Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Dvišalės Lietuvos ir Lenkijos istorijos mokymo problemų tyrimo komisijos veikla ir jos prasmė
Get PDFKelios pastabos apie sosto vaizdavimą XIV amžiaus pabaigos- XV amžiaus vidurio Lietuvos valdovų sfragistikoje
Get PDFGediminas used a majesty seal which reflected the ruler\u27s political objective. Gediminas\u27 majesty seal is known only from the description, which reveals that the ruler holds the sovereign crown in his hand. The ruler is sitting in a cathedra. This description does not give us much space for consideration. We know that this seal was most probably made by Riga\u27s gravers. Gediminas\u27 attempts for christening, which would open the way to the change of the state rank, don\u27t contradict the presumption that the majesty seal contained royal insignias, although there is no information about the throne.The majesty seals of Vytautas and later Žygimantas Kęstutaitis show the ruler\u27s throne, which is quite archaic for the beginning of the XV century. This could be explained by two presumptions: either the seals of Vytautas and Žygimantas Kęstutaitis reflected the real throne of that period, or his rank of the grand duke didn\u27t allow him to use the same pictorial tradition, which is visible in Jogaila\u27s majesty seal
Orientas Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos visuomenės tradicijoje: totoriai ir karaimai
Get PDFSud. T. Bairašauskaitė, H. Kobeckaitė, G. Miškinienė. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2008. T. 6, 370 p
Nuo teritorinio ruožo prie linijos: sienų sampratos pokyčiai Lietuvos Didžiojoje Kunigaikštystėje XIV-XVI amžiuje
Get PDFAccording to the Poland and Western Europe historians\u27 research works and empirical material, this article is an attempt to reconstruct the conception and vicissitude of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s (GDL) western border in the 14th-16th centuries. The state border delimitation process, the conception of the Lithuanian state’s territorial tribal conglomerate transformation into the territorial state, defined by the treated state borders conceptions, are detectable in this article. This article also discloses the state border delimitation definition in old languages, comparing it to our present-day terminology. In the second chapter of this article, old land line marking specialties, which show us the source of the state demarcation process, are discussed. In the 14th century, GDL and Mazovia delimitation processes help us develop old line marking succession. The first western border was fixed during the time of Vytautas. Based on this foundation, the border renovation took place in the second half of the 15th century. The renovation process, which was driven by internal colonization repression, expanded in the first half of the 16th century. Finally, in the 16th century, an inhabited frontier and detailed border marking by modern-day signs, some of which were political by nature, led to the rise of the linear border of the GDL
Stacionarios mažmeninės prekybos tinklo plėtra Vilniuje ir Vilniaus apskrityje 1861 - 1904 metais
Get PDFFrom a local point of view, Vilnius city and its suburbs were chosen to analyze the stationary trading development process. Vilnius, a city that is the center of gubernatorial and general gubernatorial administration, became the biggest Russian imperial North-West Land retail trade center in the 19th century and therefore clearly shows the stationary retail trade net development and citizens\u27 needs changes in the Lithuanian and Byelorussian territories when industrial manufacture extended from the 19th century\u27s second half until the beginning of the 20th century.
The organization of the trade net in Lithuania started at the same time as the industrialization process when the manufacture order changed and began intensive trade structure reorganization. In the first decades after the reforms, no trade structure changes were noticed, and the biggest part of stores was selling "traditional" goods. The network of daily local enterprises in Lithuania in the middle of the 19th century was thin.
The dynamics of the number of trade centers in the gubernatorial administration and district towns, villages, and countryside were uneven. The biggest part of the enterprises was founded in Vilnius and in the surroundings of other big towns. There wasn’t growth of local enterprises in small towns and villages in the countryside near Vilnius. The weak development of the network during the period of the 1860s-1890s was conditioned by several reasons: in the first decades after the reforms, agriculture hadn’t been commercialized yet, people\u27s purchasing power was weak, and peasant farms just tried to satisfy in-house needs with minimal expenditures.
The intensity of stationary trade net development can be noticed from the 1890s as industrial manufacture volumes started to grow and agricultural commercialization became more intensive; some manufacture specialization became clearer, and we could see a growth of citizens\u27 needs. As a result, industrial enterprises pointed out the permanent goods realization requirement. To cover these needs, more stationary trade enterprises were established: only for the period from 1888 to 1904, the number of trade enterprises increased four times.
Though the number of trade enterprises increased, there was not a large number of users in Vilnius city, and in the Vilnius suburb settlements, small and average enterprises dominated. Their spread was determined by small capital domination in the trade structure and slow turnover in big enterprises. This shows that the home market formation had still not been finished
Suklastota istorija: sovietų totalitarizmas ir partizanų karo prisiminimas
Get PDFThe historiography of the Lithuanian guerrilla war of 1944–1953 is usually considered to be wide. However, the same may not be applied to the integration of the guerrilla war into the historical culture of contemporary Lithuania. The variety of opinions and interpretations indicates that there exists no traditional understanding of the war. That also makes it impossible for any of the positions to be regarded as "critical" or "revisionist," as there is nothing to revise or criticize. This feature makes the guerrilla war exceptional among most historical events and requires some scientific explanation. The purpose of this article is to find one.
The term "historical culture" was formulated by the German historian Jėim Riisen. It defines the role of history in organizing the worldview of society and forming its identity. Therefore, historical culture includes all stages of history telling and writing—from family to university. The key element of historical culture is historical narrative. J. Riisen distinguishes four types of narratives: the traditional narrative, the exemplary narrative, the critical narrative, and the genetic narrative. The interaction of these types of narratives defines the dynamics of historical culture. After some important historical event, the traditional and the exemplary narratives come first. They incorporate the event into the historical tradition of society. Later, the critical narratives appear that challenge the tradition. Finally, the genetic narratives help to grasp the changes in the tradition itself.
This scheme does not work with the Lithuanian guerrilla war of 1944–1953. The systematic Soviet repressions were aimed at the complete destruction of the Lithuanian social pattern. They prevented the traditional and the exemplary narratives from appearing. There were some stories and memoirs of the guerrilla fighters and their supporters, but these did not spread because of terror. People were silenced and then introduced to the Soviet narrative, which may only be defined as quasi-historical because it was a part of the propaganda. Imitating the "popular" and the "scientific" approaches, the Soviet regime spread its narrative and constructed the quasi-historical culture, which was itself a part of the "fictitious world of stability," as the philosopher Hannah Arendt described it. This way, the Lithuanian society was forced to live with fake history.
After the restoration of Lithuanian independence in 1990, the Soviet quasi-historical culture collapsed together with the regime. However, the damage was already done. The real historical culture did not form. This circumstance explains the absence of the traditional interpretation of the guerrilla war. It also indicates that the restoration of independence was also the renewal of the trauma caused by the Soviet repressions. Therefore, the Lithuanian historical culture has a "black hole," which needs to be filled if society means to return to normal life.
There were efforts to restore the so-called "historical justice." But these were merely of political or judicial character. There were laws passed that provided justification for the guerrilla fighters\u27 status. There were also criminal cases initiated against Soviet secret agents and collaborators. However, these efforts did not help the tradition to evolve, as they were not accepted by society. Therefore, it is argued in this article that historical studies should now play their part. The historical studies do not come from the "structures of power" but from the inside of society. They could more fruitfully trigger discussions and help to find some reasonable common points. This way, the traditional interpretation of the guerrilla war could be slowly built, and the historical culture would regain its normal dynamics
Slaptosios tarnybos vieta totalitarinėje SSRS
Get PDFThe Soviet secret service was one of the main pillars of the totalitarian Soviet system. The Bolshevik party formulated its policy according to communist ideology, where violence and dictatorship were among the most important elements. The Soviet secret service helped to implement their goals, consolidate Bolshevik power, and maintain the regime. But it did not implement just punitive and coercive functions; the Bolsheviks prescribed to them also political and ideological functions—to help the communist party implement its domestic and foreign policy, and to protect the communist system and ideology. Such functions made this institution exceptional in the USSR.
Despite these important functions, the relationship between the communist party and the Soviet secret service was quite complicated and changeable. While the Cheka, GPU, and KGB were strictly subordinated to the party, Stalin made it his instrument in fighting his personal enemies and used it against the party itself in the 1930s.
From 1954 to 1991, the communist party tried to strengthen political and party control over the KGB by introducing party institutions inside the KGB and departments of the administrative agency. The party organization organized and implemented educational and ideological work with personnel, which was important for personnel motivation, influencing its methods and usage of terminology. The department of the administrative agency had some influence over personnel appointments. However, these structures weren\u27t sufficient for controlling the KGB.
After Stalin\u27s death in 1953, when the Soviets began to change the implementation of their domestic and foreign policy, the KGB also changed its activities and methods. The KGB began to more frequently use ideological means and prophylactics, which helped in quashing dissidents. The ideological nature of the KGB became more apparent in occupied countries because of the ideological treatment of people in those countries and the anti-Soviet movement. This influenced KGB activities and methods. The KGB and the communist party were the main pillars of the communist regime in Lithuania. The KGB helped the communists maintain their power and fight against anti-Soviet forces in Lithuania and emigration
Gynybai pritaikyti Vilniaus sakraliniai pastatai ir sakralinių pastatų ansambliai XIV-XVIII amžiuje
Get PDFIn the 14th-18th centuries, Vilnius had a number of sacral buildings adapted for defense purposes as well as ensembles of those buildings. This group of objects of the defense heritage is one of the components of the defense system of Vilnius. The analysis of the previous and the latest data has shown that the number of this kind of objects is much bigger than it has been assumed. Still, it is hypothetical whether some of them really belong to the group of defense heritage objects. A number of sacral buildings and their groups were established in places that were important in terms of the defense of Vilnius as early as in the 14th and 15th centuries. Relics of the early fortifications have remained in the territories of several sacral objects. The greater part of sacral buildings and monasteries discussed in the article were deliberately established in places that were important to the defense of the city and its environs, and quite a few were constructed by order of the ruler (Grand Duke of Lithuania and/or King of the Polish-Lithuanian State).
In Vilnius, monasteries and nunneries were established according to the Christian traditions of constructing such ensembles of sacral buildings — they were built close to the border of the city of the time (14th-15th centuries) or in the peri-urban area. It is possible to trace the development of the early city and the strategy of its planning according to the locations of the monasteries suitable for defense purposes. Although the construction of Catholic and Orthodox churches and monasteries adapted for defense purposes was more typical of the 14th and 15th centuries, the tradition remained until the 18th century. A few of those buildings still have architectural fragments proving that they were meant to be defended with firearms. Thus, we can conclude that quite a number of the sacral monuments of Vilnius were ready to be used for defense purposes during battles.
Monasteries were suitable for defense due to their planning — traditionally an enclosed ensemble of buildings. Yet, their role in the defense of the city was not very important, as they were only prepared for defense with light firearms. The further research of sacral buildings used for defense purposes is prospective and relevant when seeking to determine the defensive potential of Vilnius in the Middle Ages and the New Times. In the process of the research, the list of objects discussed in this article can be supplemented with new ones
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės susidarymo problemos: Baltarusių istoriografijos apžvalga
No full textIn the early 1920s, the historians who identified themselves as Belarusians (U. Ignatouski, M. Dounar-Zapolski) formulated their position regarding the formation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. They accentuated the peaceful involvement of the Belarusian lands into the new state triggered by Lithuanians and claimed its mutual essence as the Lithuanian-Belarusian state. A new accent was brought by M. Shkialionak, who contended in the 1930s that the real triggers of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania formation were the Belarusians, and the state was predominantly Belarusian. The two alternative views coexist in the Belarusian historiography hitherto.