Religación. Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades
Not a member yet
83273 research outputs found
Sort by
The influence of localized artificial light on the calling activity of the common poorwill (Phalaenoptilus nuttallii)
No full text
iCO-TMS: Does the right temporo-parietal junction play a role in processing indirect speech acts? A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
No full textIn communication, much information is conveyed not explicitly but rather covertly, based on shared assumptions and common knowledge. For instance, when asked “Did you bring your cat to the vet?” a person could reply “It got hurt jumping down the table”, thereby implicating that, indeed, the cat was brought to the vet. The assumption that getting hurt jumping down a table motivates a vet visit is tacitly attributed to the speaker by the listener, which implies Theory of Mind (ToM) processes. In the present study, we apply repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ), a key brain region underlying ToM, with the aim to disrupt ToM processes necessary for language understanding. We then assess effects on the comprehension of indirect speech acts and their matched direct controls. In one set of conditions, the direct and indirect stimuli where not matched for speech act type, whereas, in the other, these were matched, therefore providing an unconfounded test case for in/directness. When indirect speech acts and direct controls were matched for speech act type (both statements), the indirect ones took longer to process both following sham and verum TMS. However, when the indirect and direct speech acts were not matched for communicative function (accept/decline offer vs. descriptive statement respectively), then a delay was detected for the indirect ones following sham TMS but, crucially, not following verum TMS. Additionally, TMS affected behavior in a ToM task. We therefore do not find evidence that the rTPJ is causally involved in comprehending of indirectness per se, but conclude that it could be involved instead in the processing of specific social communicative activity of rejecting of accepting offers, or to a combination of differing in/directness and communicative function. Our findings are consistent with the view that ToM processing in rTPJ is more important and/or more pronounced for offer acceptance/ rejection than for descriptive answers
Physical therapy interventions in children and adolescents with spina bifida: a scoping review
No full textThis is a scoping review, which will be used to identify the extent of research evidence about all the physical therapy interventions in children and adolescents with spina bifida. In this study, the following steps will be applied: (1) identify the purpose of the review; (2) identify potential studies; (3) select the studies; (4) to plot data and (5) to order, synthesize and report the results. The review will follow the statement of Preferred Reporting Items for Prism Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR).
Identifying the aim of the review
This scope review aims to (1) evaluate and review the literature regarding the physical therapy approach in children and adolescents up to 18 years of age with spina bifida; (2) evaluate the levels of evidences from articles, according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM).
Identifying the potential studies - Search Strategy and terms
The search strategies will be carried out on Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, Lilacs and gray literature, researched on Google and Google Scholar. The descriptors that will be used in our research are related to "spina bifida", "rehabilitation", "physiotherapy", "children", "adolescents". We will also manually search the identified literature for possible additional studies in the area.
Study Selection
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
The search strategy will be carried out in October 2022. This study will include systematic reviews, randomized trials, non-randomized control trials, n-of-1 trials, single-subject designs, case studies and case series/case reports that investigated physical therapy interventions in children and adolescents with spina bifida. Only full-text studies, published in English, Portuguese or Spanish, will be included in the study. The physical therapy interventions will be defined as any intervention using methods and techniques that aims to reduce body function and structure impairments, minimize activity limitations, improve functional skills, and encourage participation. Interventions exclusively related to the scope of other areas (for example orthopedic interventions) will not be included, except when combined with a physical therapy intervention. Studies that did not report the definition of the intervention and the instruments used in their methods will be excluded. Conference abstracts, research letters, editorials, opinions, letters to editors, notes or project evaluation reports, protocol studies, epidemiological studies, methodological research (for example, reliability and validity), exploratory studies (cohort studies, studies case-control, predictive, transversal, longitudinal research) and synthesis of knowledge (for example, narrative, systematic and scope reviews) will be excluded.
Screening
The screening of identified titles and abstracts and the evaluation of possible full texts using our eligibility criteria will be conducted by two independent reviewers, and when there are discrepancies a third reviewer will evaluate. To ensure reliability and consistency, the eligibility criteria will be tested by two researchers in the first 5 titles / abstracts. Any disagreement between the two surveys on the selected studies will be analyzed by a third reviewer.
Data extraction
The data extraction will include: year of publication, title, study design, level of evidence of the study design (OCEBM), objective, population and sample size, outcome measures, description of the physical therapy intervention used, domain explored in the intervention according to International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and, main results.
Levels of evidence
All articles will be classified into levels of evidence based on the recommendations of the OCEBM. The OCEBM hierarchy consists of five levels of evidence, ranging from level 1 (strongest) to level 5 (weakest), as follows: level 1, systematic reviews/meta-analyses that critically summarize multiple studies and single-subject trials (n-of-1); level 2, randomized clinical trials; level 3, non-randomized studies that do not have strong bias control; level 4, studies with a relatively low level of evidence, including mostly descriptive studies such as case series/case reports; and level 5, studies based on mechanistic reasoning, in which evidence-based decisions are based on logical connections, including pathophysiological reasoning.
Interventions characteristics
The intervention components will be classified according to ICF domains into: body function and structure interventions (e.g., strength training or balance training interventions); activity interventions (e.g.,task specific training or gait training), participation interventions (e.g., community-based treatments) or enviromental interventions (e.g., context-focused therapy). The ICF domains will be extracted by the fifth author, with possible conflicts resolved by consensus.
Results grouping, summary and reports:
All authors will collectively discuss the mapped data to identify trends, breadth and gaps in the literature. The results are summarized both quantitatively and qualitatively
