Lietuvos istorijos studijos
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Afganistano Goro provincijos archeologijos paveldas ir jo apsaugos problemos
Get PDFHeritage of the Ghor province has not been protected and is still being devastated by long years of war actions. Archaeological researches have almost never been made in Ghor province of Afghanistan. Therefore, a lot of archaeological monuments have never been localized and still are damaged by human actions or by nature, influenced by natural erosion. Lithuanian archaeological expedition in the province of Ghor is a constituent part of the long-term program "Archaeological - heritage mission in Ghor province, Afghanistan, 2007-2010". This program is dedicated to the preservation and registering of the archaeological heritage of Ghor province in Afghanistan. Within the distance of 60 km from the centre of province Chaghcharan, archaeological sites of value were visited and registered. Register certificates were started for 11 archaeological sites discovered in autumn 2007 as well as for 9 ones found in spring 2008.
Ghor province is full of easily recognizable objects of archaeological heritage:
Ancient settlements (tapa), which have chronology from Eneolithic and Bronze Age to the Islamic period of the Middle Ages;
Remains of castles and fortresses from the 1st millennium A.D.;
Monuments from Buddhistic period - monastery of Vayguna Sange Bar (first half of the 15th millennium);
Remains of settlements and cult objects of Kabre Zabok;
Monuments of technology and engineering - mills, brickyards, ruins of bridges, caravanserais - still exist in many places.
One of the aims of the archaeological - heritage project is training local heritage specialists to use modern technologies for the registering cultural valuables and for the heritage preservation purposes. During researches, damage made to the cultural valuables and possible dangers are analyzed. Recommendations about their protection are given as well. The Register of archaeological monuments in Ghor province that has been started by Lithuanian archaeologists is yet the one and only in Afghanistan
Ir laivas plaukia ... (tarp praeities gyvų vaiduoklių). - Rec.: Kasparavičius A. Lietuva 1938-1939 m. Neutraliteto iliuzijos. Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2010. 300 p.
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Verta trijų daktaro laipsnių (apie Bernardo Gailiaus disertacijos „1944-1953 m. partizanų karas šiuolaikinėje Lietuvos istorinėje, politinėje ir teisinėje kultūroje" gynimą)
Get PDFKaip Juozą Jurginį 1961 metais Maskva „šukavo"
Get PDFThis study discusses the secret Resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) on 16 August 1961. The Resolution was named "Serious errors in the textbook of J. Jurginis\u27 \u27History of Lithuanian SSR\u27 and \u27Readingsbook for the History of Lithuanian SSR\u27." The issue deals with decision-making in the context of Kremlin\u27s politics of history, historical background, and reasons. From the Kremlin\u27s point of view, J. Jurginis\u27 educational literature could have led to complications in the entire history of the USSR and have had a potential negative impact on other Soviet republics. A historical periodization according to Lithuanian statehood phases from Grand Duchy of Lithuania until Soviet Lithuania was a particular concern raised by Moscow in Jurginis\u27 textbook. The Soviet government in Moscow found it very difficult to coordinate the old history of all 15 Soviet republics with various periodization phases in their schoolbooks. In that case, the General schoolbook of the USSR (from the ancient kingdom of Urartu until Contemporary history) could have lost its significance. This is why Moscow reacted sharply, but with discretion, without abandoning the idea of having separate history schoolbooks for Soviet republics. Moscow gave clear directives for Lithuanian historians to adapt the history of Lithuania to the general historical conception of the Soviet Union, which was a substantially Russocentric doctrine. This was adopted with the release of a new textbook "History of the Lithuanian SSR" and a new Readingsbook in 1962. The research made on this issue was carried out using new archival material from the Lithuanian Special Archives, the old textbooks, newspapers, and other historical materials from Soviet times. The Soviet Union is considered as a kind of continental empire, which indicated directives from Moscow for history teaching in all Soviet republics. The communist ideologists\u27 old fears had not been without reason, as a new reality showed schoolbook evolution in the post-Soviet space. Various collisions and significant historian conflicts started on this front. These confrontations could be sometimes called the "history wars" between neighboring countries. The new trends after the collapse of the Soviet empire enable a better understanding of the old unified Khrushchev era history schoolbooks. It is assumed that the Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU on 16 August 1961 played a crucial normative role on an All-Soviet-Union level. Moscow required Soviet republics to present their own history only as a complement to the overall set of Soviet history curriculum and textbooks
Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės sienų sutartys ir delimitacijos procedūra XIV-XVI amžiuje
Get PDFThis article analyzes Grand Duchy of Lithuania (forward GDL) frontiers treaties and their practice - frontier marking process in 14th-16th century. State territory conception in GDL, which stimulated the beginning of frontiers delimitation, is under consideration as well. This article sifts through the State frontiers evaluating documents, pointing out some groups of them. Separate part of the article discuss frontiers determination process, State delimitation projects arrangement circumstances, the convention and conference organization of State ambassadors. The other part is up for State ambassadors (negotiators) board constitution, their functions; treaty formation and confirmation by oath and stamp ceremony. However, technical side of the frontiers marking, denotation and limitation processes are also pointed out. On the whole, this research article will help to realize GDL State conception development procedure, highlight some international law accents into the context of the territory
LSSR KGB kovos su antisovietiniu pasipriešinimu 1954-1990 metų politinės ir ideologinės prielaidos
Get PDFCommunist ideology not only legitimized the Soviet totalitarian regime but also influenced and defined the basis and direction of KGB activity and legitimized its repressive policy. Inner and international policy targets of the Communist Party were also important to KGB activity, influencing its operational activity and its methods. The Communist Party was also an important player in forming the repression policy that was implemented by the KGB. Also, the Communist Party obliged the KGB to undertake ideological and political education functions.
After 1954, inner and international situations of the Soviet Union changed, and this changed the positions of the KGB and its priorities, activities, methods; however, the main targets almost hadn’t changed. Now the KGB paid more attention to the prevention of anti-Soviet activity rather than to physical repression. To implement this task, the KGB used prophylaxis, psychological pressure, and formation of public opinion through the media, as well as ideological and political education of society.
Communist ideology had a great influence on KGB operational activity, its understanding, and evaluations of anti-Soviet activity. It was evaluated as class struggle that was initiated by the West, especially by the USA. That is why the KGB paid more attention to specific groups of society such as youth, intelligentsia, former political prisoners and deportees, and tried to control all connections with the West
Lietuvos valstybės tarnautojų veiklos reguliavimas 1918-1940 metais
Get PDFThe focus of the article is the legal regulation of civil servants\u27 activity in Lithuania during the period 1918-1940. In the introduction, authors emphasize that this topic received more attention from lawyers. The review of Constitutional statements (1918, 1919, 1920, 1922, 1928, 1938) in regards to civil servants, other laws, and legislation is presented. A short description of the historical situation when the new independent Lithuanian Republic had to create new state institutions, including civil service, based on the model of western democracies and overcome difficulties of Russian empire legacy helps understanding the peculiarities of the situation. For some time, the new Lithuanian and old Russian legislation regulating the activity of civil servants coexisted, and a special State Council had to decide which to take precedence.
Civil service in Interwar Lithuanian Republic was built on the broad notion. Not only people with administering functions (real bureaucrats) but teachers, opera\u27s singers, drivers, and others were considered as civil servants. Each of them had their place in the hierarchy. Legislation enacted during that period allows concluding that building civil service was not among the State\u27s priorities. Different laws and rules regulated the activity of civil servants, describing their duties, salaries, social guarantees, and rights. Some aspects of their activity, such as enrolment, admission, career possibilities, and question of responsibility, were skipped in legislation. Despite some shortcomings of legal regulation, the status of civil servant in Lithuanian society was rather highly valued. In addition to salary, they had some social benefits for their families, and later were able to study in special courses. The relationship between qualification and salary was confirmed.
The Constitution confirmed in 1938 mentioned that various aspects of civil servants\u27 activity are regulated by Civil Service law. The draft of this law, together with some other legislation (how to prevent illegal enrichment of civil servants), was discussed, but drastic events of 1940 pulled back the realization of these ideas. Not only practitioners but scholars and lawyers participated in public discussions from 1935-1939, trying to find out how to make the work of bureaucrats more efficient, how to better control and organize their work, prevent the creation of new institutions and offices, etc. Public discussion and ideas of scholars were rather modern, progressive, and reminded ideas of famous authorities of management.
The authors conclude the article raising the hypothetical question of what would happen if Lithuania adopted a new Civil Service Act as in Belgium and would not be occupied in 1940.Šio straipsnio tikslas yra išanalizuoti Lietuvos valstybės tarnautojų veiklos reguliavimą 1918-1940 m. Teisinio reguliavimo raida pradedama nuo valstybės tarnautojų teisinės padėties apžvalgos Lietuvos Respublikos konstitucijose, vėliau pereinama prie atskirų klausimų aptarimo. Taip pat skiriama dėmesio to meto valstybės tarnybos koncepcijai ir valstybės tarnautojų statusui aptarti. Priimti teisės aktai leidžia įvertinti valstybės tarnautojų pareigų, teisių ir atsakomybės aspektus bei per du dešimtmečius įvykusius pokyčius