European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies
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    The Policy and Institutional Effects of Contentious Politics in Costa Rica’s Energy Sector

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    Costa Rica has championed a state-led electricity model premised on hydroelectric power. This has enabled the country to produce a reliable energy supply with universal coverage, that is renewable and low-carbon. However, in recent years the state company, ICE, has seen its autonomy and predominance diminish and its megaproject-dependent model questioned. Social movements contributed to the enthronement of ICE as an agent of national development and a source of energy sovereignty but have also mobilized at various points to check its power. This paper examines how structural factors and domestic and international economic constraints have altered the relative power of these actors to translate their preferences into policy and institutional effects in the Costa Rican electricity sector.Resumen: Los efectos de la política constestataria sobre políticas e instituciones del sector energético en Costa RicaCosta Rica ha defendido un modelo energético liderado por el estado y basado en la hidroelectricidad. Esto le ha permitido universalizar la oferta y suplir sus necesidades eléctricas de una fuente confiable, renovable, y baja en carbono. No obstante, en años recientes, la compañía eléctrica estatal, ICE, ha perdido parte de su autonomía y predominancia, y su modelo basado en megaproyectos ha sido cuestionado. Los movimientos sociales contribuyeron a entronizar al ICE como adalid del desarrollo nacional y fuente de soberanía energética, pero también se han movilizado en varios momentos para limitar su poder. El presente trabajo examina cómo factores estructurales y limitantes económicas nacionales e internacionales alteraron el poder relativo de estos actores para influir con sus preferencias las instituciones y políticas públicas del sector eléctrico costarricense.

    Borderlands Narratives: Contours of Life in the Southwest Borderlands

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     Book Review Essay – Arredondo: Last Spanish Ruler of Texas and Northeastern New Spain, by Bradley Folsom. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– Borderlands of Slavery: The Struggle over Captivity and Peonage in the American Southwest, by William S. Kiser. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.– Wars for Empire: Apaches, the United States, and the Southwest Borderlands, by Janne Lahti. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– Soldiers in the Southwest Borderlands, 1848-1886, edited by Janne Lahti. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2017.– The Other California: Land, Identity, and Politics on the Mexican Borderlands, by Verónica Castillo-Muñoz. Oakland: University of California Press, 2017.

    Review of Watering the Revolution: An Environmental and Technological History of Agrarian Reform in Mexico, by Mikael D. Wolfe

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    Watering the Revolution: An Environmental and Technological History of Agrarian Reform in Mexico, by Mikael D. Wolfe, Duke University Press, 2017

    Repensando la cuestión agraria e indígena desde los Andes del Ecuador

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    Rethinking the Agrarian and Indigenous Question from the Andes of EcuadorWithin the context of the transformations of the Ecuadorian Andes in the last decades of the twentieth century, this text explores the relations between these changes, the strategies deployed by subaltern indigenous groups, and the use of an ethnic identity as an activating element in the struggle for social recognition and access to resources. Resulting from a lengthy research project in the province of Chimborazo, this article examines some provisional lines of thought that suggest several working hypotheses. The first of these lines of thought focuses on how the debunkment of the landowning regime conditioned the political forms that peasant and indigenous leaders adopted as an outcome of these processes. This implies reworking and updating the old debates about Andean community by enhancing specific ethnographic localities in order to produce arguments that have a regional scope. This leads us to a third line of reasoning that acknowledges the variety of the processes of ethnic politicization, the reconfiguration of power structures, as well as forms of intermediation with the indigenous world that arose especially after the agrarian reform. Such new forms of dialogue were concomitant with the widening of social space due to the advance of globalization. Resumen:En el marco de las transformaciones experimentadas en los Andes ecuatorianos durante el último tercio del siglo XX, este texto se interpela sobre las relaciones entre esos cambios, las estrategias desplegadas por los grupos subalternos indígenas y el manejo de la identidad étnica como elemento activable en el combate por el reconocimiento y el acceso a recursos. En medio de una investigación de largo aliento en la provincia de Chimborazo, el artículo explora algunas líneas de reflexión provisionales sobre las que se sugieren varias hipótesis de trabajo. La primera de esas líneas incide en considerar las vías de liquidación del régimen terrateniente en el condicionamiento de las formas que adoptaron los liderazgos campesinos e indígenas resultantes de esos procesos. Ello implica retomar y actualizar los viejos debates sobre la comunidad andina, aportando, a partir de las especificidades etnográficas locales, argumentos a una discusión de alcance regional. Lo dicho nos ubica, en tercer lugar, frente a la plasticidad de los procesos de politización de la etnicidad y la reconfiguración de las estructuras de poder e intermediación en el mundo indígena, particularmente tras la reforma agraria y la aparición de formas inéditas de interlocución que conllevó la ampliación del espacio social derivado del avance de la globalización

    Review of The Independent Republic of Arequipa. Making Regional Culture in the Andes

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    The Two Sides of Pascua Lama: Social Protest, Institutional Responses, and Feedback Loops

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    The article shows that the ability of activists to achieve outcomes that they value is fundamentally conditioned by how bureaucracies implement policies and regulations. Relatively minor changes to bureaucratic policies, regulatory enforcement, or judicial oversight – in a context of rule of law and institutional capacity to implement – can generate new opportunities and feedback loops that increase the influence of social movements over extractive sector governance, even when other political and legislative opportunities are closed. In this regard, despite the failure of glacier legislation in Chile, increased bureaucratic and judicial responsiveness enhanced the ability of social activists to attain their goals via direct access to regulatory agencies. In Argentina, the fragmented federal system allowed the passage of legislation to conserve glaciers, yet prevented effective implementation of the law. Resumen: Los dos lados de Pascua Lama: protesta social, respuesta institucional y circuitos de retroalimentaciónEl artículo muestra que la capacidad de los activistas de alcanzar resultados que valoran está fundamentalmente condicionado por la manera en la que la burocracia aplica las políticas y las regulaciones. Cambios relativamente menores de políticas burocráticas, aplicación regulatoria, o la supervisión judicial, en un contexto de estado de derecho y capacidad institucional, puede generar nuevas oportunidades y circuitos de retroalimentación que aumentan la influencia de los movimientos sociales sobre la gobernanza del sector extractivo, incluso cuando se encuentran cerradas otras oportunidades políticas y legislativas. En este sentido, a pesar del fracaso de la legislación sobre glaciares en Chile, el aumento de la capacidad de respuesta burocrática y judicial mejoró la capacidad de los activistas socio-ambientales sociales para alcanzar sus objetivos a través del acceso directo a las agencias reguladoras. En Argentina, el sistema federal fragmentado permitió la aprobación de leyes para conservar los glaciares, pero impidió la implementación efectiva de la ley

    Review of Jenkins of Mexico. How a Southern Farm Boy Became a Mexican Magnate, by Andrew Paxman

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    Jenkins of Mexico. How a Southern Farm Boy Became a Mexican Magnate, by Andrew Paxman, Oxford University Press, 2017

    Review of Transmitting the Spirit: Religious Conversion, Media and Urban Violence in Brazil, by Martijn Oosterbaan

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    Transmitting the Spirit: Religious Conversion, Media and Urban Violence in Brazil, by Martijn Oosterbaan, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2017

    Review of Republics of the New World: The Revolutionary Political Experiment in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, by Hilda Sabato

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    Republics of the New World: The Revolutionary Political Experiment in Nineteenth-Century Latin America, by Hilda Sabato, Princeton University Press, 2018

    Review of Spectacular Modernity: Dictatorship, Space, and Visuality in Venezuela, 1948-1958, by Lisa Blackmore

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    Spectacular Modernity: Dictatorship, Space, and Visuality in Venezuela, 1948-1958, by Lisa Blackmore. University of Pittsburgh Press, 201

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