Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Kada senoji Lietuvos valstybė tapo imperija ir nustojo ja būti? Atsakymas į lietuvišką klausimą, naudojantis estišku metodu
Get PDFThe article introduces a Lithuanian reader into the ideas of distinguished American-Estonian political scientist Rein Taagepera on comparative cliometrics of empires and uses them to detect main thresholds in the imperial history of ancient Lithuania. For this goal, its size-time integral (called in the paper Taagepera integral) was measured. It is used to calculate the maximum stable size (M), emergence (20% of M), adulthood (80% of M), failure (50% of M) dates, rise and duration times of the ancient Lithuanian empire. According to author\u27s calculations, ancient Lithuania emerged as an empire already under Mindaugas rule (before 1263), and its rise time was about 100 years. Its adulthood came in the early sixties of the XIV century, and it failed in 1569, when just before the Lublin Union, Poland annexed the southern provinces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. So its duration time was slightly more above 200 years. These chronological conclusions are made under the assumption that the old Lithuanian state survived until 1795. If this assumption is exchanged for another that says that 1569 was also the endpoint of the ancient Lithuanian state, only slight changes are to be made in these conclusions
Vėlyvųjų viduramžių Europa ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės visuomenės ir kultūros raida XIV-XVI amžiuje
Get PDFThe article aims to discuss the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) in XIV-XVI cc. in the light of the spreading of late medieval civilization. The first part presents methodological assumptions of such an approach. The second part describes the most important social, political, and cultural trends in the history of late middle ages in Europe. The third part analyzes individual aspects of GDL\u27s involvement into the European medieval civilization. In XIII-XIV cc. Lithuanian society and statehood were emerging and developing under the influence of European Christendom. The very emergence of statelike formation in the middle of the XIII century demonstrated the decisive impact of European structures and notions on the historical genesis of Lithuania. Therefore, the changing relationship between late medieval Europe and GDL is an important historical issue. The falling back of the core territories of the Lithuanian state to paganism and their belated Catholic Christianization, incorporation of the Christian Orthodox lands, and the eastward territorial expansion of Lithuania shaped the distinct features of GDL\u27s development. Nevertheless, throughout the whole period in question, one can observe gradual spreading of elements of the late medieval European civilization in GDL - concepts of a monarch and the ruling house, idea of Christian estates and knightly ideology, church foundations, patronage and the cults of saints, the early noble parliamentarianism, the urban and rural self-government as well as self-government of ethnic and confessional groups, large landownership and colonization, political and literary writings, codification of the law and historical thinking. This process of socio-cultural adaptation has resulted in deep change in Lithuanian society and worldviews of its different social groups.
 
Prekių ir paslaugų pasiūlos kaita Lietuvos periodinės spaudos reklamoje 1918-1940 metais
Get PDFAdvertising in interwar Lithuania functioned as a source of information about new goods and services and also strove to create new demand and to promote new lifestyles, fashions, and habits.
The aim of this article is to investigate the availability of goods and services in Lithuanian advertising during 1918-1940, to create periods in the tendencies in the change in their availability, and to analyse the dominant groups of goods and services.
After calculating the general average of the goods and services advertised in the dailies *Lietuva*, *Lietuvos Aidas*, and *Lietuvos Žinios* during 1918-1940, it was discovered that the medical services and medicines group (18% of all the advertisements in *Lietuvos Aidas* and *Lietuva*; 11% of those in *Lietuvos Žinios*), cosmetics and household chemicals (13% and 18% respectively), and publications, bookshops, and print shops (8% and 10% respectively) were advertised the most intensively. Agricultural supplies (18%), cosmetics and household chemicals (17%), publications, bookshops, and print shops (7%), and banks (7%) were advertised the most in the publications *Lietuvos Ūkininkas* and *Ūkininko Patarėjas*. Alcoholic beverages were the least advertised in the studied publications.
The greatest changes in the number of advertisements were observed in agricultural and industrial advertising as well as in the advertising for cosmetics and household chemicals. The intensity of the advertising for agricultural and industrial supplies fell from 13-14% during 1918-1922 to 0.3% in 1937 in the dailies *Lietuva* and *Lietuvos Aidas*. This type of advertising moved to specialised publications, in which no downtrend was observed: advertising for agricultural supplies comprised 16% of the entire number of advertisements for goods and services in *Lietuvos Ūkininkas* in 1919 and 13% in *Ūkininko Patarėjas* in 1938. Meanwhile, cosmetics advertising did not comprise even 0.5% of all the advertising during 1918-1919, but in the 1930s they became the most heavily advertised group of goods. This was caused by the establishment of local manufacturers in the market and the competition of their production. Not only did the intensity of cosmetics advertising increase but so did the supply of products and the circle of consumers. (Cosmetics were targeted not only at women but also at men and children, and an effort was made to attract rural buyers.)
The advertisement of services, e.g., of physicians, various training courses, banks, tailors, cleaners, and hairdressers, occupied a solid (about 25-30%) percentage of the supply of advertising, especially during the first years of independence while manufacturing production was suspended due to the First World War and the young state\u27s political and economic instability. Of the aforementioned areas, physicians advertised the most. (In 1928, the advertisement of medical services comprised as much as 32% of the advertising in *Lietuvos Aidas*.)
An analysis of the advertising during 1918-1940 allows one to state that vehicles from the most well-known manufacturers, as well as contemporary technical innovations, reached Lithuania. Sewing machines, electric light bulbs, bicycles, typewriters, and radios were especially heavily advertised in this group. The advertisement of refrigerators, cameras, vacuum cleaners, and electric shavers intensified in the 1930s. The advertisement of automobiles and electric goods was in general not especially intensive (comprising on average 4-5% of the entire number of advertisements).
The number of advertisements for ready-to-wear clothing and footwear increased in the dailies that were studied. Fabric was advertised more in publications intended for the countryside. These facts allow one to make the assumption that the demand for ready-to-wear clothing increased in the cities. The concept of fashion, which dictated the manner of dressing, was already established in interwar Lithuanian advertising. The idea was promoted that new articles had to be bought each season.
Food advertising was not abundant and on average comprised 4% of all the advertising. During the period under study, no changes in either the intensity or supply of such advertising were observed. New products (e.g., bouillon cubes, grain flakes, yoghurt, saccharin, decaffeinated coffee, and preserved foods) and delicatessens were the most intensively advertised. Advertisements for leisure pursuits (e.g., theatres, restaurants, holidays in local and foreign resorts, and dance lessons) were mostly placed in dailies and were almost completely absent in publications for rural residents
Ideologijos ir istoriografijos įtaka Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės istorijos aktualinimui. Lietuvos dokumentinio diskurso (1988-2007 m.) analizė
Get PDFThe article explains ideological and historiographic influences on the popularization of the history of the Lithuanian Grand Duchy within the discourse of Lithuanian documentary film and television from 1988 to 2007. The problem of the study arises from the unclear relationship between the ideological goals of national mobilization and the orientation documentarians set for themselves during the period of Rebirth, and the task of publishing scientific research, considered one of the essential functions of documentaries. The article uses specific film and TV examples to support two assertions: (1) The ideological intentions of film and TV authors give priority to explanations of the past influenced by the ideology of nationalism; (2) The preference among film and TV authors for critical Lithuanian historiography in terms of nationalist interpretations is associated with the goals they have set for themselves of revising concepts of the past that have taken hold in society
Būtovės slėpiniai be televizijos kamerų. Rec: Visa istorija yra gyvenimas: 12 sakytinės istorijos epizodų. Edvardą Gudavičių kalbina Aurimas Švedas. Vilnius: Aidai, 2008. 278 p.
Get PDFLietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos tradicija ir tautiniai naratyvai
Get PDFSud. A. Bumblauskas, G. Potašenko. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2009. T. 7, 376 p
Lietuvos Valstybės Prezidento kalbų ir Tautos šventės iškilmių sąveika (1920-1938): poveikio komunikacija
Get PDFThe present article discusses distinctive aspects of the National Day (Tautos šventė) celebrations, which were aimed at the general public, in Lithuania in the period between 1920 and 1938 and the form and content of the speeches delivered by the President of State during these celebrations in order to make a strategic impact on the citizens. With the aim of examining the character of these phenomena, the research focuses on the aspect of influential communication. The research presented in the article has been carried out using the methods of statistical/contrastive analysis and rhetorical analysis. The analysis of the subject starts with a brief overview of the origins and process of the National Day in Lithuania and the examination of its distinctive aspects. The objective of this part of the analysis is to determine the main reason for the existence of the National Day in Lithuania. The article further examines the reaction of the National Day celebration participants to the public appearance of the President of State and explores the features of the impact strategy revealed by the President\u27s opening speech made on the occasion of the celebration. The research aims at reconstructing the overall pattern of influential communication, which was reflected in the connection between the President of State and the crowds of general public at that time.
So far, similar analyses attempting to reveal the problem of influential communication have only rarely been encountered in the works of Lithuanian historians or have only touched upon the subject. Therefore, the main sources on the basis of which the subject of the article is examined are periodicals (mainly newspapers) of the period under consideration. These publications contain quite exhaustive texts on both the National Day celebrations (its programmes and impressions) and the speeches made by the President (the exact texts of the speeches or paraphrased speeches).
The article suggests and attempts to prove the hypothesis that the sender of a political speech strategically constructs the impact directed towards receivers of the speech. This approach is confirmed by the main conclusion of the article, which proves that both the fragments of Lithuania\u27s National Day celebrations of the period between 1920 and 1938 and the President\u27s speeches addressed to the general public were strategically constructed as influential communication. Celebrations of the National Day manifest a sort of a "warming up" moment of impact based on the elements of visual effect, which enhanced positive spirits among the public and in turn strengthened the effect of the President\u27s speeches, thus enabling them to achieve the intended purposes. On the other hand, the strategy process, which disclosed the verbal effect and determined three main aspects of the President\u27s speeches: firstly, the development of the patriotic arguments to enhance the feelings of dignity and honour and their substantiation; secondly, the use of terms encouraging enthusiasm and inspirational expressions; and thirdly, the use of figures of speech to evoke the spirit of community and solidarity, was not only constructed to charge the public ideologically but also aimed at making an emotional impact on the minds of the public, thus gaining control over the people\u27s will
Žemaitija ir Lietuva XIII-XVIII amžiuje: regioninės (provincinės) savivaldos spindesys ir skurdas
Get PDFThis article deals with the development of Samogitia\u27s relationship with Lithuania since the middle of the 13th century to the end of the 18th century. In the course of this period, Samogitia experienced different patterns of relationship towards Lithuania: hostile western cultural pressure in the Middle Ages; legitimate agreement on the part of Samogitians with the Lithuanian monarchy which provided for the autonomy of Samogitia in 15-16 c.; the merge of Samogitian nobles with the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the 16 c. to 18 c. The latter merge meant the decline of the power of the regional ruling elite, having blocked the way to form a separate Samogitian political identity. All this hindered the rise of more forceful regional trends of separatism.
 
Istorijos erdvės „užkariavimas" XXI a. Rusijoje: negatyvioji istorinė tapatybė?
No full textThe radical social and political changes experienced by the societies of the post-Soviet space determine the transformations in their sociocultural mentality and create new forms of relation with the past. The construction of a new historical identity, which now proceeds in contemporary Russia, can be considered as a typical process for the post-Soviet country, the particularity of which is created by several factors: traumatic experience and the particularities of sociopolitical life in a country that suffers transformation.
The Russian State, which was built after the fall of the Soviet Union, had no clear ideology and value system for more than fifteen years. During this period, the elite of the state formed a utilitarian view towards various ideological systems, which could explain the development of reality through the concepts of political sciences and new models of historical narrative. In recent years all these components of sociopolitical identity have been used by the politicians of the Kremlin, the political scientists, and public relations\u27 specialists as an instrument for the production of a peculiar formation – the "state patriotism."
The intellectual foundations of the "state patriotism" in the sphere of political science are such terms as "energetic superpower" and "sovereign democracy," which were used simultaneously in order to present Russia on the international stage and to provide the state regime – the vertical of power – with meaningfulness in the eyes of the inhabitants of the state. Eventually, it became obvious that such artificial and inadequate terms as "energetic superpower" and "sovereign democracy" cannot fully satisfy the needs of the ruling elite.
The failure of political science manipulations to build a new social identity in Russia was partly compensated by the rise of the importance of historical narrative. Historical narrative in contemporary Russian society plays a role not only of compensatory but also of a consolidating mechanism.
The historical narrative which is powerfully established and dominates in Russian society is selective, monological, and expansive; it allows one to call it "negative historical identity." Despite the peculiarities of this historical narrative on the Russian past, present, and future, its creators managed to ensure major public support for the narrative, which became a very important part of social mentality in contemporary Russia