Portal of Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journals
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Annulment Lawsuit and Legal Security
No full textيتناول هذا البحث دور دعوى الإلغاء في تكريس مبدأ الأمن القانوني، باعتباره أحد المبادئ الأساسية التي تقوم عليها دولة القانون، والذي يُمثل الضمانة الجوهرية لاستقرار العلاقات القانونية وحماية الثقة المشروعة للأفراد في القوانين والإجراءات الإدارية. ومع تنامي تدخل الإدارة في حياة الأفراد من خلال قراراتها، تبرز دعوى الإلغاء كآلية فعّالة لضمان خضوع الإدارة لمبدأ المشروعية وتحقيق التوازن بين السلطة العامة وحقوق الأفراد. تتمثل إشكالية البحث في التساؤل عن مدى إسهام دعوى الإلغاء في تعزيز الأمن القانوني وفعاليتها في حماية الأفراد من تعسف الإدارة، مع التطرق إلى مفاهيم أساسية مثل ماهية الأمن القانوني، وعناصره، وشروط وآليات دعوى الإلغاء، ودورها في تحقيق الاستقرار القانوني. وقد اعتمد البحث على المنهج التحليلي لدراسة النصوص القانونية المنظمة لدعوى الإلغاء، وتحليل المفاهيم المرتبطة بالأمن القانوني، بما يخدم طبيعة الموضوع ويُسهم في تحقيق أهداف الدراسة. تنبع أهمية البحث من قلة الدراسات العربية التي تناولت العلاقة بين دعوى الإلغاء ومبدأ الأمن القانوني، مما يجعل من نتائجه وتوصياته إضافة نوعية للمنظومة القانونية، لاسيما في تطوير الرقابة القضائية على الإدارة.This research examines the role of the annulment lawsuit in reinforcing the principle of legal certainty, which is considered one of the fundamental pillars of the rule of law. Legal certainty serves as a key guarantee for the stability of legal relationships and the protection of individuals’ legitimate trust in laws and administrative procedures. The core problem addressed by this research is the extent to which the annulment lawsuit contributes to strengthening legal certainty and its effectiveness in protecting individuals from administrative abuse. The study also explores key concepts such as the nature and elements of legal certainty, the conditions and mechanisms of annulment lawsuits, and their role in achieving legal stability. The research adopts an analytical approach to examine the legal texts regulating annulment lawsuits and to analyze the concepts related to legal certainty, in a way that aligns with the nature of the topic and supports the achievement of the study's objectives. The significance of this study lies in the limited number of Arabic legal studies that have addressed the relationship between the annulment lawsuit and the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, the findings and recommendations of this research offer a valuable contribution to the legal system, particularly in developing judicial oversight over administrative actions
Beyond Efficiency: A Conceptual Design Framework for Sustainable Housing in Erbil
No full textHousing development plays a vital role in achieving sustainability goals as it is intrinsically tied to family life and faces numerous environmental challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reshaped our understanding of home. While always a place of shelter and personal connection, the home has evolved into a truly multi-functional space. In the Middle East, a divergence in approaches to sustainability is evident, particularly in the application of resource efficiency. While certain nations have undertaken significant initiatives, cities like Erbil are still in the early stages of addressing sustainability concerns. The transition to sustainable housing can be accelerated by adopting efficient regional practices. This study aims to expand sustainable housing practices in the Middle East, fostering a deeper connection with nature while aligning with the global evolution of the home concept. A conceptual design framework is developed for application within the context of Erbil. A qualitative research method based on case analysis is adopted to achieve the study’s objectives
A Hybrid Fuzzy-Kalman Filtering Approach for Short-Term Electricity Load Forecasting in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq
No full textAccurate short-term load forecasting is vital for maintaining the reliability and stability of electricity supply systems. This study examines forecasting methods for the Kurdistan region of Iraq, where electricity demand is steadily rising. Historical hourly load data and relevant exogenous variables were used to develop and compare two models: A standalone Fuzzy Logic model and a Hybrid Fuzzy-Kalman Filter (KF) model. Although both Fuzzy Logic and KFs have been used separately for load forecasting, there has been a lack of literature directly comparing a standalone Fuzzy Logic model with a Hybrid Fuzzy-KF approach, especially using data from the Kurdistan region. The Fuzzy Logic model was designed to capture non-linear relationships and apply human-like reasoning in predicting load demand. The hybrid approach integrated a KF to refine initial fuzzy estimates by reducing noise and updating predictions based on recent observations. Both models were evaluated using mean absolute percentage error and root mean square error (RMSE). The outcomes show that standalone fuzzy logic prediction is not as effective as the Hybrid Fuzzy–KF. The hybrid technique lowers the average mean absolute error and RMSE of the fuzzy model to 95.13 MW (−3.75%) and 109.89 MW (−10.46%), respectively, compared to the fuzzy model’s average of 98.84 MW and 122.73 MW. This enhancement demonstrates how well noise filtering and recursive state estimation work, especially when load circumstances are steady. Results show that the hybrid model consistently outperformed the standalone Fuzzy Logic model. The findings highlight that the Hybrid Fuzzy-KF provides a more effective solution for short-term load forecasting in Kurdistan’s electricity sector
Enhancing Accounting Functions through Blockchain Technology
No full textيحاول هذا البحث تحليل دور تقنية سلسلة الكتل في تحسين أنظمة المحاسبة. ويتم ذلك من خلال التحقيق في تأثير اعتماد هذه التكنولوجيا على كشف الاحتيال، وشفافية البيانات، وكفاءة التدقيق، والمساءلة بشكل عام. استخدم البحث نموذجًا هيكليًا لتحليل العلاقات بين المتغيرات استنادًا إلى بيانات الاستطلاع التي تم جمعها من المحاسبين العاديين ومتخصصي التدقيق. تشير نتائج الدراسة إلى أن استخدام تقنية سلسلة الكتل يُحسن كشف الاحتيال وشفافية البيانات ولكنه لم يكن له تأثير ملحوظ على كفاءة التدقيق. كما كشفت الدراسة عن وجود علاقة عكسية بين متغيرات كشف الاحتيال والأداء العام لنظام المحاسبة، الأمر الذي ربما يعود إلى تعقيد وتكاليف عمليات الكشف. في ضوء هذه النتائج، تقدم الدراسة توصيات لسياسات معينة لتسهيل إدخال تقنية سلسلة الكتل في الشركات المحاسبية لتمكينها من تحسين أدائها.This research attempts to analyze the role of Blockchain technology in improving accounting systems. This is done by investigating the impact of adopting this technology on fraud detection, data transparency, audit efficiency, and overall accountability. The research used a structural model to analyze the relationships between variables based on survey data collected from regular accountants and audit professionals. The results of the study indicate that the use of Blockchain technology improves fraud detection and data transparency but has no significant impact on audit efficiency. The study also revealed an inverse relationship between fraud detection variables and the overall performance of the accounting system, which may be due to the complexity and costs of detection processes. In light of these results, the study provides recommendations for specific policies to facilitate the introduction of Blockchain technology in accounting firms to enable them to improve their performance
The Moral Subject Matter in Iraqi Law
No full textيمثل المحل ركناً أساسياً في العقود والالتزامات، كما يسهم في تحليل الأهداف والغايات التي تحكم عملية إبرام العقود وتنفيذها. وبما أن العقود ليست مجرد وثائق قانونية، بل تعبير عن اتفاقات تتعلق بالحقوق والالتزامات بين الأفراد، فإن النظر إلى المحل المعنوي يساعد في فهم السياق الشامل للعقد ودوافع الأطراف وراء التزاماتهم. يهدف البحث الى تحقيق بيان مفهوم مصطلح المحل المعنوي والتحقق من كيفية تطبيقه في العقود، ودراسة الأحكام المتعلقة به، وتحليل اثاره على صحة العقود. كما يبحث عن الممارسات القانونية الخاصة بالمحل المعنوي في العقود، وبيان كيفية التعامل مع حالات اتفاق على شيء غير موجود وتعزيز المعرفة القانونية. اتبع الباحث في كتابة هذا البحث المنهج التحليلي حيث يتطلب البحث تحليلاً عميقاً وتفصيلاً دقيقاً للنصوص القانونية الواردة في القانون العراقي، كما ويركز على تحليل النصوص القانونية وفهم معانيها وتطبيقاتها بشكل دقيق ومنهجي، لاكتشاف القواعد القانونية المعمول بها وتفسيرها بشكل دقيق في هذا الموضوع وتحليل تأثيرها وتطبيقاتها وتحليل الاتجاهات القانونية الحالية والمستقبلية في موضوع الدراسة. أظهرت نتائج البحث أن اتساع مفهوم المحل في العقود والالتزامات ليشمل الجوانب المعنوية تبيّن من خلال البحث أن المحل المعنوي يُعد تطوراً حديثاً في الفكر القانوني. لم يضع القانون العراقي تنظيماً ولا تعريفاً تشريعياً صريحاً للمحل المعنوي، ويمكن تفسير بعض النصوص القانونية القائمة، كالمادتين (126) و(129) من القانون المدني. أكّدت الدراسة أن القواعد العامة للعقود، مثل ضرورة أن يكون المحل موجوداً أو ممكناً ومشروعاً وقابلاً للتعيين، تنطبق على المحل المعنوي كما تنطبق على المحل الماديThe moral subject matter (object) constitutes a fundamental element in contracts and obligations, contributing to the analysis of the objectives and purposes that govern the formation and execution of contracts. Since contracts are not merely legal documents but also expressions of agreements concerning the rights and obligations of individuals, considering the moral subject matter aids in understanding the broader context of the contract and the motivations behind the parties’ commitments. Furthermore, it influences the nature of the contract and the obligations of the parties, particularly in assessing the validity, interpretation, and execution of the contract based on legal principles and customary values from which it originates. The moral subject matter is regarded as one of the legal concepts referring to the non-material element agreed upon by the parties in contracts and obligations. It differs from the material subject matter, which pertains to a tangible or physical object. In contrast, the moral subject matter encompasses intangible rights or obligations related to intent, values, or behaviors that the parties commit to upholding.
Exploring English as a Foreign Language Students’ Perspectives on Foreign Language Speaking Anxiety: A Tertiary Study
Get PDFAnxiety is a negative inward feeling that includes a sense of unease, stress, and hesitation. Anxiousness also has a psychological impact on an individual’s mental health. Thus, it can affect an individual’s academic performance. Therefore, anxiety is highly assessed in the fields of education and psychology. Psychologists differentiate several types of anxiety. Speaking anxiety is one of them. Language anxiety occurs while speaking a foreign language. It has consequences in learning a language. This study examines English as a foreign language students’ perception of foreign language speaking anxiety at the Faculty of Education-Tishk International University in the academic year 2022–2023. The present study answers the following inquiries: Students’ anxiety during speaking sessions in the class, the reasons for having anxiety, and the situations in which the students feel uncomfortable. A descriptive quantitative research design has been implemented, and an online survey was designed to determine the reasons and conditions for anxiety in speaking classes. The survey was sent to 80 Education Faculty students, who had 8 h of weekly speaking classes. Due to easy access, convenience sampling was implemented in the data collection. The researcher analyzed the data using Minitab 19. One-sample t-tests and analyses of variance areused. Results of data analyses showed that speaking a foreign language in front of the class is exclusively the source of anxiety. Based on the sufficient impact of language anxiety in speaking class, future studies could find strategies for decreasing language anxiety, like tailored anxiety management techniques
Artificial Intelligence in Graphic Design: A Critical Synthesis of Tools, Methods, and Creative Implications
No full textThe main issue discussed in this review is the following: Although the number of artificial intelligence (AI)-driven design systems is growing exponentially, there is no single conceptual framework that could explain how these systems correspond and/or do not correspond to the principles of creative, communicative, and contextual nature that mark the practice of a professional graphic designer. To fill this void, the article conducts a systematic review of AI use in three areas, including automation in professional design software, non-expert template systems, and experimental AI systems created by science. The review is conducted with the help of a systematic approach that includes database searches (2019–2024), specific search inclusion and exclusion factors, and thematic synthesis of the studies devoted to layout generation, visual analysis, sentiment model, and generative image systems. The results demonstrate that AI can achieve success in automated processes, e.g., segmentation, layout refinement, typographic correction, and quick generation of stylistic variations, but technical systems often turn design into an operational process, and template-driven tools may tend to standardize the visual result and de-professionalize authorship. A synthesis of these three fields of knowledge makes the paper add a single conceptual framework, which explains in what circumstances AI can aid the hybrid intelligence of humans and AI and in what circumstances the existing models do not address the creative nature of the graphic design. This model offers a backbone to the future study of co-creative systems which maintain agency by designers and increase the computational opportunities of visual communication
Role of on-site Architectural Courses in Enhancing Graduate Employability Skills across KRG Universities
No full textTo meet architecture's contemporary demands, this study investigates the role of on-site practical learning in shaping the employability skills of architecture graduates in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRG). Despite the expansion of architecture programs, a notable proportion of graduates remain unemployed or shifted into unrelated fields, exposing a gap between industry expectations and academic preparation. Employing a mixed-methods approach comprising a survey of 120 fresh graduates 2023-2024, interviews with industry professionals, and department heads. This research evaluates the effectiveness of experiential learning methods such as site visits, internships, and field-based training in developing technical, generic, and personal competencies. The findings highlight a statistically significant inverse correlation between skill gaps and employment status, underscoring the practical relevance of structured, on-site learning. Industry experts mentioned prevalent "practice shock" among fresh graduates, attributed to limited professional exposure during their studies. Meanwhile, the head of departments identified inconsistent implementation of internships, weak university-industry partnerships, and limited university support as primary barriers to experiential learning integration. The study concludes that embedding longitudinal, real-world experiences within the curriculum, supported by strategic collaborations with professional firms, is essential to bridging the theory-practice divide and enhancing graduate employability skills. Recommendations include curriculum reform and internship standardization. By repositioning on-site learning as a core component of architectural education, Kurdistan’s universities can better prepare graduates for the dynamic needs of the construction industry
Enhancement of the Solubility of Simvastatin by Utilizing Two Distinct Types of Excipient Compositions, L-Isoleucine and Sodium Docusate
No full textSimvastatin is a BCS class II drug, which means it has high absorbability but low solubility. The solubility of a drug plays an important role in determining its bioavailability and the effect that it has on the body as a whole. The study objective was to increase the solubility of simvastatin by using two excipients: sodium docusate and L-isoleucine. These excipients were incorporated in a solid dispersion at different ratios, left to dry, dissolved, and tested for increased solubility against a simvastatin calibration curve (which was prepared using a standard solution of simvastatin). The improvement in solubility for a 4:1:1 ratio was 1.49-fold. A 2:1:1 ratio of simvastatin: docusate: isoleucine was increased 7.18-fold, and a 4:3:3 ratio increased the solubility 4.81-fold. The synergistic effect of docusate and isoleucine showed improvement in the solubility of simvastatin at room temperature when incorporated in relatively low ratios
Optimizing GNSS Data Sampling Rates for Improving Precise Point Positioning Accuracy and Reducing Convergence Time
No full textPrecise Point Positioning (PPP) is increasingly being used for achieving highly accurate positioning using a single GNSS receiver, particularly in applications such as seismic monitoring and structural health assessments. This study explores the impact of GNSS data sampling rates on PPP accuracy and convergence time by collecting field measurements from five observation points in Erbil, Iraq, using a Leica GS16 instrument. Data were recorded at sample intervals of 5, 15, 30, and 60 seconds for two hours at each location. Statistical analysis shows that reducing the sampling interval significantly improves the root mean square error (RMSE). For example, at the 5-second sampling rate, the RMSE at point A dropped by 85%—from 0.35 meters at 15 minutes to 0.05 meters after 120 minutes. Similarly, at the 60-second sampling rate, the RMSE improved by approximately 80% during the same period. Across all points, the highest accuracy improvements occurred within the first 30 to 60 minutes of observation, demonstrating that higher sampling rates help reduce convergence times. However, the benefit diminishes for extended observation durations, suggesting that optimizing the sampling interval is crucial for balancing accuracy and efficiency in PPP applications