Archaeologia Lituana
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Senoviniai atsmilkiniai Latvijoje
No full textIt is a little bit curious, that at the end of the Late Bronze Age and the Early or Pre-Roman Iron Age these temple ornaments were the most common metal ornament type in the territory of Latvia, but later periods these ornaments almost disappeared.The Pre-Roman Iron Age temple ornaments can be divided into three groups. The most wide-spread temple ornaments were plain spiral temple ornaments (first group) and ornaments with a spiral middle part and spoon-shaped ends (second group). The third group consists of ornaments made of thin bronze wire rings with beads and pendants.Ankstyvojo geležies amžiaus antsmilkiniai skirstomi į tris grupes. Labiausiai buvo paplitę įvijiniai antsmilkiniai (pirmoji grupė) ir antsmilkiniai šaukšto formos galais, viduryje sujungti įvijine dalimi (antroji grupė). Trečiąją grupę sudarė antsmilkiniai, pagaminti iš plonos žalvario vielos žiedų, papuošti karoliais ir kabučiais. Ankstyviausi įvijiniai antsmilkiniai Latvijos teritorijoje yra žinomi nuo vėlyvojo žalvario amžiaus. Tai du įvijiniai antsmilkiniai, surasti Ļaudonas Midzenīcas vietovėje, Latvijoje. Salaspils Reznes kapinyne buvo rastas kitokios formos įvijinis antsmilkinis. Jis aptiktas pilkapio nr. 2 viršutiniame sluoksnyje, kuriame buvo dėželiniai akmeniniai kapai. Dvi įvijos su pritvirtintomis žalvarinėmis plokštelėmis, rastos Ķekavas Klaņģukalns piliakalnyje, taip pat gali būti interpretuojamos kaip antsmilkiniai. Įvijiniai antsmilkiniai tampriai susukta viela plačiai paplito nuo ankstyvojo geležies amžiaus pabaigos ir senojo geležies amžiaus pradžios. Iš viso rasti 24 tokio tipo antsmilkiniai, penkiose Latvijos vietovėse. Kitą grupę sudaro antsmilkiniai, pagaminti iš vielos, papuoštos stiklo karoliais ir kabučiais. Latvijoje šios rūšies antsmilkiniai yra negausūs. Jie aptikti tik apardytame Dreiliņu Gilberti kapinyne, kuriame rasti šeši kapai. Antsmilkiniai buvo aptikti šalia kaukolės, kartu su puodelio formos papuošalo fragmentu. Beje, tai buvo vienintelis kapas su įkapėmis. V. Langas panašius Estijoje rastus kabučius datuoja ankstyvojo geležies amžiaus pabaiga (II–I amžius pr. Kr.). Vienuolika antsmilkinių šaukšto formos galais, viduryje sujungtų įvijine dalimi, buvo rasti aštuoniuose Latvijos paminkluose. Jų paplitimo teritorija driekiasi nuo Rygos įlankos iki Latvijos vidurio, šalia Dauguvos upės krantų
Koridoriniai kapai Mysinge’s vietovėje
No full textDuring the latest part of the early Neolithic period around 3500–3300 BC, megalithic tombs in the form of dolmens and passage graves are built in many different parts of Scandinavia. In Denmark thousands of dolmens and hundreds of passage graves are known, and in northern Germany huge number of tombs are documented as well (Midgley, 1992:418ff). On a Swedish level, dense concentrations of tombs are found along the coasts in Scania and western Sweden, as well as in the area Falbygden in central Västergötland (Srömberg, 1971; Persson & Sjögren, 2001; Sjögren, 2004) (see Fig. 1). Outside these core areas, dolmens and passage graves occur sporadically (e.g. Janzon, 2009; Wallin, 2010) and in large parts of the distribution area of the TRB culture, megalithic tombs have not been built. On the island of Öland, one dolmen and three passage graves are located in the parish of Resmo (Arne, 1909; Papmehl-Dufay, 2006; see below). Only one of these has been excavated, namely the southernmost passage grave at Mysinge, which is the focus of the present paper. [...]Šiame straipsnyje neolito koridorinių kapų istorijai nagrinėti yra naudojamas biografinis modelis. Aptariami Mysinge’s (Pietryčių Švedija) koridoriniai kapai, kurie buvo kasinėti XX amžiaus pradžioje ir nuo to laiko analizuoti įvairiais aspektais. Yra apžvelgti kapų tyrinėjimai, prasidėję 1908 metų kasinėjimais ir besitęsiantys iki šiol. Remiantis surinktais įvairių tyrinėjimų duomenimis, aptariamas ilgalaikis laidojimo paminklo naudojimas.Įvadas. Ankstyvojo neolito pabaigoje, apie 3500–3300 m. pr. Kr., megalitiniai kapai paplito įvairiose Skandinavijos dalyse. Švedijoje šie kapai koncentravosi Skonės pakrantėje ir Vakarų Švedijoje, taip pat Falbygdeno srityje centriniame Vesterjotlande (Srömberg, 1971; Persson and Sjögren, 2001; Sjögren, 2004) (1 pav.). Nors dirbinių kompleksuose dažnai atsispindi šių kapų naudojimas ir po piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros ankstyvajame ir viduriniame neolite, koridorinių kapų naudojimas vėlesniu neolito laikotarpiu ir žalvario amžiuje retai aptariamas.Mysinge’s koridoriniai kapai. Elando saloje (Pietryčių Švedija) vienas dolmenas ir trys koridoriniai kapai yra Resmo parapijoje (Arne, 1909; Papmehl-Dufay, 2006). Atsitiktinių ankstyvojo ir vidurinio neolito radinių yra gausiai aptinkama visoje saloje, tai rodo tuo laikotarpiu buvus tankų apgyvendinimą (Åberg, 1923). Pietinio kapo kamera ir koridorius buvo kasinėti 1908 metais (Arne, 1909). Buvo rasta daugybė nedegintų žmonių ir gyvulių kaulų, taip pat nemažai dirbinių, rodančių chronologinę seką, prasidedančią nuo piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros ankstyvojo neolito pabaigoje / vidurinio neolito pradžioje ir besitęsiančią iki žalvario amžiaus. Gyvūnų kaulai iš Mysinge’s kol kas nepublikuoti, bet juos sudaro šuns, lapės, kiškio, karvės, avies / ožkos, kiaulės ir anties kaulai (Ahlström, 2009, p. 166; Eriksson et al., 2008, table 4). Keturi gyvūnų kaulų pavyzdžiai buvo datuoti radiokarbono metodu: avies / ožkos – vėlyvuoju neolitu; šuns – pereinamuoju laikotarpiu iš žalvario į geležies amžių; karvės – ankstyvuoju geležies amžiumi ir avies / ožkos – XVI–XVIII amžiumi (Eriksson et al., 2008, table 4). Nedideli kasinėjimai buvo vykdyti šalia įėjimo į kapą 1937 metais, radiniai buvo negausūs, tarp jų buvo šiek tiek smulkių keramikos fragmentų. 2004 metais vėl buvo kasinėjama toje pačioje vietoje. Rasta daug vėlyvos piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros keramikos fragmentų, taip pat titnago ir degintų kaulų. Visa tai buvo aptikta po akmenų krūsnimi prieš įėjimą (Alexandersson, 2005).Pastaraisiais metais buvo atlikti įvairūs Mysinge’s osteologinės medžiagos tyrimai, tarp jų: Cu ir Zn kiekio kauluose, stabiliųjų C ir N izotopų ir mitochondrinės DNR tyrimai (Lidén, 1995, 1996; Kanstrup, 2004; Eriksson et al., 2008; Linderholm, 2008). Aptiktų individų kiekis buvo perskaičiuotas ir jų padaugėjo nuo maždaug 30–40 iki bent 56, deginti kaulai nebuvo įtraukti (Ahlström, 2009, p. 83). Iki šiol 34 iš jų buvo datuoti radiokarbono metodu. Iš to skaičiaus 12 gali būti priskiriami piltuvėlinių taurių kultūrai, 11 – vėlyvai vidurinio neolito kovos kirvių kultūros fazei, 1 – vėlyvajam neolitui ir 10 – ankstyvajam ir viduriniam žalvario amžiui (2 lentelė) (Eriksson et al., 2008; Papmehl-Dufay, 2006; Ahlström, 2009).Atlikus mitybos analizę, nustatytas jūros ir sausumos baltymų šaltinių mišinys. Chronologiškai padalijus analizės duomenis, išryškėjo tam tikros bendros tendencijos (6 pav.) (Eriksson et al., 2008, p. 531ff). Atlikus piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros individų tyrimus nustatytas jūros ir sausumos baltymų šaltinių mišinys, šie individai tikriausiai mito stambiaisiais raguočiais ar avimis / ožkomis, taip pat žuvimis. Tyrimų rezultatai rodė, kad vidurinio neolito pabaigoje / vėlyvojo neolito pradžioje individų tarpusavio skirtumai buvo didesni. Žalvario amžiuje individų mityba buvo panašesnė ir jų izotopų tyrimai rodo aiškią priklausomybę nuo sausumos baltymų šaltinių, todėl galima agrokultūrinė ekonomika (Eriksson ir et al., 2008, p. 537ff).Vietovės biografija. Neolito laikotarpiu Mysinge’s vietovėje buvo mažiausiai trys koridoriniai kapai, pastatyti tik kelių šimtų metrų atstumu vienas nuo kito ir tikriausiai per santykinai trumpą laikotarpį (Papmehl-Dufay, 2006). Reikėtų paminėti, kad atstumas iki artimiausio regiono, kuriame paplitę koridoriniai kapai, yra apie 150 km į pietvakarius. Elando kapai yra rytiniame megalitinės piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros paplitimo pakraštyje (Sjögren, 2004).Tradicinėje archeologinėje Mysinge’s koridorinių kapų interpretacijoje pabrėžiama, kad kapai pastatyti ir naudojami piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros laikotarpiu ir kad vėlesnės kartos vėlyvojoje vidurinio neolito fazėje ir žalvario amžiuje juos vėl naudojo laidojimui. Tačiau aš manau, kad dėl ilgo vietovės „antrinio“ naudojimo mes užmirštame svarbiausią dalyką: kiekviena karta turėjo savo specifiškumą ir išskirtinį ryšį su šia vietove. Be to, ši vieta turi savo biografiją, t. y. veikla joje ir aplink kapus turi gilias šaknis. Žmonės, laidoję savo mirusiuosius 2500 m. pr. Kr., tikrai nemąstė apie tai kaip apie antrinę veiklą. Kapų naudojimo po piltuvėlinių taurių kultūros laikotarpio priežastys niekada nebus visiškai atskleistos, bet mes galime manyti, kad tai buvo naudinga ir grįžimas į seniausius regiono paminklus toliau laidoti buvo simbolinis ir turėjo socialinę prasmę. Šiuo metu galime tik spėti, kodėl jie laidojo koridoriniuose kapuose žalvario amžiuje.Ankstyvojo neolito pabaigoje (apie 3500 m. pr. Kr.) pastatyti kaip monumentalūs megalitiniai kapai ir pakartotinai naudoti laidojimui daugiau nei du tūkstantmečius, Mysinge’s koridoriniai kapai įgavo kompleksinę ir įvairią gyvenimo istoriją, kuri tęsiasi iki šių dienų. Jos fragmentai mus pasiekia kaip archeologiniai duomenys ir antikvarų veiklos aprašymai, bet turi būti suprasta viena – tai, kas kažkada buvo prisimenama apie šią vietą, yra prarasta amžiams. Pasitelkę įvairialypius duomenis ir pasakojimus apie paminklą ir naudodami biografinį modelį vietovėms ir paminklams, galime sužinoti kai kuriuos preities gyvenimo aspektus, o kitaip tai yra sunkiai sužinoma (Kopytoff, 1986, p. 67)
Vilniaus universiteto Archeologijos katedra (nuo įkūrimo iki 1966 metų)
Get PDFThe aim of this article is to describe the history of the Department of Archaeology in Vilnius University from 1940 (the establishment) to 1966, when the department was integrated into the newly formed Lithuanian SSR Department of History. This article refers to the works of other authors, memorials and archival material.The circumstances surrounding the establishment of the Department of Archaeology go back to 1939, when the province of Vilnius was given back to Lithuania. Then the question of restructuring the Vilnius University also arose. On December 12th, 1939, the Parliament passed a highereducation law, which stated that the activities of the Lithuanian university would begin on December 15th, 1939, along with the opening of the Faculty of Humanities (FH) on the same day. For this reason the staff and students from the Vytautas Magnus University in Kaunas had to be moved to Vilnius. The relocation was set to begin after January 1st, 1940.The first meeting of the FH Council was held in Kaunas, on January 5th, 1940. It was decided to establish the Seminar of Archaeology with freelance docent J. Puzinas as its Head. The University museums of Archaeology and Ethnography were also entrusted to his care. Senior assistant Juozas Baldžius was elected to be his aid, while on February 15th, 1940, R. Volkaitė was elected as the museologist of the Archaeology museum. Thus began the career of Professor Ph. D. Jonas Puzinas in Vilnius University, the most famous interwar Lithuanian archaeologist and the pioneer of scientific archaeology in Lithuania.The work did not stop in June of 1940, after first Soviet occupation, although there were some changes. In autumn semester of 1940 the Department of Ethnics was divided into two separate Departments of Ethnography and Archaeology.Department of Archaeology in Vilnius University was established in September of 1940. On the September 20th J. Puzinas was elected to head of the Department of Archaeology and on January 1st, 1941, he was equated to a professor with a Ph. D. In the FH Council meeting on of June 5th, 1941, R. Volkaitė was elected assistant of the Department of Archaeology. So there were two academic researchers working in the Department at that time.The work did not cease during the years of Nazi Germany occupation. In the autumn of 1941 docent J. Puzinas was once again elected Head of Department of Archaeology. On December 5th he was presented as candidate for election of extraordinary professor. Until J. Puzinas fled to the West, he also was the Dean of FH (from June 26th, 1941) and the member of Vilnius University Senate (from August 7th, 1941).Teaching of archaeology disciplines in the University was not reserved to archaeology students only, but also to Ethnography and Lithuanian History students. During the war the Department did not conduct archaeological research so students did not have any fieldwork practice. The Department’s staff produced only a small amount of academic publications.In the summer of 1944 when the Red Army was approaching Vilnius, Professor J. Puzinas and his family fled to the West followed by M. Alseikaitė-Gimbutienė. However, the majority of archaeologists (former students of J. Puzinas), such as P. Kulikauskas, R. Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė and R. Jablonskytė-Rimantienė remained in Lithuania, continued their research and contributed to the preparation of specialists in the Department of Archaeology.At the beginning of second Soviet occupation in autumn of 1944, the Department of Archaeology became a part of the History and Philology Faculty. R. Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė and P. Kulikauskas worked in the Department.In 1947 the Departments of Archaeology, Ethnography and Art History in the History and Philology Faculty were reorganised into the Department of Museology. A few years later (in 1949) that Department was reorganised into the Department of Archaeology and Ethnography. R. Kulikauskienė became the Head of the Department and she held the post until 1962. P. Kulikauskas worked in this Department as anhourly paid scholar, whose primary job since 1948 was in the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences. In 1951 one of the first post-war graduate archaeologists Aldolfas Tautavičius started to work in the Department of Archaeology as hourly paid scholar; it was his secondary job from March 17th, 1954 to April 30th, 1959. These three researchers taught the major archaeology courses at the university.The scientific work of the lecturers could not be fully fledged for one reason. By the secret decree of Lithuanian Communist Party’s (b) Central Committee, it was prohibited to mention the publications of researchers who fled to the West and were referred to as ‘motherland traitors’. Therefore the names of J. Puzinas, Latvian archaeologists V. Ginters, F. Balodis, E. Šturms and some German archaeologists did not appear in the Lithuanian archaeologists’ publications for the first post-war decades. There only were references to such publications as “Senovė”, “Gimtasai kraštas”, “Prussia” and others. For this reason some foreign researchers, who did not know the real situation, sometimes tauntingly wondered why Lithuanian archaeologists do not know the publications of their predecessors.Despite the difficulties in the post-war period, the Department of Archaeology and Ethnography successfully prepared professional archaeologists. 2 to 6 archaeologists graduated every year until 1962. Until that year 40 people received a degree in archaeology and part of them worked in various science institutions. In 1962 docent P. Kulikauskienė started to work at Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences. Docent P. Kulikauskas returned to the University and was the Head of the Department until 1966 when Department was closed.From 1948 to 1966 Vilnius University archaeologists did a lot of research on Lithuanian archaeological sites. University archaeologists were often organising expeditions together with the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences.The most important sites worth noting are: Linksmučiai burial ground (Pakruojis district), Laiviai burial ground (Kretinga dictrict), Nemenčinė hillfort (Vilnius district), Migonys archaeological complex (Kaišiadorys district), Kunigiškės-Pajevonys hillfort (Vilkaviškis district). The monuments’ material, researched by the University archaeologists, was published in the form of scientific articles and monographs. In addition, a number of summarising articles were appeared in both Lithuanian and various USSR publications.R. Volkaitė-Kulikauskienė’s work “Lietuvos archeologiniai paminklai ir jų tyrinėjimai” (“Lithuanian Archaeological Monuments and Their Research”) has to be singled out. It was the first study book for students of archaeology, presenting the main types of archaeological monuments and some research results in the first half, while the second half dealt with heritage preservation and field research methodology.“Lietuvos archeologijos bruožai” (“The Features of Lithuanian Archaeology”) by P. Kulikauskas, R. Kulikauskienė and A. Tautavičius was published in 1961 and it was the biggest summarising work of Lithuanian archaeology yet, practically written by former and current University archaeologists. It was a very important event in the history of Lithuanian archaeology. The book described the research history of Lithuanian archaeological monuments, reviewed the sites from different periods with more detail than any previous publications, presented new data about the activities, crafts, trade relations, fortified and unfortified settlements of the Lithuanian people, discussed some questions about ethnic history of the Baltic tribes. This book not only summarised the research data of Lithuanian archaeological monuments, but also became a study book of Lithuanian archaeology.Concluding the Vilnius University Department of Archaeology (later – the Department of Archaeology and Ethnography) activities from 1940 to 1966, it must be noted that despite the war and post-war difficulties it prepared a lot of archaeology specialists for Lithuania. The staff of the Department of Archaeology made significant contributions investigating the sites of different archaeological periods, publishing and summarising the research material and preparing the most important publications about Lithuanian archaeology at the time.1940 m. rugsėjį Vilniaus universitete buvo įsteigta Archeologijos katedra. Švęsdami katedros įkūrimo 70 metų jubiliejų, galime apžvelgti gana sudėtingą nueitą kelią, katedroje dirbusių žmonių veiklą, jų indėlį į Lietuvos ir baltų genčių archeologijos mokslą, specialistų archeologų rengimą. Galima iš karto pažymėti, kad Archeologijos katedros, kaip ir viso lietuviškojo Vilniaus universiteto, veikla nuo 1940 m. yra susijusi su sunkiu ir labai sudėtingu Lietuvos istorijos tarpsniu. [...
Jakšiškio pilkapyno tyrinėjimai. T arptautinė Lietuvos ir Skandinavijos šalių archeologinė ekspedicija
Get PDFDuring the whole period of its existence, the Department of Archaeology at Vilnius University had only a few international archaeological research projects. One of the first international archaeological expeditions took place in 2000, in the barrow cemetery of Jakšiškis (Anykščiai District). It involved representatives from Lithuania and three Scandinavian countries: Sweden, Denmark and Norway. This international project was coordinated by A. Merkevičius, while fieldwork was headed by M. Michelbertas. The aim of this article is to elucidate the reasons which lead to the realization of the project and review the circumstances behind project management.Jakšiškis barrow cemetery first caught the interest of Vidar Berkeland, a Norwegian living close to the place, who discovered that local people referred to this archaeological site as “the Swedish Graves”. In the hope of finding out why the barrow cemetery had this peculiar name and whether it could contain Swedish burials, he addressed the Swedish Embassy in Lithuania as well as other Swedish institutions. This issue incited the interest of Björn Linderfalk, Second Secretary of the Swedish Embassy in Lithuania. As attempts to collect data on the barrow cemetery in Sweden failed, the Archaeology Department of Vilnius University was con-tacted. Associate professor of the Department A. Merkevičius collected data about the barrow cemetery and carried out a survey of the archaeological site. B. Linderfalk and V. Berkeland were told that there are quite many such “Swedish Graves” in Lithuania, but they were usually burials of local residents rather than Swedes. Thus, the probability of finding graves of Swedes at Jakšiškis barrow cemetery was very small. Disappointing as it was, the reply did not stop the desire to investigate the site and reveal who were buried there and when.The organizing committee for the implementation of the project „Investigations of ‘Swedish Graves’ in Central Lithuania“ was set up, comprising B. Linderfalk, Editor of the magazine „Litauen-Nytt“ Jan Krog, diplomats from the Danish Embassy Niels Poulsen and Mette Jensen, Director of the Nordic Information Office Knut Johansen, Swedish Consul in Klaipėda Leif Anermalm, V. Berkeland, Head of the Department of Archaeology of Vilnius University prof. M. Michelbertas and assoc. prof. A. Merkevičius. The organizing committee nominated A. Merkevičius coordinator of the project and M. Michelbertas – head of fieldwork. Various institutions, mostly Scandinavian, were requested to render financial support. Positive replies came from Nordic Information Office, Nordic Embassies, in particular the Swedish Embassy, SAS airlines, such companies as “Genčių nafta“, “Cebeco timber“, “NCC Industry“, and the Cultural Heritage Centre. Besides Vilnius University, Universities of Stockholm, Bergen and Copenhagen were invited to participate. The investigation involved students and postgraduates of the aforementioned universities.From end June to beginning of July 2000 two mounds of Jakšiškis barrow cemetery were investigated under the direction of M. Michelbertas. The first barrow revealed 3 cremation graves, containing female burials, as suggested by grave goods. The second barrow also revealed 3 cremated female graves. These were dated to the 7th or 8th centuries. Investigation of the barrows disclosed that they contained burials of local residents, attributed to the East Lithuanian Barrow Culture group. In the course of investigation, sightseeing trips in the District of Anykščiai were organized.When the investigation at Jakšiškis barrow cemetery were over, sightseeing trips were organized to members of the expedition to Vilnius, Trakai, Kernavė, Kaunas, Klaipėda and Kretinga, including visits to archaeological sites and museums. Members of the expedition not only opened a new page of prehistory, but also learned a lot about the past of Lithuania.Per visą Vilniaus universiteto Archeologijos katedros gyvavimo laikotarpį tarptautinių archeologinių tyrimų vykdyta nedaug. Viena iš pirmųjų tarptautinių archeologinių ekpedicijų įvyko 2000 metais Jakšiškio pilkapyne, Anykščių rajone. Joje dalyvavo Lietuvos ir trijų Skandinavijos šalių: Švedijos, Danijos ir Norvegijos, atstovai. Tarptautinį projektą koordinavo doc. A. Merkevičius, o lauko tyrimams vadovavo prof. M. Michelbertas. Šio straipsnio tikslas – priežasčių, lėmusių projekto vykdymą, paaiškinimas ir projekto organizavimo aplinkybių apžvalga. [...
Jakšiškio–Knitiškių pilkapyno tyrinėjimai 2000-aisiais metais
Get PDFAn der Grenze der Rayons Ukmergė und Anykščiai, etwa 6,5–7 km von dem Städtchen Vidiškės entfernt, am linken Ufer des Flusses Šventoji, in einem Forst befindet sich ein großes Hügelgräberfeld (Abb. 1). Die ersten Meldungen über dieses Hügelgräberfeld erschienen in der wissenschaftlichen Presse im Jahre 1910, als der Archäologe M. Makarenko die Daten über die Ausgrabungen von S. Masalitinov veröffentlicht hat. Die Funde dieser Ausgrabungen sind nicht erhalten geblieben.Das Hügelgräberfeld mit zwei Namen – das Knitiškiai–Jakšiškis–Hügelgräberfeld (weil er zwischen diesen zwei Dörfern liegt) war in die Liste der Kulturdenkmäler der Litauischen SSR aufgenommen. Eigentlich ist es ein einziges riesiges Hügelgräberfeld, dessen Fläche 27,1 ha beträgt (Abb. 2 und 3). Es enthält etwa 300 Hügelgräber.Das Hügelgräberfeld wurde vom 26 Juni bis zum 8 Juli 2000 von dem Lehrstuhl für Archäologie der Universität Vilnius mit der Unterstützung der Studenten der Vilniuser Universität, den Magistertstudenten und Doktoranden der Universitäten Stockholm, Bergen und Kopenhagen untersucht. Von der Expedition wurden im Jakšiškis–Hügelgräberfeld 2 Hügelgräber ausgegraben.Das Ziel dieses Artikels besteht darin, das Untersuchungsmaterial der im Jahre 2000 ausgegrabenen Hügelgräber zu veröffentlichen, das dazu beigetragen hat, manche Details der Bestattungsritus in den Hügelgräberfeldern Ostlitauens besser kennen zu lernen.Die Größe der Aufschüttung des Hügelgrabes I (Abb. 4, 6, 14–16) betrug 10 x 10 m, die Höhe – 0,8–1,7 m. Die Toten wurden im Hügelgrab verbrannt beigesetzt. An verschiedenen Stellen der Aufschüttung fand man kalzinierte Knochen der Menschen, Brandflecken, einzelne Fragmente der abgebrannten Erzeugnisse (Abb. 5). Im Hügelgrab entdeckte man 3 Brandgräber (Abb. 6). Das Grab 1 war ein wenig zerstört, die Gräber 2 (Abb. 7 und 10) und 3 (Abb. 11–12) waren im besseren Zustand. Im Grab 2 wurde anhand anthropologischer Daten eine 25–35 jährige Frau beigesetzt, deren Beigaben aus zwei tönernen Spinnnwirtel (Abb. 8:1, 2), aus 2 bronzenen Spiralarmringen (Abb. 9:2, 3), einem bronzenen Halsring mit Sattelende (Abb. 8:5) und einem Halsring mit verbreiteten abgeflachten Enden (Abb. 9:1) sowie aus 2 bronzenen Spiralfingerringen (Abb. 8:3, 4) bestanden. Man datiert das Grab chronologisch ins 7.–8.Jh.Im Grab 3 hat man 3 Spinwirtel aus Ton (Abb. 13:2, 5, 7), Fragmente der bronzenen Armringe (Abb. 13:3, 4), einen Teil des Halsringes (Abb. 13:6) und einen eisernen Pfriem (Abb. 13:1) vorgefunden. Die kalzinierten Knochen gehörten einer 25–40 jährigen Frau. Die Chronologie des Grabes – 7.–8.Jh.Die Größe der Aufschüttung des Hügelgrabes II (Abb. 17, 33) betrug 9 x 9 m, die Höhe 1 m. In diesem Hügelgrab fand man 3 Gräber und recht viele angebrannte, zerbrochene Erzeugnisse (Abb. 18, 19) und verbrannte kleine Knochen vor. Im Brandgrab 1 fand man Fragmente bronzener Armringe (Abb. 20:2, 4), Spiralen (Abb. 20:6, 7), einen Spinnwirtel aus Ton (Abb. 20:5), eine deformierte bronzene Spiralperle (Abb. 20:10), Fragmente bronzener Halsringe (Abb. 20:3, 9), Fragmente verschmolzener Erzeugnisse (Abb. 20:8, 11), einen eisernen Pfriem (Abb. 20:1) und Topfscherben der Keramik mit gerauter Oberfläche (Abb. 21) vor. Die kalzinierten Knochen im Grab gehörten einem 2–10 jährigen Kind. Chronologisch datiert man das Grab ins 7.–9.Jh.Im Brandgrab 2 entdeckte man 2 eiserne Gegenstände (Stäbchen und einen Beschlag, Abb. 27:1, 2), Fragmente bronzener gewundener Halsringe (Abb. 27:5, 6), Fragmente der Spinnwirtel aus Ton (Abb. 27:3, 4), einen Teil des bronzenen Armreifes (Abb. 27:7), Fragmente verschiedener Erzeugnisse (Abb. 27:8–10), Keramik mit gerauter Oberfläche und Scherben mit glatter Oberfläche (Abb. 25, 26). Die verbrannten Knöchlein gehörten einem 3–10 jährigen Kind. Die Chronologie des Grabes: Ende des 8.Jhs. – 9.Jh.Am Rande der Aufschüttung entdeckte man die Stelle eines symbolischen Grabes (Kenotaph?) (Abb. 28, 29), wo 2 bronzene hohlwändige dreieckige Armringe mit breiten Enden (Abb. 30) vorgefunden waren. An dieser Stelle gab es keine Reste der verbrannten Knochen. Die Chronologie des Grabes: Ende des 8.Jhs.–9.Jh.Was größere Gegenstände als Streufunde des Hügelgrabes II anbelangt, so könnte man noch Bruchstücke einiger bronzener hohlwändiger dreieckiger Armringe mit breiten Enden (Abb. 19:2, 3, 5), Fragmente eines Halsringes (Abb. 18:8), ein Fragment der eisernen Trense (Abb. 18:9), eine Spiralperle (Abb. 18:4) und verschieden ornamentierte Spinnwirtel aus Ton (Abb. 19:6, 8) erwähnen.Beide Hügelgräber waren aus der umgebenden Erde, dem Sand, aufgeschüttet. Die Leichnamen wurden außerhalb der Grenzen des Hügelgrabes verbrannt. Danach brachte man die angebrannten Knochen und Beigaben mit kaum erkennbaren Resten des Lagerfeuers zum Grab und schüttete sie auf eine vorbereitete Stelle im Grab aus.Wie man sieht, gab es verschiedene Beigaben. Die untersuchten Gräber waren hauptsächlich Frauen – oder Kindergräber, vor allem Mädchengräber. Man legte ins Grab Arbeitswerkzeuge (Pfrieme, Spinnwirtel), verschiedene Schmucksachen, Tongeschirr. In den Gräbern fand man von 5 bis 8 Gegenstände vor. Am reichsten war das Frauengrab 2 des Hügelgrabes I: man fand hier 8 Gegenstände vor, und das Grab 3 mit 7 Gegenständen. Der Archäologe L. V. Kurila hat bei der Verallgemeinerung des riesigen Kulturstoffes der ostlitauischen Hügelgräber bemerkt, dass die allgemeine Zahl der Schmuckstücke und ihre Mannigfaltigkeit in den Gräbern jüngerer Frauen stets größer war. Der bedingte Wertindex der Beigaben der Frauengräber im Jakšiškis–Hügelgräberfeld ist einer der höchsten unter den Frauengräbern der ostlitauischen Hügelgräberfelder (das Grab I des Hügelgrabes 1 – 6,58, das Grab 2 – 5,32), und der Wertindex der Beigaben in den Kindergräbern ist der höchste (Hügelgrab II, Grab 1 – 8, 33) oder einer der höchsten (Hügelgrab II, Grab 2 – 7,12). Somit zählen die erwähnten Frauen- und Mädchengräber des Jakšiškis–Hügelgräberfeldes zu den reichsten (oder allerreichsten) in der ostlitauischen Region der Hügelgräberfelder. Es gibt keinen Zweifel, dass in diesen Gräbern Frauen und ihre Kinder der freien und reichen Gemeinde beigesetzt waren.Die Untersuchung der Hügelgräber von Jakšiškis hat gezeigt, dass die Gräber des westlichen Teils der ostlitauischen Hügelgräberfelder bei weitem reichere Beigaben enthalten. Das hat wohl die recht kleine Entfernung des westlichen Teiles der Hügelgräberfelder vom Mittellitauen entschieden, in dem sich die inneren Hauptstraßen des litauischen Territoriums kreuzten. Es ist glaubwürdig, dass die Wasserstraße von Šventoji, an der sich das Hügelgräberfeld Jakšiškis befand, für Ostlitauen von großer Wichtigkeit war. In der Nähe lag wohl auch die Siedlung.Noch ein interessantes Merkmal des Bestattungsritus muss genannt werden. Im Grab 2 des Hügelgrabes I fand man unter den verbrannten menschlichen Knochen auch beigemischte Knochen eines kleinen Säugetieres oder eines Vogels. Wohl wurden zusammen mit dem Leichnam auch für dessen Ernährung bestimmte Tiere verbrannt, – es lässt sich in diesem Falle von der Sitte der Ernährung der Verstorbenen sprechen.Die Züge des Bestattungsritus im Hügelgräberfeld von Jakšiškis–Knitiškiai zeugen davon, dass dieses Hügelgräberfeld ein typischer Vertreter der Kultur der ostlitauischen Hügelgräberfelder ist. Ähnliche Bestattungsriten sind aus anderen, früher untersuchten Hügelgräberfeldern mit Brandgräbern dieser Region bekannt.Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais gerokai pagausėjo tyrinėtų pilkapynų ir pilkapių Rytų Lietuvos pilkapių kultūrinės etninės grupės teritorijoje. Tiesa, daugiausia tyrinėjimų buvo vykdoma gelbstint atskirus pilkapius nuo tolesnio naikinimo, be platesnės kultūrinės srities mokslinių tyrimų programos. Vis dėlto ir šie tyrinėjimai suteikė nemažai papildomos medžiagos apie laidoseną, jos pokyčius Rytų Lietuvoje senojo geležies amžiaus pabaigoje, viduriniame ir vėlyvajame geležies amžiuje, buityje naudotus daiktus, kultūrinius ir prekybinius ryšius. [...
Vilniaus universiteto Archeologijos katedra (1990–2010 metais)
Get PDFThe Department of Archaeology was established in 1940 and later often reorganized, merged with other departments or even closed down. The work of the Department was significantly influenced by the state of political affairs in Lithuania. After Lithuania’s incorporation into the Soviet Union, the archaeological research as well as training of specialists, faced a rather complicated situation. In 1966 the Department was closed down and the Department of the History of the Lithuania SSR was set up by the then authorities in its place. The Department remained closed during the whole soviet period and was re-established in 1990 under the name of Department of Archaeology and Ethnology. In 1993 it was reorganized and renamed as Department of Archaeology and the speciality of archaeology was then initiated. The aim of this article is to offer a review of the activities of the Department since its restoration until the present day.1990 was the beginning of a new stage of archaeological research and studies at Vilnius University. Soon after its re-establishment, the Department set up a library and in 1999 publication of a periodical scientific publication “Archaeologia Lituana” was launched, with prof. M. Michelbertas as editor in chief. The Department of Archaeology not only participate but also organize scientific events, such as conferences, symposiums, seminars, etc. The first scientific conference, organized by the re-established Department, took place in 1991. Since 1996 the international conference “In honor of Jonas Puzinas” has been organized on a regular basis. Five scientific conferences of this type have been arranged until now. Other scientific activity, which is not less important, is also pursued. One field of such activity includes participation in scientific projects. The Department have participated in and supervised both national and international projects. At present we have two national projects, namely “ARCHEOLITAS – Compilation and Digitalization of the List of Archaeological Lithuanian Sources”, headed by assoc. prof. A. Luchtanas and “ARCHAEOLANDSCAPE – the Development of the Landscape According to the Archaeological Data and Natural History”, headed by assoc. prof. V. Šimėnas. Assoc. prof. of the Department A. Luchtanas is the research adviser of the international project “The Archaeological – Heritage Preservation Mission in Ghor Province, Afghanistan”.The period of two decades witnessed changes in the field of archaeological studies. In 1991 when the two-level system of bachelor and master studies was approved, the Academic Commission of the Board of Vilnius University projected a number of specializations, one of which was archaeology and ethnology. Two years later, in 1993, a sitting of the Senate of Vilnius University approved initiation of the speciality of archaeology. On 1 September that year 10 students were admitted to the first year course of the speciality of archaeology and since then the number of students has increased to 43. In 1993 Vilnius University also launched a postgraduate programme of archaeology. That same year the Department opened the possibility to maintain doctoral dissertations, which was undertaken not only by the staff of the Department, but also archaeologists of other Lithuanian institutions. By now, a total of 25 doctoral dissertations have been maintained. During the working period of the re-established Department the subject courses and study programmes underwent numerous changes and renewals. Since 1996 archaeology students and lecturers take part in the Erasmus Program in a number of European Universities. Students have the possibility to participate in fieldwork practice in archaeological sites of various types and periods. The number of locations for fieldwork practice has increased from two in 1990 to six-seven. They are headed by the Department lecturers who have carried out investigations at important Lithuanian archaeological sites, such as Kernavė (A. Luchtanas, G. Vėlius), Dubingiai Castle site and the old town of Trakai (A. Kuncevičius), Paragaudis barrow cemetery (M. Michelbertas), flint quarry and flint working site at the Titnas lake (E. Šatavičius), Šereitlaukis settlement and Jašiūnai burial mounds (V. Šimėnas), Stančiai settlement and Jogučiai burial ground (L. Tamulynas), Benaičiai, Turlojiškės and Meškučiai archaeological complex sites (A. Merkevičius).The Department lecturers often travel to lecture abroad. They have lectured at various European Universities. Besides lecturing, the Department staff have been on scholarships and fellowships in various foreign archaeological institutions, where they also collected archaeological evidence and did research work. In cooperation with archaeological institutions of other countries, the Department invites to deliver lectures to foreign archaeologists: Š. Milišauskas (Buffalo University), V. Lang (Tartu University), A. Vasks (University of Latvia), K. Randsborg (Copenhagen University), I. Jansson (Stockholm University), M. Müller-Wille (Ch. Albrecht University), V. Kulakov (Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences), W. Nowakowski (Warsaw University), R. Mazurowski (Warsaw University), W. Wróblewski (Warsaw University), B. Madsen Gelg (Copenhagen University), M. Geld (The Jagiellonian University of Krakow) and others. Besides scientific and educational activities, the Department is also involved in search for archaeological sites and popularization of archaeology. Every year the researchers present their investigation results to the media.During the last two decades the Department has grown into one of the major archaeological institutions in Lithuania. Changes in Department have a significant impact on the development of the science of archaeology in the country.Viena iš svarbiausių Lietuvos archeologinių institucijų, ilgus metus vienintelė rengusi profesionalius archeologus, – Vilniaus universiteto Archeologijos katedra – buvo įkurta 1940 metais, Etnikos katedrą padalijus į atskiras Etnologijos ir Archeologijos katedras. Per šiuos 70 metų katedra veikė su pertraukomis. Jos raidai didelę reikšmę turėjo tuometinė Lietuvos politinė situacija. Katedra dažnai buvo reorganizuojama, jungiama su kitomis katedromis ar net uždaroma. 1966 metais Archeologijos ir etnografijos katedra buvo panaikinta, o vietoj jos įkurta Lietuvos TSR istorijos katedra (Luchtanas, 1999, p. 11). [...
Senojo ir vidurinio geležies amžiaus skydai Lietuvoje
Get PDF[full article in Lithuanian; abstract in English]
Shield was the most important defense instrument during battle in the period of Old and Middle Iron Age in Lithuania. Unfortunately, shield is the most under-researched weapon in Lithuanian archaeology. This article will try to fill part of this gap. The goal of this paper is to summarize the shield findings from Old and Middle Iron Age in Lithuania.Till now only metal shield parts from 66 archaeological sites are known in Lithuania. The biggest part of these findings is iron shield bosses which were found in all 66 sites (Map no 1). Up today 129 shield bosses were found during archeological excavations in Lithuania (Table no 1). Based on data of 60 shield bosses new their typology was made:Type I – shield bosses with semi-spherical top (Fig. 5–7). At least 9 specimens are known. All of them were found in Western Lithuania (Map no 2:a). Most of them are dated to 3rd century but some of them might belong to the end of the 2nd century or to the period of the 4th–5th centuries. Type 1 corresponds to N. Zieling types M and R1, which are distributed all over Central Europe and Scandinavia (Map no 2:b–d). These types are dated to phases C1a–C3 (220–350 AD).Type II – shield bosses with wall and semi-spherical top. Currently 4 specimens are known of this form, which can be divided into 3 variations.Variation A – shield bosses with wall and low semi-spherical top. This variation is represented by only 1 finding from Šaukėnai, Tauragė distr., grave No. 40 (Map no 3:a). Precisely it’s dating is unknown, but it should belong to the period of 3rd – beginning of the 5th centuries. Type IIA corresponds to N. Zieling type N, which is mostly distributed in Central Europe (Map No. 3:b). Two chronological groups of this type can be distinguished: early group dated to the end of La Tene period and the late group dated to phases C1b–C3 (220-350 AD).Variation B – shield bosses with wall and high semi-spherical top. Two specimens of this variation are known (Fig. 8–9) which belong to the first part or middle of 5th century.Variation C – shield bosses with wall and semi-spherical top which ends with apex (Fig. 10). Only 1 specimen of this variation is known found at Žvirbliai cemetery in Vilnius city. Precise it’s date is unknown but it should belong to the period of end of 4th–7th centuries.Type III – shield bosses with conical top which ends with flat cap. 5 specimens belong to this type. They can be divided into 3 variations.Variation A – shield bosses with conical top and concaved sides which end with flat cap (Fig. 11). 3 specimens belong to this type. Most of them should belong to phase C1 (150–260 AD) but some of them might be of later date, maybe even from beginning of the 5th century.Variation B – shield bosses with wall and conical top with concaved sides which end with round apex. Only 1 find from Dauglaukis, Tauragė distr., grave no 19 has this form. It belongs to period of 180–220 AD. Type IIIB corresponds to N. Zieling type B1b. Single findings of this type were found in Germany, Poland and Sambian peninsula (Map no 4:b) and are dated to phases C1a–C1b (150–260 AD). However, some of these specimens might belong to phase C2 (250–300 AD).Variation C – shield bosses with wall and conical top, which ends with cilindrical cap. Only 1 specimen of this type is known from Šarkai, Tauragė distr. (Fig. 12). Precise date of this finding is unknown but it definitely belongs to the period of 3rd–6th centuries. Type IIIC corresponds to N. Zielings type D1. Finds of this type are most common to the territories of Poland and Sambian peninsula (Map no 5:b). Most of these findings are dated to phase C1a (150–220 AD), but some of them might belong to phase C1b (220–260 AD).Type IV – shield bosses with faceted conical top (Fig. 13). Single item of this form is known from grave no 2 (Fig. 13:7) in Krikštonys, Lazdijai distr. It belongs to period the beginning of the 5th–6th centuries. Type IV corresponds to N. Zieling type T which is distributed in Southern Poland, Southern part of Czech Republic and Northern Hungary (Map no 6). Most of these finds belong to the period of second half of 4th – beginning of 5th centuries but some of them might be earlier and belong to phase C3 (300–350 AD).Type V – shield bosses with wall and conical top. This type is most common in Lithuania. It can be divided in to 6 variations.Variation A – shield bosses with wall and conical top which ends with apex. Currently single finding is known from cemetery in Stragnai, Klaipėda distr. (Fig.14). This type corresponds with J. Ilkjær type 3a and is dated to the beginning of 2nd – middle of the 4th centuries. Finding from Stragnai is probably of the same date.Variation B – shield bosses with two-pieces wall and rounded conical top with convexed sides. To this type belongs single item from barrow no 3 (Fig. 15) in Masiejūnai, Kaišiadorys distr. It is dated to the 5th century. This type corresponds with N. Zieling type L and is dated to phase C3 (300–350 AD). In Europe shield bosses of this form are mostly distributed in Southwest Poland and Sambian peninsula (Map no 7).Variation C – shield bosses with wall and high rounded conical top. Two specimens of this form are known (Fig. 16, 17). They are dated to the 5th–6th centuries.Variation D – shield bosses with wall and conical top (Fig. 18–22). This is the most common type of the shield bosses founded in Lithuania. At least 26 specimens are currently known. Most of them were founded in eastern and south-eastern parts of Lithuania. They are dated from the middle of the 3rd century to the beginning of the 7th century. Some specimens might be from later period and belong to the middle or even to the end of the 7th century. VD type corresponds with N. Zieling type H1 which is distributed all over Central Europe and Scandinavia. All of these findings belong to the period of the 1st century BC – middle of the 4th century AD.Variation E – shield bosses with concaved wall and conical top (Fig. 24–28). Currently, at least 9 items of this form are known from East, Southeast, South and Central Lithuania. They are dated to the 5th–6th centuries.Variation F – specimens of this variation look like VE type shield bosses, only their measurements are bigger. Two items of this form are known in Lithuania (Fig. 29, 30) and one in West Belarus (Fig. 31). Exact dating of these findings is unknown, but their similarity to VE type suggests that they belong to period of the 5th–7th centuries.Therefore currently 14 forms of shield boss are known in Lithuania, which belong to the middle of the 2nd–7th centuries (Fig. 32).Second most common shield part finding is the fitting of the shield handle. Currently 18 specimens are known from 12 archaeological sites (Map. no 2:b, c). Handle fitting from Dauglaukis, Tauragė distr., grave no 12 (Fig. 33) is the earliest of all items found and is dated to phase B2/C1. This finding is the only handle fitting which has analogies in Central Europe and Scandinavia. It corresponds to N. Zieling type G1 which is dated to phases B1–B2 (10–150 AD) and J. Ilkjær group 1 which is dated to the 1st century. Other handle fittings are mostly of two forms: fittings with convexed central part and widened ends (Fig. 7) and fittings.[straipsnis lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]
Karyba – organizuoti agresyvūs veiksmai tarp dviejų nepriklausomų politinių vienetų – kaip socialinis reiškinys žinoma jau nuo seniausių laikų. Dar neseniai buvo manoma, kad kariniai konfliktai (pirmiausia reidai, o vėliau ir karai) atsirado kartu su žemdirbyste ir gyvulininkyste, tačiau naujausi archeologiniai duomenys rodo, kad tai daug ankstesnis reiškinys – pirmosios jo užuomazgos pastebimos jau paleolite (Thorpe, 2003). [...
Radvilų rūmai Dubingiuose
Get PDFThe initial knowledge about the representative buildings, which used to be in the Dubingiai castle place, can be traced back to the 15th c, when, in 1415 Vytautas, the grand duke of Lithuania, invited the king Jogaila to stay at Dubingiai castle place. There is no doubt that since the 15th c a stone palace stood in that place. There, as a sourcebooks claim, the queen Barbora made a stay in the middle of the 16th c. The excavated palace is dated from the end of the15th c to the beginning of the 16th c. It was a moderate building (about 17 m in the East–West direction and 15 m in the South–North direction). It was of an almost square shape, had a ground floor, first floor and a cellar, made of stone, not plastered from the outside, attributed to the gothic style. The parts which persisted and were explored during the research are: the staircase to the ground floor, a segment of the flooring of the ground floor, the ceramic tiles, and the remains of the annex (initially the watchman place, later it was transformed into the kitchen), which was projected above the cylindrical cellar arch and was of a 4 x 9 m in size (S–N x E–W direction). Above the cellars the flooring remained, it was set-up of the ceramic, non-glazed tiles (21 x 17.8 x 5.4 cm), together with that, a section of the ground floor walls, which have a thickness of a 1–1.115 m, endured. The walls were made of red bricks (27.5–30 x 13.5–14.5 x 7–8 cm), using a whitish fine-grained grout together with bulky stones, of about 0.5 x 0.6 m in size.In the middle of the 16th c, after the fall of the cellar arch in 1547, repair works were done: the old building was fortified with a counterfort sustaining the southern wall; the staircase was attributed to the guard annex on the northeastern side, it served as a separate exit to the northerly household yard; on the northeastern angle of the palace, close to the staircase, a latrin (a toilet and a leakage accumulator) was set, its shape was of a small turret, it was obviously connected to the halls of the ground and the first floor.In the beginning of the 17th c, by the initiative of Kristupas Radvila (1585–1640), the palace was reconstructed, it was enlarged in double. The evidence for the date of the annex building is the Dutch pipe piece, which was found in the base pit close to the Southern wall. It has a repousse inscription on its stem, it says “IONAS” (letters N and S written backwards), and 1633. The length of the new annex – 11.5 m (E–W direction), the width – about 10.5 m2. Accordingly, the area of the western lodgments (hall and a hallway) took 38.4 m and 17.9 m2, while the second hall and the hallway, which were attached to the old palace, took 18.5 m2 and 7.5 m2. The outer walls of the annex were 0,75–0,85 m in thickness. They were tied in renaissance way with the 28 x 14 x 7 cm bricks with passes. Comparatively thin outer walls of the building show, that the annex had only one floor. The annex floor was reveted with square, ceramic, non-glazed tiles, their measurements are 27.5 x 27.5 x 5 cm. The lodgements had stained glass windows, as they are mentioned in the stock. During the researches quite a lot of greenish glass (0.2 cm in thickness) was found, most of the lightplates had a shape of a triangle. The inner hall walls of (0.5 m high persisted) were plastered with white daub. It is possible that the ceiling was wooden, the roof was covered with flat tilings (a were found in the remains of the palace).One of the most interesting elements of the palace interior is the place of a former tile stove, it was detected in the annex hall. During the research the bakestone of the stove was found, it was of a 1.62 m length, the legs of the bakestone persisted very well. They are circular, 14 cm in diameter, 7 cm in high, the bricks were made in a round shape reminding columns.Among the palace findings there are a lot of building materials: bricks and brickbats, calcimine, flat tiling, more seldom pantiles, fragments of stained-glass and frames. Another large part of findings consists of tiles and kitchen-ceramics. Traditional techniques such as modeling and throwing prevail, it points to the rough moulding, grinded stone, usage of wide clay straps, the articles were burned in oxidation. Some articles were decorated using the round stamp ornament. Very few fragments of gothic or black – urban ceramics were found: the bottom parts of a bowl, decorated with a round stamp ornament, and a thin-pane jar. The tiles were undamaged and very different: concave, cylindrical and square tiles; decorated with the vegetal ornaments and blazonry; backgrounds differ in colour, some of them white, some blue, or green. In the middle of the tile there is an armorial brown eagle with yellow legs, a shield. The green-glazed tiles were decorated with the initials of Žygimantas Augustas, the armorial tile, with Vytis, the square tiles decorated with religious ornaments (Madonna and a pear). The tiles of the 17th c were decorated with vegetal ornaments and covered with a green glaze, or were not glazed at all.Other findings were: segments of chalices, a knife, an ax, a ring, a fingertip, the bottom part of a glass mug, the sole of a wineglass, stylus (medieval tool for writing), a chess counter made of bone, a tip of a bow arrow, a stone spindle, bone planking ornamented with geometrical motives, coins (a coin of Kazimieras Jogailaitis (3rd type), Aleksandras half-penny, half-pennies of Žygimantas Augustas, shilling of Karolis the XIth, half-penny of Žygimantas the Old, Jonas Kazimeras shillings etc).The research of Dubingiai palace will continue. It is foreseen to investigate the gothic cellars and the yard of the palace. The excavated masonry were registered in detail, all the cultural layers were fixed with the 3D scanner. A detailed photofixation was made, the course of the research is being filmed, the initial stylistical cartogram of the masonry is already prepared, about 10 000 archaeological findings are already inventorized.The excavated parts of the palace are covered with a temporal mantle and partly mothballed, but in the short run a special, modern museum-like mantle is going to be built. The author of the mantle project is an architect R. Zilinskas.Dubingių piliavietė yra Molėtų rajone, Asvejos ežero pusiasalyje (anksčiau buvusioje saloje) greta Dubingių miestelio. 2003 m. buvo pradėti sistemingi Dubingių piliavietės archeologiniai tyrimai. 2004 m. ten buvusios bažnyčios vietoje buvo atrasti ir bendromis archeologų, antropologų, istorikų ir menotyrininkų pastangomis identifikuoti Radvilų palaikai. 2006–2008 m. visa buvusių bažnyčių vieta išsamiai ištirta, restauruoti, užkonservuoti ir pritaikyti turistams lankyti ištirtos evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios pamatai, įrengta nauja Radvilų palaidojimo kripta, jų palaikams pagamintas naujas, puošnus sarkofagas, taip pat granito antkapis su epitafiniu tekstu. 2009 m., po iškilmingo atsisveikinimo su surastais ir atpažintais Radvilų giminės atstovų palaikais Vilniuje, buv. Radvilų rūmuose, dabartiniame Lietuvos nacionaliniame dailės muziejuje, 2009 m. rugsėjo 5 d. jie buvo iškilmingai perlaidoti Dubingiuose. Perlaidojimo iškilmėse dalyvavo Lietuvos Respublikos vadovai, politikai, evangelikų reformatų bažnyčios atstovai, iš Lenkijos atvykę Radvilų giminės palikuonys – Mikalojus (Mikolaj) ir Motiejus (Maciej) Radvilos (Radziwill) ir gausiai susirinkusi Lietuvos visuomenė. Visi šie įvykiai buvo plačiai pristatyti visuomenei. Už Dubingių piliavietės ir Radvilų kapavietės mokslinius kompleksinius tyrimus (2003–2009 m.), jų sklaidą ir kolektyvinę monografiją „Radvilų tėvonija Dubingiuose“ prof. dr. A. Kuncevičiui, prof. dr. R. Jankauskui ir doc. dr. R. Laužikui 2009 m. paskirta Nacionalinė mokslo pažangos premija
Plokštinis kapinynas Kleiner Kaup: tyrimai ir radiniai
No full textКомплекс памятников археологии, включающий ряд селищ, открытое торгово-ремесленное поселение и связанный с ним курганно-грунтовой могильник, а также не менее двух грунтовых могильников V и XI вв. (Kulakov, 2005, S. 55), расположен в северной части полуострова Самбия, в 3 км к югу от центра г. Зеленоградска, на северной окраине пос. Моховое (ehem. Wiskiauten, широта: 54,923 8889°, долгота: 20,480 5556°). Как и остальные торгово-ремесленные пункты эпохи викингов, известные в Балтийском макрорегионе, Кауп занимает место на краю прусской племенной территории. Этот комплекс памятников археологии находится в 23 км к северу от г. Калининграда, на северном побережье полуострова Самбия, у юго-западной оконечности Куршской косы. В 3 км к югу от г. Зеленоградска, расположено лесное урочище (к настоящему времени лес имеет в плане форму неправильного ромба – рис. 1). В этой части полуострова в результате многовековой распашки сохранились лишь незначительные фрагменты лесного покрова. В таком небольшом лесу (преимущественно – лиственном), носящем историческое название «Кауп», на вершине камовой возвышенности, достигающей от уровня вод Балтийского моря 11 м, находится курганно-грунтовой могильник, со времени своего открытия (3 августа 1865 г.) именуемый также «Кауп». Этот самый известный в исторической Пруссии памятник археологии был открыт премьер-лейтенантом Вульффом. Этот любознательный гренадерский офицер обратил внимание на то, что из обрыва у дороги Wosegau–Mülsen (ныне – Вишневка-Холмы) высыпаются человеческие и конские кости, наконечники копий, ножницы. Данные предметы являлись, по мнению премьер-лейтенанта Вульффа, инвентарём из могил литовских воинов (жертвы битвы при Рудау 1370 г.?) (Wulff, 1865, S. 641–646). [...]Archeologijos paminklų kompleksas, kurį sudaro kelios atviros gyvenvietės, prekybinė-amatų gyvenvietė ir su pastarąja susijęs pilkapynas – plokštinis kapinynas, taip pat du V ir XI a. plokštiniai kapinynai, yra Sambijos pusiasalio šiaurinėje dalyje, 3 km nuo Zelenogradsko miesto centro, Mochovoje (buv. Wiskiauten) gyvenvietės šiaurinėje pusėje, Kaup vietovėje. Ši vietovė domina labiausiai. Vietovė Mažasis Kaupas (Kleiner Kaup) K. Engelio plane pažymėta miškingoje aukštumoje, atskirtoje nuo vietovės Didysis Kaupas (Grosse Kaup) kelio Wosegau–Mülsen. Šiame plane K. Engelis pažymėjo užbrūkšniuotą ovalą ir pavadino jį ,,Spätheidnisches Aschenplatz“. Vokiečių tyrinėtojo nuomone, kariai, palaidoti Kleiner Kaup kapuose, atkastuose 1932 ir 1934 m., buvo susimaišiusių su prūsais skandinavų palikuonys. Kapus jis datavo XI–XIII a. 2008 m. į šiaurę nuo I perkasos aptiktos įgilintos į gruntą patalpos keturios liekanos. 2009 m. kapinyne Kleiner Kaup buvo aptikta 12 plokštinių kapų, kurių laidosena turėjo prūsiškų, rečiau kuršiškų bruožų. Kuršiais tenka laikyti pirklius ir karius, palikusius IV perkasoje 37 kapą ir, greičiausiai, dalyvavusius čia įrengiant dviejų aukštų kapus.Preliminarios Kleiner Kaup kapinyno tyrimų išvados yra tokios:1. Pagrindinis baltų plokštinio kapinyno masyvas, kurio pėdsakai buvo atidengti 1865 m., užima miškingos Kaup vietovės rytinę dalį, kurioje nėra skandinavų pilkapių. Matyt, aukščiausias kapinyno taškas – pilkapis K1, taip pat buvo su plokštiniais kapais. Ankstyviausi iš jų, sprendžiant pagal įkapes, datuojami X a. pradžia, vėlyviausi – XI a. pradžia.2. Plokštinį kapinyną Kleiner Kaup paliko baltų bendruomenės žmonės (pirkliai ir kariai), įsikūrę dalyje Kaup gyvenvietės. Chronologiškai gyvenvietės atsiradimą galima datuoti dar prieš Hakono, danų konungo Haroldo Mėlynadančio sūnaus (X a. pabaiga), žygį į Sambiją.3. Kaupe skandinavų pilkapiuose nėra XI a. datuojamų kapų, o baltų kapai IV perkasoje datuojami X, XI a. ir, galimas daiktas, XII a. pradžia. Greičiausiai, Kaupo baltų gyvenvietė buvo sunaikinta Knuto Magnuso 1016 m. žygio į pietrytinę Baltijos pakrantę metu
AUTORIŲ ADRESAI / ADDRESSES OF THE AUTHORS / ANSCHRIFTEN DER VERFASSER
Get PDFJurga BagdzevičienėLDM Prano Gudyno restauravimo centrasRūdininkų g. 8LT-01135 [email protected] KiulkysVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] LuchtanasVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] KuncevičiusVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] KulakovInstitut archeologiiRossijskoj ANUl. Dm. Uljanova 19117036 [email protected] LaužikasVilniaus universitetasBibliotekininkystės ir informacijos institutasSaulėtekio al. 9LT-01513 [email protected] MerkevičiusVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] MichelbertasVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] RemeikaitėVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] StankevičiūtėVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]ūnas ŠmigelskasVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] VasiliauskienėVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] VėliusVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected] ŽukauskasVilniaus universitetasArcheologijos katedraUniversiteto g. 7LT-01513 [email protected]