Portal of Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journals
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Analyzing the Football Sports Outcomes by the Two Types Branching Markov process: Real Madrid Football Club as a Case Study
No full textIn this research the football sport outcomes are analyzed by the two-type branching Markov Process, assuming that the outcomes occur as a Poisson process and they described by the two-state Markov Process. For this study, the data about the number of losses, wins, and trophy results of the Real Madrid football club for 24 years (2000 – 2024) are obtained from the KOOORA Website. This study aimed to determine the probabilities of two state outcomes, the expected length of time the process stays in each state, and the expected number of the two types for successive periods. In conclusion, the expected number of Real Madrid football sports outcomes for successive game times are continually decreasing until the number of game
Joint Factors in Fitzgerald's Fictional Works: A Comparative Study
Get PDFThe fictional works of F. Scott Fitzgerald are very rich in many ways. Thematically, they expose the air of his age particularly the post-World War I lost generation by the illusion of their American Dream which they nourished on ever since their childhood years. The clash between the rich and the poor is another theme, not to mention tens of other themes, such as love and war, success and failure. All these and other themes are delivered by Fitzgerald in innovative and novel styles and techniques quite peculiar to him. The present paper highlights the major themes and joint elements in Fitzgerald’s major works, such as This Side of Paradise, The Great Gatsby, and Tender is the Night Tender. There are many joint factors in Fitzgerald’s aforesaid works. The American Dream is one outstanding joint theme that marks Fitzgerald’s works. Most of the scholars and lecturers of Fitzgerald’s works refer to this topic without further explanation of the seeds of this ideal dream. The present paper sheds a glimpse of light on this issue. The protagonists’ journeys and final destinations to fulfill their dreams and aims constitute another theme; the class distinction and ruthlessness of the upper middle class against the young generation; the origins and scientific, philosophical and medical, geographical, and historical elements; all constitute minor themes and topics need tracing and further researches of Fitzgerald’s works. This paper is a comparative study of all the major and minor themes and topics mentioned above
The Immunization of Administrative Decisions upon the Expiry of the Appeal Period:: A Comparative Study
No full textان تحصن القرار الاداري هو من صنع المشرع فهو دعم لاستقرار المعاملات القانونية و سير المرافق العامة بإنتظام , لان فتح مدة التقاضي او الطعن بالقرارات الادارية على مصراعيه لمدة طويلة سيؤدي الى اضطراب في عمل الادارة و يصيب المراكز القانونية التي تكتسب من القرارات الادارية, و هي محددة في العراق بــ60 يوماً و في اقليم كوردستان بـــــ 30 يوماً فإذا ما مضت مدة الطعن بالالغاء فإن القرار الاداري متحصن من الطعن بالالغاء قضائياً, و من السحب ادارياً , و بعد ذلك يعامل القرار الاداري المتحصن غير المشروع معاملة القرار المشروع و يترتب على ذلك اكتساب القرارات الادارية حصانة نهائية ضد الالغاء ولو كان مخافة للقانون. يختلف مدة تحصن القرارات الادارية بالنسبة للافراد و التي تبدأ من تاريخ النشر و التبليغ و العلم اليقيني عن تحصنها بالنسبة للادارة , فمدة سحب القرار الاداري يبدأ من تاريخ صدور القرار الاداري. و مع ذلك فإن بعض القرارات الادارية غير قابلة للتحصن حسب احكام القضاء اما لكون لها اثاراً مستمرة او كونها عديمة الاثر ام ان اثرها لم يظهر بعد ام ان ثرها قد انتهت.The immunization of administrative decisions is a legislative construct aimed at ensuring the stability of legal transactions and the regular operation of public services. Allowing an extended period for litigation or appeals against administrative decisions would disrupt administrative functions and affect the legal positions acquired through these decisions. In Iraq, the appeal period is limited to 60 days, while in the Kurdistan Region, it is 30 days. Once this period expires, the administrative decision becomes immune from judicial annulment and administrative withdrawal. Consequently, an unlawful but immunized administrative decision is treated as if it were lawful, granting administrative decisions final immunity against annulment, even if they contradict the law. The duration of administrative decisions’ immunity differs for individuals and the administration. For individuals, it starts from the date of publication, notification, or certain knowledge, whereas for the administration, the withdrawal period begins from the date of issuance. However, some administrative decisions remain non-immune according to judicial rulings, either due to their ongoing effects, their lack of legal consequence, the delayed emergence of their effects, or the expiration of their impact
Legal Challenges of Civil Electronic Litigation: A Comparative Analytical Study
No full textيُعَدّ نظام التقاضي الإلكتروني من أبرز مظاهر التحول الرقمي في العدالة، حيث يتيح إنجاز القضايا بسرعة وكفاءة وتيسير الإجراءات أمام المتقاضين عبر الوسائط الإلكترونية مثل الحواسيب وشبكة الإنترنت ووسائل الاتصال الرقمية، بما يعزز المرونة ويقلل العبء على الأطراف. ورغم هذه المزايا، يواجه النظام مجموعة من التحديات القانونية الجوهرية، أبرزها القصور التشريعي وعدم ملاءمة التشريعات الوطنية الحالية لمتطلبات التكنولوجيا الحديثة في مجال الإجراءات القضائية والمسائل الموضوعية. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تسليط الضوء على أوجه النقص التشريعي في استخدام التكنولوجيا ضمن الإجراءات القضائية، سواء على المستوى الإجرائي والموضوعي، مع التركيز على الفجوات التي تعيق تحقيق العدالة الرقمية بشكل فعال. وتعتمد الدراسة منهجية مقارنة بين القوانين التي نظمت الوسائل الإلكترونية في المجال القضائي، لتحديد مدى ملاءمتها لمتطلبات التحول الرقمي وكشف النواقص التي تؤثر على التطبيق العملي. أظهرت نتائج البحث وجود قصور واضح في الإطار التشريعي سواء في القوانين العراقية او القوانين المقارنة رغم الأهمية المتزايدة للتكنولوجيا القضائية، والحاجة الماسة إلى تعديل بعض القوانين ذات الصلة، لا سيما قانون التوقيع الالكتروني والمعاملات الإلكترونية، لضمان موثوقية المستندات الإلكترونية واعتمادها كوسائل إثبات قانونية. كما تؤكد الدراسة ضرورة التوجه نحو رقمنة إجراءات التقاضي، ولو بشكل جزئي، لتعزيز سرعة الفصل في القضايا وتحقيق العدالة بشكل أكثر كفاءة وشفافية، مع تقليل الثغرات القانونية التي تؤثر على ثقة المتقاضين بالنظام القضائيThe electronic litigation system is one of the most prominent modern manifestations in the E-trials are one of the most prominent manifestations of digital transformation in the justice sector, as they provide speed and flexibility in completing cases and reduce the burden on litigants. However, this system faces several legal challenges that hinder its effectiveness and ensure the achievement of Justice. One of the most prominent of these challenges is the absence of specific legislative and procedural regulation of electronic pleadings, as the current laws were developed in a traditional environment that relies on paper procedures, which makes them unable to absorb the specifics of digital procedures such as electronic registration of cases, electronic notifications, or holding hearings via virtual means. This legislative vacuum opens the door to divergent interpretations and contradictory case law. Moreover, the prevailing legislation has not kept pace with technical development, as many of the laws of pleadings and evidence have not evolved to include electronic procedures, and have not specified clear formulas for their organization or recognition. This legislative inertia slows down the adoption of digital Justice tools and negatively affects the confidence of litigants in the judicial system. Despite the prevalence of digital transactions, there is still controversy about the extent of legal recognition of electronic documents before the courts, and the availability of technical and legal conditions that ensure their protection from forgery or manipulation. The absence of legislation equating traditional and electronic publishing in legal force also hinders the adoption of electronic documents as the main means of proof
Significance of Stool Antigen Testing for Helicobacter pylori Detection in Humans
No full textHelicobacteriosis, a globally prevalent bacterial infection caused by Helicobacter pylori, affects more than half of the world’s population. H. pylori, a Group 1 carcinogen, is a widespread pathogen associated with gastric cancer and peptic ulcers. Due to its high prevalence, carcinogenic classification, and increasing antimicrobial resistance, H. pylori remain a major global health concern. This study examined the frequency of H. pylori infection in a specific population, revealing an overall prevalence of 20.5%, with a higher infection rate among females (23.7%) than males (17.8%). The 11–20-year age group had the highest infection rate (28.6%), while the 1–10-year group had the lowest (11.5%). However, statistical analysis (Chi-square test, “P” = 0.921) indicated no significant age-related differences, suggesting a relatively uniform distribution across age groups. Similarly, rural residents exhibited a slightly higher infection rate (22.3%) than urban dwellers (18.5%). However, the difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.593), suggesting that the location of habitation had little to no influence on infection risk. Monthly variations in prevalence were noted, with peaks in September (24.3%) and December (21.6%), whereas August recorded the lowest rate (16.7%). However, statistical analysis (P = 0.982) revealed no significant seasonal trend, suggesting that temporal factors did not substantially influence infection rates in this study. Overall, the findings indicate a moderate prevalence of H. pylori infection with no significant variations across age, location, or season, pointing to a relatively uniform distribution within the studied population. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying risk factors and transmission dynamics
Performance Enhancement of Solar Stills: A Comprehensive Review of Methods and Technologies
No full textAccess to safely managed drinking water services has become a serious issue for 2.2 billion people worldwide. As is known, traditional stilling designs suffer from low quality and production. Therefore, solar stills offer an eco-friendly solution. This review study provides the first comprehensive cross-comparison of enhancement technologies for solar stills developed between 2020 and 2025. This work rigorously analyzes 121 peer-reviewed articles, comparing 11 different enhancement methods based on technical performance, economic viability, and practical implementation challenges, unlike previous reviews focusing on limited improvements. An innovative combined deductive–inductive taxonomy was developed and validated, providing a rationale-based technology selection framework. Results show productivity improvements ranging from 4.2% to 748%, with costs between 0.29/L. Low-cost technologies (thermal storage, fins, stepped designs: 0.018–0.060/L), including phase change materials and pyramidal designs, show promise for community-scale applications, though they face short- to medium-term economic barriers. Enhancements are categorized using a four-stage technology readiness scale: deployment-ready, community-scale ready, pilot-scale, and research stage. Key research gaps include insufficient long-term performance data and unsystematic evaluation of hybrid enhancement approaches. This study uniquely provides a systematic, evidence-based framework integrating technical performance with economic feasibility and practical viability, enabling informed decision-making for expanding safe drinking water access through solar desalination technolog
Revolutionizing Pharmaceutical Care: Towards a Unified Pharmacy Management System for Northern Iraq
No full textThis paper presents a novel project that aims to transform pharmacy operations by creating a unified advanced information system that is specifically customized to meet the demands of pharmacies in the northern region of Iraq. The suggested system offers a wide range of comprehensive features. Enabling smooth information exchange between various parts of the healthcare system is its main objective. We achieve this seamless exchange. The main aim of this paper is effectively integrated pharmaceutical management platform. The system is precisely engineered and consists of 28 classes, each carefully designed to meet particular operational needs, with intuitive relationships and clearly defined responsibilities distributed among them as illustrated in our comprehensive UML diagrams. By utilizing a SQL XAMPP database and the Java programming language, it combines a strong architecture with an easy-to-use interface that was developed through multiple rounds of user testing with actual pharmacists and staff members from various pharmacy settings across Northern Iraq. Its diverse range of functions includes but is not limited to, managing medicine sales, optimizing obtaining, monitoring expiration dates, managing personnel data, and supervising financial transactions. With built role-based access controls, and full compliance with relevant data protection regulations to safeguard sensitive patient and prescription information. To ensure the system truly meets the needs of pharmacy operations clearly defined success metrics that measure tangible improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and patient care
An Elastic Net Approach to Logistic Regression for Genetic Selection in High-Dimensional Brain Cancer Data
No full textThe study explores issues related to the treatment of brain cancer caused by the heterogeneous nature of different variants of brain tumors. The objective of this study was to identify essential genes present in multiple types of brain cancer by using high dimensional gene expression data available on the Curated Microarray Database CuMiDa. The study’s dataset comprised a total of 130 samples belonging to 4 subtypes of brain cancer and 16384 gene expression variables. Thus, the penalized Elastic net method in conjunction with Multinomial Logistic Regression was used to cope with curse of dimensionality problems. Then, accuracy, Kappa statistic, Area Under the Curve, and F1-score were utilized to evaluate measures of the model efficiency. Elastic Net proved to be quite effective in the sense of the extensiveness of the variables included in the analysis and successfully restricted gene level further analysis as well as highlighted subtype specific expression signatures. The model achieved high precision and AUC values indicating that in general the model had good ability to distinguish all subtypes with some around perfect score of AUC. Robust parameter estimation was supplemented with cross validation and other predictive model validation statistical techniques done in R language programming. Thus, these findings suggest that the best model for evaluating large-scale gene expression data of brain cancers is the use of MLR with an elastic net regularization. There is ample evidence that these selected genes contribute to and serve as targets for therapy, therefore making this study a good starting point for further investigations with respect to understanding their biological role. The corresponding model is also to be applied to test its validity on some other datasets of a quite different nature. This, in turn, may suggest improved diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic options for the brain tumor
Examination of Students' Social Entrepreneurial an Observational Test
Get PDFThis paper examines the disparity between male and female Syrian university students in enhancing intellectual awareness and developing entrepreneurial skills in the charitable sector. It explores how these influential groups can contribute to activating the roles of institutions and individuals in serving society humanely. The study's hypotheses were based on variables such as entrepreneurial intentions, self-efficacy, perceived social support, moral obligation, and empathy. Results support the existence of gender differences among private university students. Findings reveal that many Syrians have the potential and strong desire to become social entrepreneurs despite facing significant economic and social challenges. The study also underscores the urgent need for systematic education for those addressing social issues in Syria. It recommends that Syrian educational institutions incorporate courses on social entrepreneurship, possibly through relevant elective courses
The Role of Entrepreneurial Networks in Achieving Strategic Management Maturity: A Survey Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Academic and Administrative Leaders in a Number of Private Higher Education Institutions in Duhok Governorate
No full textيهدف البحث هذا إلى تسليط الضوء على مفهومين حديثين في حقل إدارة الأعمال بشكل عام والإدارة الاستراتيجية وريادة الأعمال على وجه الخصوص في عدد من مؤسسات التعليم العالي الخاص في محافظة دهوك، وذلك من خلال التعرف على دور الشبكات الريادية في تحقيق نضج الإدارة الاستراتيجية. وفي ضوء الهدف تلخصت المشكلة بمجموعة من التساؤلات وهي؛ هل لدى قيادة المؤسسات التعليمية المبحوثة اطلاع بمفهوم الشبكات الريادية ونضج الإدارة الاستراتيجية؟ وما هي طبيعة علاقة الارتباط والتأثير بين الشبكات الريادية ونضج الإدارة الاستراتيجية في المؤسسات التعليمية قيد البحث؟ وكآلية لهذا البحث في التوصل لتحقيق أهدافها، تم وضع فرضيتان رئيستان وعدد من الفرضيات الفرعية واعتمد البحث المنهج الاستقرائي (وصفي تحليلي)، وتم الحصول على البيانات عن طريق الاستبانة الإلكترونية ومن خلال تطبيق (Google Form)، إذ تم توزيعها على عينة عشوائية من (50) شخصاً يمثلون القيادات الإدارية في المؤسسات التعليمية المبحوثة، واستُرجع منها (45) استبانة أي بنسبة استجابة بلغت (90%). وتم تحليل البيانات إحصائياً بواسطة الحزمة الإحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS: V. 26). وأسفرت نتائج البحث وجود علاقة إرتباط معنوية بين الشبكات الريادية ونضج الإدارة الاستراتيجية على المستوى الكلي للعينة المستجيبة، ووجود علاقة تأثير معنوية للشبكات الريادية في نضج الإدارة الاستراتيجية على المستوى الكلي للعينة المستجيبة، وأخيراً قدم البحث عدداً من المقترحات.This research aims to shed light on two modern concepts in the field of business administration in general and strategic management and entrepreneurship in particular in a number of private higher education institutions in Duhok Governorate, by identifying the role of entrepreneurial networks in achieving strategic management maturity. In light of the objective, the problem was summarized in a set of questions: Is the leadership of the educational institutions under study familiar with the concept of entrepreneurial networks and strategic management maturity? What is the nature of the relationship and influence between entrepreneurial networks and strategic management maturity in the educational institutions under study? As a mechanism for this research to achieve its objectives, two main hypotheses and a number of sub-hypotheses were developed. The research adopted the inductive (descriptive and analytical) approach, and data were obtained through an electronic questionnaire and through the (Google Form) application, as it was distributed to a random sample of (50) people representing the administrative leadership in the educational institutions under study, from which (45) questionnaires were retrieved, i.e. a response rate of (90%). The data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS: V. 26). The research results showed a significant correlation between entrepreneurial networks and strategic management maturity at the overall level of the responding sample, and a significant influence of entrepreneurial networks on strategic management maturity at the overall level of the responding sample. Finally, the research presented a number of proposals