Hal-Diderot
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La culture du pauvre. Les stratégies de survie des hommes et des femmes des Marches au XVe siècle
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“Geopolitical leaders and language in motion: American Secretary of State’s visit to Africa vs. Russian Foreign Minister’s”.
No full textInternational audienceWhile the world is experiencing great challenges (the climate crisis, terrorism, Russia’s war on Ukraine, etc.), Africa is facing a revival of geopolitical, ideological and economic competitions between great powers (Stronski 2019, Cohen 2020), as it had been during the Cold War. The recent visits of the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov and U.S. Secretary of State Anthony Blinken to Africa are a clear illustration of a wide-ranging geopolitical struggle in motion. Adopting a critical discourse approach (Thompson 1988, van Dijk 1995, Reisigl and Wodak 2009), this study investigates a corpus of discourses (respectively 12,821 tokens and 14,830 tokens) delivered by the diplomats in their visits to Africa in July and August 2022. The notion of ‘discourse’ is conceived here through Fairclough’s (1992: 72-93) three-dimensional conception, i.e. “discourse-as-text”, “discourse-as-social-practice” and “discursive practice”, i.e. processes of text production, distribution and consumption in society. The study seeks to demonstrate how the two antagonists, through opposing worldviews, conceptualize their relationship with Africa in order to alter or uphold their ideological hegemony. Throughout their diplomatic tour, the two leaders tried to characterize dynamically and positively Africa’s geostrategic role so as to convey and sustain their own narrative. Thus, geopolitical language in motion is encoded in the combination of figurative language with the lexicon (nominal and verbal construal) and in dynamic grammatical constructions (such as BE + V-ING and modals CAN and WILL). In this connection, we examine to what extent both diplomats use metonymic and metaphoric conceptualizations either to praise African nations as key geopolitical partners/friends, or to foreground their own dynamics and positive role toward Africa and the world, using conceptualizations such as: choose/follow a path, pursue/bring peace, create pathways, stand up, shape the world, working with partners/friends, etc
Production des accents lexical et nucléaire russes par les francophones : étude expérimentale descriptive et analytique
No full textThis study examines the difficulties of native French speakers in assimilating word rhythm and utterance intonation in Russian. This thesis is about the phenomenon of stress, which is central to both word (lexical stress) and utterance (nuclear stress). There is a theoretical chapter comparing the Russian and French accentual systems at different prosodic levels, underlining the origins of possible difficulties for native French speaking learners of Russian. The experimental chapters (II-V) present an analysis of the data collected from students attending a Russian year-long training at INALCO. The first experiment is devoted to acoustic and perceptual analysis by native Russian speakers of the production of isolated two-to-four syllable words in which the place of the stress varies. This is followed by an experiment on the perceptual identification of the stress syllable in isolated words whose lengths vary and which are known or not to the students. The third experiment concerns the production of contextualized utterances. The students read texts in everyday life Russian, reconstruct and produce the prosodic contours in keeping with utterance content and broad context. The results reveal an isomorphism between the two hierarchical levels: in French, there is a tendency to mark both the prosodic group and the utterance at the extremities; in Russian, the phonological word as well as the utterance organise around a pivot syllable, which can be any syllable of the word and can belong to any word of the utterance. In addition to these fundamental differences, that generate negative transfers, certain methodological aspects also seem to inhibit acquisition.Cette thèse étudie les difficultés des francophones à assimiler le rythme du mot et l’intonation de l’énoncé russes. Elle se concentre sur le phénomène de l’accent, essentiel tant au niveau du mot (accent lexical) que de l’énoncé (accent nucléaire). Le chapitre I, théorique, compare les systèmes accentuels russe et français à différents niveaux prosodiques en soulignant les points sources de difficultés chez un francophone débutant en russe. Les chapitres expérimentaux (II-V) proposent une description analytique de données recueillies auprès d’étudiants suivant un cursus intensif de russe à l'INALCO. Une première expérience est consacrée aux analyses acoustique et perceptive par des russophones natifs de productions de mots isolés dont la longueur et la place de l’accent varient. Une deuxième expérience teste l’identification perceptive de la syllabe tonique de mots isolés de différentes longueurs, connus ou inconnus. La troisième expérience porte sur la production de l’énoncé contextualisé : les étudiants lisent des textes en russe courant induisant des patrons intonatifs qu’ils doivent reconstruire et produire en fonction du contenu de l’énoncé et de son contexte. Les résultats révèlent un isomorphisme entre les deux niveaux hiérarchiques : en français, tendance à marquer aussi bien le groupe prosodique que l’énoncé aux extrémités ; en russe, organisation du mot phonologique comme de l’énoncé autour d’une syllabe pivot, qui peut être n’importe quelle syllabe du mot et appartenir à n’importe quel mot de l’énoncé. Outre ces différences fondamentales, sources de divers transferts négatifs, certains aspects méthodologiques semblent également inhiber l’acquisition
Restructuration des filière industrielles et question de droit de la santé au travail
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Anti-Inflammatory Drug Candidates for Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
No full textInternational audienceIncidence and mortality rates for cardiovascular disease are declining, but it still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Drug treatments to slow the progression of atherosclerosis focus on reducing cholesterol levels. The paradigm shift to consider atherosclerosis an inflammatory disease by itself has led to the development of new treatments. In this article, we discuss the pathophysiology of inflammation and focus attention on therapeutics targeting different inflammatory pathways of atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. In atherosclerosis, colchicine is included in new recommendations, and eight randomized clinical trials are testing new drugs in different inflammatory pathways. After a myocardial infarction, no drug has shown a significant benefit, but we present four randomized clinical trials with new treatments targeting inflammation
Lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic—what Occupational Safety and Health can bring to Public Health
No full textInternational audienceWe strive to increase public (PH) and occupational health (OSH) inter-linkages by building a collaborative framework. Besides Covid-19 pandemic, recent approaches such as Human Exposome and Total Worker Health TM, have led to a shift to improving health of working population and consequently the total population. These health objectives can be best realised through primary care actors in specific contexts. Work, school, home and leisure are the four multi-stakeholder contexts in which health and healthcare (goal-oriented care) objectives needs to be set and defined. PH policy makers need to establish a shared decision-making process involving employees, employers and OSH representatives to set PH goals and align with OSH goals. The policy making process in OSH can serve as a potential way forward, as the decisions and policies are being decided centrally in consultation with social partners and governments. This process can then be mirrored on company level to adopt and implement
Metabolism in Crisis? A New Interplay Between Physiology and Ecology
No full textInternational audienceThis chapter investigates the hybrid relationships between metabolism, broadly and a-historically understood as the set of processes through which alien matter is made homogeneous to that of the organism, and forms of vitalism from the eighteenth century on. While metabolic processes have long been modeled in a reductionist fashion as a straightforward function of repair and expansion of a given structure (either chemically, or mechanistically), a challenging vitalist view has characterized metabolism as a creative, organizing, vital faculty. I suggest that this tension was overcome in Claude Bernard’s works on “indirect nutrition”, in which nutrition, rightly conceived as a general vital phenomenon common to plants and animals, was both characterized as an instance of the general physico-chemical determinism of all phenomena and as the sign and condition of the “freedom and independence” of the organism with respect to the environment. I propose that Bernard’s theory of indirect nutrition was central in the elaboration of his general physiology and has, at the same time, underpinned a self-centered view of biological identity in which the organism creates itself continuously at the detriment of its external milieu . I further argue that this conception of biological individuality as metabolically constructed has since, and paradoxically, supported a view in which the organism appears as an autonomous and self-creating entity. I then contrast this classical view of the metabolic autonomy of the organism with the challenges raised by microbiome studies and suggest that these emerging fields contribute to sketch an ecological conception of the organism and its metabolism through the reconceptualization of its relationship with the environment. The recent focus on a “microbiota – host metabolism” axis contributes to shift the focus away from the classical concept of organism, somehow externalizing vitalism out of the autonomous individual in favor of an ecological, collaborative, and interactionist view of the living
Amphiphilic Dendrimer Doping Enhanced pH-Sensitivity of Liposomal Vesicle for Effective Co-delivery Toward Synergistic Ferroptosis-Apoptosis Therapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
No full textInternational audienceFerroptosis, characterized by the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxides, has emerged as an attractive strategy to reverse drug resistance. Of particular interest is the ferroptosis-apoptosis combination therapy for cancer treatment. Herein, we report a nanoplatform for effective co-delivery of the anticancer drug sorafenib (S) and the ferroptosis inducer hemin (H) toward synergistic ferroptosis-apoptosis therapy of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a proof-of-concept study. Liposome is an excellent delivery system; however, it is not sufficiently responsive to the acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) for tumor-targeted drug delivery. We therefore developed pH-sensitive vesicles (SH-AD-L) by incorporating amphiphilic dendrimers (AD) into liposomes for controlled and pH-stimulated release of sorafenib and hemin in the acidic TME, thanks to the protonation of numerous amine functionalities in AD. Importantly, SH-AD-L not only blocked glutathione synthesis to disrupt the antioxidant system but also increased intracellular Fe2+ and •OH concentrations to amplify oxidative stress, both of which contribute to enhanced ferroptosis. Remarkably, high levels of •OH also augmented sorafenib-mediated apoptosis in tumor cells. This study demonstrates the power and efficacy of the effective ferroptosis-apoptosis combination therapy, as well as the promise of the AD-doped TME-responsive vesicles for drug delivery in combination therapy to treat advanced HCC
The Human Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase TUM1 Is Involved in Moco Biosynthesis, Cytosolic tRNA Thiolation and Cellular Bioenergetics in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells
No full textInternational audienceSulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H 2 S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics