Hal-Diderot
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I-GWAS: Privacy-Preserving Interdependent Genome-Wide Association Studies
No full textInternational audienceGenome-wide Association Studies (GWASes) identify genomic variations that are statistically associated with a trait, such as a disease, in a group of individuals. Unfortunately, careless sharing of GWAS statistics might give rise to privacy attacks. Several works attempted to reconcile secure processing with privacy-preserving releases of GWASes. However, we highlight that these approaches remain vulnerable if GWASes utilize overlapping sets of individuals and genomic variations. In such conditions, we show that even when relying on state-of-the-art techniques for protecting releases, an adversary could reconstruct the genomic variations of up to 28.6% of participants, and that the released statistics of up to 92.3% of the genomic variations would enable membership inference attacks. We introduce I-GWAS, a novel framework that securely computes and releases the results of multiple possibly interdependent GWASes. I-GWAS continuously releases privacy-preserving and noise-free GWAS results as new genomes become available
Debates on the falling birth rate in France at the beginning of the twentieth century
No full textInternational audienceThe theme of population is recurrent in economics, particularly in France. The literature in history of economic thought related to these issues is extensive, especially, in the case of French liberal economists, from the period starting with the writings of Malthusup to the middle of the 19th century. Few studies, however, focus on the position of economic liberals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The purpose of this paper is therefore to extend the analysis and provide an account of the key debates amongst the French liberal economists of this period concerning what they referred to as “the problem of population”. We shall first see that this “problem” consisted in a stagnation of French population levels due to a drop in the birth rate, leading to negative consequences for the economy and elsewhere. This led economists to namecauses and solutions to this decline on which the French liberals were divided. For some authors, the causes arose from a change inlifestyles, for others to increasing intervention by the state. Lastly, we will present the contrasting ideas for solutions to allow thebirth rate to increase again. For some, the solution was a moral one: what was needed was a change of mindset. For others, the solution was economic, i.e., the human condition could be improved by free trade. For others, the solution lay in legislation: the state should encourage individuals to have more children.Le thème de la population est récurrent en économie, particulièrement, pour ce qui concerne les économistes libéraux français, pour la période allant des développements de Malthus jusqu’au milieu du XIXème. Peu d’études se concentrent en revanche sur la position des libéraux de la fin du XIXème et du début du XXème siècle. L’objet de cet article est donc de prolonger l’analyse et de rendre compte des débats qui ont eu lieu parmi les économistes libéraux français de cette période concernant ce qu’ils appellent un peu vaguement « la question » ou « le problème de la population ».Nous verrons d’abord que ce problème consiste en une stagnation de la population française due à une baisse de la natalité, ce qui a des conséquences négatives au plan économique mais pas seulement. Cela conduit les économistes à rechercher les causes et les solutions à cette baisse. Il s’agira alors ensuite de mettre en avant l’opposition des libéraux français sur les causes de cette baisse. Pour certains auteurs, celle-ci est due à une modification des modes de vie, pour d’autres à une intervention de plus en plus importante de l’État.Enfin, les idées contradictoires entre auteurs seront mises en avant sur les solutions à mettre en place pour permettre à la natalité d’augmenter à nouveau. Pour certains, la solution est morale, il faut changer l’état d’esprit des hommes. Pour d’autres, la solution est économique, il faut améliorer les conditions des hommes grâce au libre-échange. Pour d’autres enfin, la solution est législative, l’État doit inciter les individus à avoir plus d’enfants
Friction-induced vibration of a stick–slip oscillator with random field friction modelling
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, stochastic planar stick-slip motions are investigated using a slider-on-belt model where the coefficient of friction (COF) of the contact interface is modelled as a random field. New three-variable stick-slip transition criteria are proposed to improve the accuracy and robustness of the algorithm. Stochastic analyses are performed concerning the Peak-to-Valley value of the displacement and friction forces and the time duration of the stick state. It is found that the correlation length of the COF random field is dominantly responsible for the stochastic behaviours of the system. In contrast, the belt velocity and the mean value of the COF have a significant influence on the time duration of the stick state compared with the corresponding deterministic slider-on-belt model
Un précepte socratique sur le culte des dieux tiré de Porphyre ? (Ser. Dolbeau 23, 10) [note complémentaire n° 6]
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Designing Agri-Environmental Schemes to cope with uncertainty
No full textInternational audienceAgri-environmental schemes (AES) are part of the main tools used by decision makers to trigger a transition in agricultural practices but one of the factors that discourages farmers from enrolling is the uncertainty of the costs and benefits associated with the adoption of the new practices. In this study, we distinguish between the "internal uncertainty" that is related to the characteristics of the farmer and his/her parcels and "external uncertainty", which is related to the occurrence of external events. We propose three innovations to better account for uncertainty in AES design: the possibility to suspend the conditions of the contract for one year, an opt-out option after three years and the opportunity for farmers to share their experience in peer-groups. We test their attractiveness through a choice experiment and analyze our results using a mixed logit model. We find that proposing AES that allow suspending the conditions of the contract for one year enhances participation
Variable speed induction motors’ fault detection based on transient motor current signatures analysis: A review
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Experimental validation of a new hybrid self-supplied crankshaft torsional vibrations damper
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Vers une définition élargie de la soutenabilité publique, une approche bibliométrique
No full textInternational audienceEn France, le concept de soutenabilité dans le contexte du management public semble assimilé majoritairement à une dimension financière et budgétaire. L’objectif de cette recherche est de définir les dimensions pertinentes du concept grâce à une méthodologie bibliométrique. Le premier résultat met en évidence une bicéphalité de la soutenabilité publique dans la littérature internationale. Le deuxième résultat qui en découle permet d’élargir le périmètre conceptuel de la soutenabilité aux piliers de l’approche proposée par l’ISO 26000, à savoir les enjeux économiques, sociaux et environnementaux. Le troisième résultat apporte ensuite de nouvelles dimensions au concept de soutenabilité grâce aux mots-clefs émergents de la littérature internationale. Cet article propose enfin un agenda de recherches en quatre axes autour d’une approche externe des enjeux économiques, interne des enjeux sociaux, intégrée des enjeux environnementaux et ouverte sur de nouveaux concepts tels que la création de valeur et l’innovation
Comparison of relativistic electron flux at Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and Electric Orbit Raising (EOR) from the CARMEN Missions
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Sparse decomposition of Heart Rate using a Bernoulli-Gaussian model: application to sleep apnoea detection
No full textInternational audienceIn this paper, we propose a sparse decomposition of the heart rate during sleep with 1application to apnoea-RERA detection. We observed that the tachycardia following an apnoea has a 2quasi-deterministic shape with a random amplitude. Accordingly, we model the apnoea-perturbed 3heart rate as a Bernoulli-Gaussian (BG) process convolved with a deterministic reference signal that 4allows identification of tachycardia and bradycardia events. The problem of determining the BG 5series indicating the presence-absence of an event and estimating its amplitude is a deconvolution 6problem for which sparsity is imposed. This allows an almost syntactic representation of the heart 7rate on which simple detection algorithms are applied