Portal of Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journals
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Evaluating the Proficiency Level of Media Professionals in the Kurdistan Region Regarding Artificial Intelligence: A Field Study in Erbil City
No full textزیرەکیی دەستکرد (AI) گۆڕانکارییەکی گەورەى لە بوارى میدیاییدا دروستکردووە، هەر لە کۆکردنەوەی داتا و زانیارى و دروستکردنی ناوەڕۆک تا بڵاوکردنەوەی هەواڵ و بەرزکردنەوەی کارایی لە ڕاپەڕاندنى کارەکاندا. ئەم توێژینەوەیە، کە بە ناونیشانی "هەڵسەنگاندنی ئاستی شارەزایی میدیاکارانی هەرێمی کوردستان لە بواری زیرەکی دەستکرددا – دەرفەت و ئاڵنگارییەکان"ە، بە ئامانجی هەڵسەنگاندنی ئاستی شارەزایی و بەکارهێنانی کرداری و تێڕوانینی ڕەخنەیی میدیاکاران بەرامبەر (AI) لە شاری هەولێر ئەنجامدرا. توێژینەوەکە میتۆدی ڕووپێویی کۆمەڵایەتی (Survey Research) و شیکاریی ناوەڕۆکى بەکارهێناوە. کۆمەڵگەی توێژینەوەکە بریتی بوو لە تەواوی میدیاکارانی دامەزراوە میدیاییەکانی هەولێر و، نموونەی توێژینەوەکەش بریتیە لە (55) میدیاکار، داتاکانیش بەهۆی پرسیارنامەوە کۆکرایەوە و، دواتریش بە بەرنامەی (SPSS) و بە بەکارهێنانی ئاماری وەسفی و شیکردنەوەی (ANOVA) شیکار کرا. لە ئەنجامدا دەرکەوت ئاستی شارەزایی گشتیی میدیاکاران مامناوەندە، بەڵام خواستی زۆریان بۆ ڕاهێنان و پەرەپێدانی شارەزایی هەیە، هەروەک زۆرینەیان (AI) بە دەرفەت دەزانن نەک هەڕەشە، بەڵام بەکارهێنانی (AI) بەشێوەیەکى کرداری هێشتا لە ئاستێکی مامناوەند بۆ خوار مامناوەندایە، بەتایبەت لە بوارەکانی وەرگێڕان و پوختکردنەوەدا، هەروەک نیگەرانییەکی زۆر لەبارەی "هەواڵی ساختە" و "دیپفەیک" لە ڕێگەی (AI) ـەوە هەیە، جگە لەوەش ئەنجامەکان ئەوە دەردەخەن دامەزراوە میدیاییەکان کەمترین ڕێنمایی ڕوونیان بۆ بەکارهێنانی (AI) هەیە. لە خاڵێکى دیکەى ئەنجامەکان دەرکەوتووە گرووپی تەمەنى ئەو میدیاکارانەى دەکەوێتە نێوان (27-36) ساڵ و کاردانەوەیان باشتریان لەگەڵ (AI) بەراورد بە گروپەکانى دیکە هەیە، هەروەها نموونەى توێژینەوەکە پێیان وایە (AI) ناتوانێ شوێنی میدیاکارانی پڕۆفیشناڵ بگرێتەوە، بەڵکو دەرفەتە بۆ باشترکردنی کارەکان، ئەوەش دەرکەوتووە (AI) هێشتا لە وەرگێڕانی زمانی کوردیدا لاوازە.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has brought about significant transformations in the practice of media, ranging from data collection and content creation to news broadcasting and operational efficiency enhancement. This study, titled "Evaluating the Proficiency Level of Using Artificial Intelligence by Media Professionals in the Kurdistan Region: Opportunities and Challenges," aims to assess the level of proficiency, practical application, and critical perceptions of media professionals regarding AI in Erbil city. This research employed a social survey combined with content analysis as methodology. The population pool of this research comprised all media professionals who work in media outlets in Erbil, with a sample size of 55 media professionals. It used questionnaires and subsequently analyzed using SPSS, employing descriptive statistics and ANOVA as techniques of data collection. The research reaches five main findings. To begin with, the overall proficiency level of media professionals is moderate; yet, there is a strong reception for training and skill development. Furthermore, the majority of the sample fund AI as an opportunity rather than a threat. However, the practical application of AI remains moderate and below-moderate level, particularly in areas such as translation and summarization. Significant concerns were raised regarding "fake news" and "deepfakes" facilitated by AI. Additionally, the results reveal that media organizations offer minimal degree of guidelines for AI usage. Another key finding is that media professionals aged between 27 and 36 demonstrate a higher positive engagement with AI compared to other age groups. The surveyed group also believes that AI cannot substitute for human element in the media; rather it can serve as an opportunity to improve and supplement that element. Lastly, it found that AI is still weak in translating the Kurdish language
The Impact of Quantitative Measurement of Relative Importance on the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Auditing
No full textهدفت هذه الدراسة إلى استكشاف أثر القياس الكمي للأهمية النسبية في تحسين كفاءة وفعالية تدقيق الحسابات. اعتمد البحث تصميمًا كميًا باستخدام نمذجة المعادلات الهيكلية الجزئية (PLS-SEM) لتحليل البيانات المستمدة من استبيانات وُزعت على مدققين خارجيين ومديرين ماليين. أظهرت النتائج أن القياس الكمي للأهمية النسبية عند مستوى رصيد الحساب ومستوى القوائم المالية يساهم بشكل إيجابي وذو دلالة إحصائية في تعزيز فعالية التدقيق واكتشاف الاحتيال، بينما لم يظهر تأثير معنوي واضح على كفاءة التدقيق. كما سلطت الدراسة الضوء على خصائص القياس الكمي، مثل الدقة في التخطيط والتنفيذ، توحيد التقديرات، وزيادة الشفافية، والتي تسهم في تعزيز فعالية التدقيق. توصل البحث إلى أن تبني القياس الكمي للأهمية النسبية يمثل أداة استراتيجية لتحسين جودة التدقيق، مع التأكيد على ضرورة التدريب المهني، وتطوير البنية التحتية التكنولوجية، وتحليل تكلفة الفائدة لضمان استدامة تطبيقهThis study aims to explore the impact of quantitative measurement of materiality on enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of audit processes. The research employed a quantitative design using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to analyze data collected from questionnaires distributed to external auditors and financial managers. The results indicate that the quantitative measurement of materiality, both at the account balance level and the financial statement level, positively and significantly contributes to improving audit effectiveness and fraud detection, while it does not show a significant effect on audit efficiency. The study also highlights key characteristics of quantitative measurement, such as precision in planning and execution, standardization of judgments, and increased transparency, which collectively enhance audit effectiveness. The research concludes that adopting quantitative measurement of materiality serves as a strategic tool to improve audit quality, emphasizing the importance of professional training, technological infrastructure development, and cost-benefit analysis to ensure sustainable implementation
The Development of Autonomous Weapons, Countering them, and their Violation of Humanitarian Law
No full textشهدت الأسلحة ذاتية القرار تطورًا ملحوظًا خلال السنوات الأخيرة، مما جعلها جزءًا لا غنى عنه في الحروب الحديثة بفضل قدرتها الفائقة وتكلفتها المنخفضة، حيث يمكنها الوصول إلى أهدافها دون الحاجة إلى تدخل بشري وبأقل خسائر ممكنة. نتيجة لهذا، بدأت الدول في تخصيص مبالغ ضخمة لتطوير هذه الأسلحة بهدف التفوق على بعضها البعض، في حين أن هذه التطورات لم تراعي المبادئ الإنسانية أو القيم الأخلاقية، مما أدى إلى العديد من الانتهاكات التي تضع مسؤولية كبيرة على الدول، القادة، والمنفذين. في هذا السياق، تزايدت الجهود الدولية لوضع ضوابط لأسلحة ذاتية القرار، بما في ذلك اقتراح صكوك دولية ملزمة للحد من استخدامها بشكل كامل أو جزئي. على الرغم من تلك الجهود، تستمر الدول في تطوير واستخدام هذه الأسلحة، مما يعقد فرص إبرام اتفاقات دولية تهدف إلى تنظيم استخدامهاAutonomous weapons have witnessed remarkable development in recent years, making them an indispensable part of modern warfare due to their superior capabilities and low cost. These weapons can reach their targets without human intervention and with minimal losses. As a result, countries have begun allocating vast sums of money to develop such weapons in order to gain superiority over one another. However, these advancements have often disregarded humanitarian principles and ethical values, leading to numerous violations that place significant responsibility on states, commanders, and operators. In this context, international efforts have intensified to establish regulations for autonomous weapons, including proposals for binding international instruments to limit their use, either fully or partially. Despite these efforts, countries continue to develop and deploy these weapons, complicating the prospects of concluding international agreements aimed at regulating their use
Computations of the Effects of Flat and Sloped Steps of Stepped Spillways Types on the Size of Stilling Basin Using Computational Fluid Dynamic
No full textThe objective of this study was to assess the impact of stepped spillways on the dimensions of stilling basins. This goal can be reached by using the computational fluid dynamics code FLUENT, which works with the ANSYS software. The experiment’s results were used to test the code. The results from the code were identical to what the first results of the experiment showed. Then, the code was used on 45 different stepped spillways, each with three different step numbers: 20, 30, and 40 steps. Then, the code was used on each of the spillways. There are three different step slopes in this area: 0°, 6°, and 12°. There were five different flows: 0.16, 0.32, 0.48, 0.64, and 0.8 m3/s. The study found that stepped spillways with sloped steps needed a stilling basin that was 16% shorter. This was in contrast to stepped spillways featuring level steps
Fungal Community Associated with Sawdust of Direct Evaporative Cooler and their Health Impact in Erbil City
No full textEvaporative coolers ECs are widely used in semi-arid regions. During operation, mashies pass from outdoors to indoors through wet straws or wood shavings, and these materials act as filters of bio-aerosolized particles. The current work was conducted in Erbil city to screen the fungal community associated with sawdust in ECs and explain the health impact of the predominant genera. Three hundred fifty fungal colonies were counted belonging to 17 identifying isolates beside the sterile mycelia. The highest occurrence and frequency belong to Aspergillus spp. (O=98% and F=33.7%), followed by Cladosporium sp. (O=50% and F=20.6%). Aspergillus spp. have the highest importance value index. Three genera had a moderate incidence, namely, Mucor sp., Alternaria sp., and Penicillium sp. The predominant genera that were isolated from sawdust are common outdoor air mycobiota in the study area and are considered the most effective allergens. Indeed, all recorded genera have a potentially significant effect on human health causing several types of pulmonary disorders and involve in opportunistic infections, especially for immunocompromised patients. We concluded that ECs may act as a source and transmitter of indoor airborne fungi pollution
China’s Economic Engagement in the Middle East: A Comprehensive Analysis
No full text The Middle East centers are approached by China and focus on promoting development as a means to address the region’s challenges. China’s geo-economics strategy for the broader Middle East primarily revolves around an external trade and industrial approach. This approach integrates geopolitical considerations with economic policies, effectively exporting industrial capacities. In essence, it functions as both a geo-industrial policy and a concurrent trade strategy. It offers a developmental model as a blueprint, prioritizes partnerships over alliances, and recognizes a crucial reality. Nonetheless, the instability of the US special program in the Middle East posed a fresh challenge to the future progress of bilateral relations. Importantly, China’s Middle East policy has not remained unchanged, its swift adaptations have injected energy into the positive growth of Sino-Arab bilateral relations. As China’s involvement in the Arab region and nearby areas grows, so does its influence on the global stage. This is what China seeks to achieve with all its capabilities and potential. The paper seeks to examine the role of China’s economic influence on the Middle East.
 
A comparison Analysis of Knowledge Management Process in International and Local Non-governmental Organizations Operating in Northeast Syria
Get PDFThis study examines the Knowledge Management (KM) processes within International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) and Local Non-Governmental Organizations (LNGOs) operating in Northeast Syria (NES), We employ a survey methodology that comprises 34 items and measures four key KM processes: Building Knowledge, Holding Knowledge, Pooling Knowledge, and Using Knowledge. The survey was internet-based and distributed to both INGOs and LNGOs employees in NES Through a multi-stage approach utilizing volunteer and convenience sampling techniques, which achieved 101 responses. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted, including reliability tests, and mean comparisons, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for hypothesis testing. Results indicate significant differences in Building and Using Knowledge between INGOs and LNGOs, with no significant differences in holding and pooling Knowledge. Which reflected in that INGOs exhibit a top-down approach to knowledge building, emphasizing learning from managers and experts. Conversely, LNGOs favor a more grassroots approach, highlighting innovation and improvement at the individual level. The study suggests that future research should explore the practical implications of KM processes within NGOs to enhance organizational performance and mission fulfillment. Specifically, an in-depth investigation into why LNGOs lag in holding knowledge compared to INGOs
Metaphors We Die By
Get PDFThis study which is entitled “Metaphors We Die By” is concerned with death metaphor in Central Kurdish. The expression “we” in the title refers to Kurdish people, i.e. the study is a detailed explanation of metaphors the Kurds die by. It attempts to elucidate how Central Kurdish speakers think about death. In other words, the main aim of the study is to identify the perspective of Central Kurdish (CK) speakers on the phenomenon of death. The primary questions of the study are: Ho do the Kurds contemplate death? What are the source conceptual domains that CK speakers rely upon to understand death? What factors paly a role in structuring the conceptual mappings of the linguistic metaphors? The study explicates the concept of death in CK from the standpoint of Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). According to the Cognitive approach to metaphor, it explores the way Kurdish speakers think about death. The study is particularly significant for understanding Kurdish culture and their perspective on one of life’s most important phenomena. The interpretation of death according to the framework of CMT involves the identification of various source domains that play a role in the conceptualization of death. The data of the study is based on everyday speech of CK through which an attempt is made to infer Kurdish thoughts and worldviews about death. Hence, the study, in light of the theory it relies on, views language as a reflection of thought. In CMT, thought has a metaphorical nature, so language, which is a mirror of thought, basically operates metaphorically.  
Green Foundations: The Intersection of Childhood Education and Sustainable Human Resource Development
No full textيستكشف هذا البحث دور الاستدامة التعليمية في التعليم المبكر للأطفال، مع التركيز على تأثيرها في التنمية وتعزيز رأس المال البشري الأخضر. يتناول الدراسة الفئة العمرية 6-9 سنوات في مدارس إقليم كردستان، حيث تسلط الضوء على دمج مبادئ الاستدامة لغرس الوعي البيئي، والمسؤولية الاجتماعية، والأخلاقية. من خلال تحليل الاستراتيجيات والمناهج والممارسات، يحدد البحث الفرص التي تُمكّن الأطفال ليصبحوا مواطنين عالميين وعمالًا في الاقتصاد الأخضر، مع معالجة التحديات المرتبطة بالتنفيذ.
بدمج مراجعة الأدبيات مع أمثلة عملية، يساهم البحث في تعزيز التعليم المستدام لتحقيق مستقبل أكثر ترابطًا ووعيًا بيئيًا. تكشف نتائج تحليل الانحدار عن وجود علاقة إيجابية معنوية (Sig.) بين التعليم البيئي في مرحلة الطفولة المبكرة واتجاهات وسلوكيات حماية البيئة (PEAB)، حيث بلغت قيمة t (6.481) عند مستوى دلالة (p≤0.10). يشير β=0.846 إلى ارتباط قوي، وR² = 42.7% من تباين PEAB يُفسَّر بواسطة التعليم البيئي المبكر للأطفال (ECEE).
تدعم هذه النتائج الفرضية H1، مؤكدةً تأثير ECEE على PEAB في مرحلة البلوغ. ورغم أن تأثير ECEE على اتجاهات وسلوكيات الأطفال المستقبلية تجاه الاستدامة (CFABTS) ورأس المال البشري الأخضر (GWC) كان أضعف، إلا أن الفرضيتين H3 و H4 كانتا ذاتي دلالة إحصائية. كما توصل البحث إلى أن تطوير المناهج، تدريب المعلمين، وإشراك المجتمع تعد من التوصيات الأساسية لتحقيق أهداف البحث.
This research explores the role of educational sustainability in early childhood education (ECE), emphasizing its impact on development and fostering green human capital. Focusing on ages 6–9 in Kurdistan Region schools, it highlights integrating sustainability principles to instil environmental stewardship, social responsibility, and ethical awareness. By examining strategies, curricula, and practices, the research identifies opportunities to empower children as global citizens and green workers while addressing implementation challenges. Combining a literature review with practical examples, it contributes to advancing sustainable education for a more connected and environmentally conscious future. Regression analysis results reveal a significant (Sig.) positive relationship between early childhood environmental education and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviours (PEAB), with a t-value of 6.481 (p≤0.10). The β=0.846 indicates a strong association, and R² = 42.7% of PEAB variance is explained by Early Childhood Environmental Education (ECEE). These findings support H1, confirming ECEE's impact on PEAB in adulthood. While ECEE's influence on Children’s Future Attitudes & Behaviours Toward Sustainability (CFABTS) and GWC is weaker, H3 and H4 are statistically significant. Curriculum development, educator training, and community involvement emerge as key recommendations for achieving the research objectives
Basic Principles of Diplomatic Discourse in the Speeches of Local and International Leaders
No full textگوتاری دیپلۆماسی ڕۆڵێکی گرنگی هەیە لە داڕشتنی پەیوەندییە نێودەوڵەتییەکان، ئاسانکاری بۆ دانوستان، چارەسەرکردنی ناکۆکییەکان و پەرەپێدانی هاوکاری لە نێوان گەلان. ئەم توێژینەوەیە لە بنەما بنەڕەتییەکانی داڕشتنی گوتاری دیپلۆماسی دەکۆڵێتەوە. لەوانە، ڕوونی، ڕێزگرتن، ناڕوونی ستراتیژی و هەستیاری کولتووری و ...هتد و کاریگەرییان لەسەر سەرکەوتنی پەیوەندییە دیپلۆماسییەکان پیشاندەدات. لە ڕێگەی وتارە هەڵبژێردراوەکانی سەرکردە جیهانییەکانی وەک باراک ئۆباما، مەسعود بارزانی، مەسرور بارزانی، ڤلادیمێر پوتین و نیلسۆن ماندێلا. لەلایەکی ترەوە شیکارییەکە تیشک دەخاتە سەر چۆنیەتی بەکارهێنانی زمان بۆ دروستکردنی متمانە و گەیاندنی مەبەستی سیاسی و یەکخستنی بەرژەوەندییەکان لە سەرانسەری دابەشبوونە کولتووری و ئایدۆلۆژییەکاندا.
بۆ نموونە وتارەکانی باراک ئۆباما جەخت لەسەر گشتگیری و دەسەڵاتی ئەخلاقی دەکەنەوە، زۆرجار بانگەشە بۆ بەها دیموکراسییە هاوبەشەکان دەکەن. مەسعود بارزانی و مەسرور بارزانی نیشانی دەدەن کە چۆن ناسنامەی نەتەوەیی و سەقامگیری ناوچەیی لە چوارچێوەی گوتاری ڕێزدارانە و لە هەمان کاتدا جەختکەرەوە. زمانی ڤلادیمێر پوتین ڕەنگدانەوەی داینامیکی دەسەڵات و سەروەری نیشتمانییە، بە بەکارهێنانی ڕیتۆریکی حیسابکراو بۆ پڕۆژەی هێز. گوتاری نێڵسۆن ماندێلا کە دەوڵەمەندە بە ئاشتەوایی و یەکێتی، نموونەی ئەوەیە کە چۆن زمانی هاوسۆزی دەتوانێت کۆمەڵگاکانی دوای ململانێ بگۆڕێت.
ئەم نموونانە ئەوەمان بۆ ئاشکرا دەکەن کە گوتاری دیپلۆماسی کاریگەر تەنیا پەیوەندی بە قسەکردنەوە نییە بەڵکو پەیوەندی بە داڕشتنی پەیامەکانەوە هەیە کە دەنگدانەوەی هەبێت لەگەڵ ئامادەبووانی جۆراوجۆر لە هەمان کاتدا خزمەت بە ئامانجە ستراتیژییە تایبەتەکان دەکات. لە جیهانێکدا کە تادێت بەیەکەوە گرێدراوە، شارەزابوون لە زمانی دیپلۆماسی زۆر گرنگە بۆ ئەو سەرکردانەی کە بەدوای چارەسەری ئاشتیانە و هاوبەشی نێودەوڵەتی بەردەوامدا دەگەڕێن.Diplomatic discourse plays a vital role in shaping international relations, facilitating negotiation, conflict resolution, and fostering cooperation among nations. This article explores the foundational principles of diplomatic discourse clarity, politeness, strategic ambiguity, and cultural sensitivity and examines how they influence the success of diplomatic engagements. Through selected speeches by global leaders such as Barack Obama, Massoud Barzani, Masrour Barzani, Vladimir Putin, and Nelson Mandela, the analysis highlights how language is used to build trust, convey political intent, and align interests across cultural and ideological divides. For instance, Barack Obama’s speeches emphasize inclusivity and moral authority, often appealing to shared democratic values. Massoud Barzani and Masrour Barzani demonstrate how national identity and regional stability are framed through respectful yet assertive discourse. Vladimir Putin's language reflects power dynamics and national sovereignty, using calculated rhetoric to project strength. Nelson Mandela’s discourse, rich in reconciliation and unity, exemplifies how empathetic language can transform post-conflict societies. These examples reveal that effective diplomatic discourse is not merely about eloquence but about crafting messages that resonate with diverse audiences while serving specific strategic goals. In an increasingly interconnected world, mastering diplomatic language is essential for leaders seeking peaceful solutions and sustainable international partnerships