their Baltic policy" but directly from "the hands of Berlin."
Commenting on the goals of A. Jegorov\u27s visit to the Baltic states in 1937, it may be simply stated that it was a formal reciprocal visit since nearly a year ago heads of the headquarters of the armed forces of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia Jonas Čemius, Martinš Hartmanis, and Nikolaj Rek visited Moscow to participate in the festivities of May 1 of 1936. The visit, however, also pursued certain propaganda goals; there was a striving to demonstrate the growing power of the Soviet State and especially that of the Red Army as well as a wish to demonstrate the concern about the security of not only their own country but also that of the neighbouring countries. Besides, the authors of the publication make an assumption that sending A. Jegorov to the Baltic States, Stalin wanted, first and foremost, to instigate Berlin\u27s interest in Moscow and make it resume the slackening relations.
The fact that the Soviet policy was supervised by the only person - Stalin - and the hasty preparation of the visit without prior decision whether it had to be a visit only to Lithuania or to all three Baltic States makes it necessary to analyze it within the broader context of international relations. Leaders of the USSR wanted to demonstrate to Germany the existence of the two options of the development of mutual relations - concord or confrontation. The notorious David Kandelaki mission pointed to concord while A. Jegorov\u27s visit pointed to confrontation and mutual competition. The visit had to bring it home to Hitler that the USSR could develop and consolidate its influence at the borders of Germany - Baltic States - or even form a military alliance with them. Hitler, however, rejected the hand of Moscow that was making a reach, assuming that it was no more than a manoeuvre of the Soviets and that their approximation with Germany was only aimed at exercising a certain pressure on France to make it more willing to form a real military alliance, which could also be acceded by England. In this way, Nazi Germany might have been enclosed.
The visit aimed at ascertaining what the influence of Germany in the Baltic States was and at the same time to show that the Soviets had a stronger position in the given states, which could even be further consolidated or even a military alliance with them was feasible. The visit has to be associated with the confrontation of Moscow and Berlin, with their struggle for influence in the Baltic States and Stalin\u27s attempts to transform that confrontation into an agreement, which he managed to reach in August of 1939.
In the course of the visit, high-ranking Soviet military servicemen had a possibility to eyewitness the military, political, and economic situation of the Baltic States, which could let them make a strategic assessment of the given region. The report stated that politicians and military servicemen of the Baltic States, with few exceptions, were oriented to the USSR and that those states had no plans to oppose the possible Soviet expansion, which meant that the road in that direction was not blocked. Paying that visit as a demonstration of support to Lithuania, the Soviets dodged any concrete obligations to assist it in its struggle against Poland or regain Vilnius. The issue of the military cooperation between the Baltic States and the USSR was never debated. The Soviets refused to sell arms not only to Lithuania but also to Latvia and Estonia.
Although the opinion that the visit demonstrated a much closer military relationship with Lithuania than that with Latvia and Estonia was widely spread, the published report fails to confirm it. A. Jegorov\u27s assessment of the Lithuanian armed forces was more critical and less favourable than that of its both Northern neighbours. The published source supplements and adjusts the existing data related to the relations between the Baltic States and the USSR
,,Raseinių tanko" istorijos klausimu
Get PDFDuring the opening days of the German-Soviet war in the area of Raseiniai, one of the largest tank battles took place. One episode of this battle is the so-called history of the tank of Raseiniai. This episode of the initial period of the war was researched by some historians, but almost all of them used the same sources. Therefore, we can find some misconstructions (e.g., that this panzer battle lasted two or even three days), and sometimes even solid authors make basic geographical mistakes.
A heavy Soviet KV tank stopped on the way to Raseiniai - Šiluva and cut contact between two combat groups of the German 6th tank division for a whole day, holding up the fast advance of the German 41st motorized corps to the east. Attempts to destroy this tank with the new 50 mm anti-tank cannon, bombardment by large caliber cannon, and the use of engineers with explosives during the night all failed. An attempt to request air support also failed, as the Luftwaffe had other, more important targets. Only after delivering one more 88 mm cannon and with the help of an imitated tank attack did the Germans succeed in destroying the Soviet heavy tank.
Describing the progression of the battle and establishing exact times and other facts became possible after reviewing archival documents (e.g., war diaries, radiograms) found in archives. But still, there are no answers to some questions.
The author hopes that this study will help to uncover more about battles in the territory of Lithuania during the first week of the war on the Eastern Front
Studijos apie veiklųjį pesimistą. - Rec.: Opacki Z. Między uniwersalizmem a partykuliaryzmem. Mysli dzialalnosc spoleczno-polityczna Mariana Zdziechowskiego 1914-1938. - Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, 2006. - 426 s.
No full textStudies about the Active Pessimist. - Rec.: Opacki Z. Między uniwersalizmem a partykularyzmem. Mysl i dzialalnosc spoleczno-polityczna Mariana Zdziechowskiego 1914-1938. - Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, 2006. - 426 s.; Opacki Z. W kręgu Polski, Rosji i Slowianszczyzny. Mysl i dzialalnosc spoleczno-polityczna Mariana Zdziechovskiego do 1914 roku. - Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, 1996. - 270 s.Studijos apie veiklųjį pesimistą. - Rec.: Opacki Z. Między uniwersalizmem a partykuliaryzmem. Mysli dzialalnosc spoleczno-polityczna Mariana Zdziechowskiego 1914-1938. - Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, 2006. - 426 s.; Opacki Z. W kręgu Polski, Rosji i Slowianszczyzny. Mysl i dzialalnosc spoleczno-polityczna Mariana Zdziechowskiego do 1914 roku. - Gdansk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdanskiego, 1996. - 270 s
Kariuomenės pirmūnų sąjungos įkūrimas ir veikla 1937-1940 metais
Get PDFMilitary Achievers Union was an organization of former soldiers. The establishment of the union was quite late as at the beginning of the First World War in 1914, large numbers of Lithuanians as Russian officials were already serving in the Russian army. When Germany occupied Lithuania in 1915, due to the early mobilization and call-up, about 30,000 Lithuanian soldiers were serving in all Russian fronts from Riga Bay to Caucasus.
The national movement of Lithuanians in Russia started after the revolution of the 23rd February (8th March) 1917 which awaked the nations ruled by Russia to strive for their lost independence. Soldiers also participated in the movement. They wanted to be distinguished from the Russian army, to create their national organizations and military units and to support the political struggle for independence of their nations. The movement of Lithuanian soldiers started in separate military unions. On the 25th May, a meeting of 88 delegates representing 16,000 organized soldiers was held in Petrograd. As an outcome of the meeting, the Lithuanian Soldiers Union was established. The aim of the union was to fight for the independence of Lithuania. The union had 8,000 members, 200 of which were officers. The national movement of Lithuanian soldiers involved: 1,238 soldiers and 53 officers of Vitebsk battalion, 1,000 soldiers and 37 officers of Smolensk battalion, 700 soldiers and 27 officers of Rovno battalion, 416 soldiers and 13 officers of Siberia battalion, 200 soldiers, 1 officer and 3 sergeants serving as officers of Valkas cavalry division, 150 soldiers and 21 doctors in Ungėnai. All listed units encompassed 4,000 soldiers ready to return to Lithuania and protect the independence of the native country. Similar organizations were created in Poland and Czechoslovakia.
The idea to establish the Military Achievers Union came in 1937, commemorating the 20th anniversary of the national movement in Russia. During the meeting of the participants of the national movement, a committee of 25 persons responsible for the establishment of the union was elected. The aim of the Military Achievers Union was to unite achievers to gather historical and museum material about their activities in Russia, to publish books, to cooperate with other organizations and to ensure the moral and material welfare of the members. However, some of the set tasks were not realized. During the period of 2 years, the organization released and legally registered a medal for the members, which was not presented because of the Soviet occupation.
Military Achievers Union had more than 1,200 members and candidates, some of which held important positions in military and state service. 200 volunteer founders of the union were presented with the medal of Volunteer founders, whereas 50 persons were awarded with the Vytis cross.
Military Achievers Union did not have enough time to become an active participant in political and social life as it was concerned with organizational works and establishment of new units. However, an assumption can be made that the organization could have become active as it had the intellectual potential. The suggestion is supported by the successful meeting of the 7th-8th September 1937, in Kaunas. The participants of the meeting were the top representatives of the government, the army and society. Good organization, appropriate evaluation of the situation and possibilities made it possible to pass the necessary bill in Seimas. In comparison, other organizations of former soldiers could pass the bills in the course of several years, whereas the volunteers waited for the perquisites for 13 years. The organizational competence of Military Achievers Union was evident in establishing units in towns of Lithuania: from the 31st December 1937 up to the 15th June 1940, 24 new units were founded