Portal of Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journals
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Prevalence and Characterization of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Infection among Blood Donors in Erbil
No full textBlood transmitting infectious disease still remains a considerable global health problem. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are two of the most commonly transmitted infectious agents. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted between December, 2017, and February, 2018, at the Directorate of Blood Bank in Erbil Province, Northern Iraq. During that period, a total of 6173 blood donors donated blood; all blood donors were asked a series of questions through a structured questionnaire designed for such purpose. These patients were serologically examined for HBV and HCV. Positive blood samples were further analyzed serologically and confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Among 6173 blood donors who were investigated for HBV, 7 (0.11%) and 98 (1.6%) were positive for hepatitis B urface antigen (HBs-Ag) and hepatitis B core Antibody (HBc-Ab), respectively, whereas during screening for HCV, 4 (0.06%) were positive for HCV-Ab. Coinfection (dual infection (HBV and HCV) was positive in 1 patient (0.01%). Among 98 reactive samples, 75.5% were positive for HBs antibody (HBs-Ab), the remaining 24 samples (24.5%) were regarded as occult hepatitis B infection (OBI), since they were positive for HBc-Ab, whereas negative both for HBs-Ag and HBs-Ab. The diagnosis of OBI could be confirmed by RT-PCR in 8 samples, 33% of samples. The overall incidence of HBV and HCV among examined blood donors was 0.5 %, and 0.06%, respectively. Amidst that incidence, 0.39 % were diagnosed as OBI. To prevent viral transmission through blood transfusion is needed to combine a different and sensitive method for HBV detection as well as volve tests that have high sensitivity and specificity for serological markers. Moreover, a molecular tool that is sensitive enough to detect very low copies of viral DNA must also be developed
The International Protection of Women in Armed Conflicts: Analytical Study
No full textThe protection of women during armed conflicts has from time to time been a matter of concern to the international community in various forms and degrees. The laws of war have regulated the protection of women long before the Geneva Conventions and additional protocols system. The aim of this paper is to highlight the protection that women should be given in armed conflict, also taking into account their special needs
The Legal Nature of the Notary's Obligations Regarding the Validity of the Evidence Documents in Iraqi Law: An Analytical Study
No full textيعتبر توثيق وتنظيم السندات العمود الفقري من الناحية القانونية لكل نظام اقتصادي والضامن الأساسي للمتعاملين، لذا يتمتع هذا الأخير في كل المجتمعات بأهمية بالغة ومكانة هامة، بحيث قام المشرع العراقي بسن قانون خاص بذلك وهو قانون الكتاب العدول ذو رقم (33) لسنة 1998، واوكل مهام توثيق وتنظيم تلك السندات إلى شخص قانوني وسماه الكاتب العدل، واعطاه الثقة والمصداقية في اعماله، وهو يستمد سلطته من القانون، ويتمتع بحقوق وصلاحيات لا يتمتع بها الشخص العادي، أو غيره من الموظفين العدليين، ومنح للمحررات التي يحررها القوة التنفيذية والرسمية فهي واجبة التنفيذ بذاتها بغير حاجة إلى رفع دعوى واستصدار حكم بالحق الثابت فيها، فإن التوثيق والتنظيم يساهم في تحقيق السلم الاجتماعي واستقرار المعاملات بين الأفراد هذا من جهة، ومن جهة أخرى فإن حدث خطأ من جانبه قد يترتب عليه المسؤولية القانونية، لأن الأعمال القانونية للكاتب العدل متنوعة بحيث تتشابك التزامات وواجبات الكاتب العدل الكثيرة على اصحاب العلاقة والمراجعين، فكان لابد من تحديد التزاماته ومعرفة مدى مسؤوليته ونوع الالتزام التي يفرضه القانون المدني في قيامه بواجباته المدنية وتحديد حسن النية لديه من ضمان توثيق المستندات من قبله ليكون أعماله العدلية ذات التوثيق ويبعث الأمان للمتعاملين مع الدائرة العدلية، ولهذا فان هدفنا هو بيان الطبيعة القانونية للالتزام المدني للكاتب العدل في صحة السندات الرسمية في القانون العراقي، ومتى يكٍون التزامه بتحقيق نتيجة أو ببذل عناية تمهيداً لتكييف مسؤوليته القانونية من عدمه.The documentation and regulation of bonds is the backbone from legal perspective for all economic system and the basic guarantee of the clients, so the latter is very important and enjoys in all societies an important place. The Iraqi legislator enacted a special law called ‘the law of the Book of Waiver No. (33) of 1998, documenting and organizing such bonds to a legal person and it is named by the notary public. This will give him confidence and credibility in his business, deriving his authority from the law, and enjoys the rights and powers that are not enjoyed by the average person, or other civil servants, and grants to editors who edited the executive and official power are self-executing without the need to file a claim and issue a ruling on the immutable right. On the one hand, the documentation and organization contributes to the achievement of social peace and stability of transactions between individuals. On the other hand, if there is an error on his part, he may have legal responsibility. This is because the legal acts of the notary public are so varied that the obligations and duties of the notary public are intertwined with the stakeholders and auditors. It was necessary to define his obligations and to know the extent of his responsibility and the type of obligation which is imposed by civil law in carrying out his civil duties. In addition, to determine his good faith to ensure documents are documented by him to be his judicial work and to provide security to the clients of the Justice Department. Therefore, it is our goal to demonstrate the legal nature of the civil obligation of the public notary in the validity of official bonds in Iraqi law, and when it is committed to achieve a result or to make care in preparation for adapting its legal responsibility or not
Effect of Isatis spp. Extraction on the Growth of Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans
No full textIn this study, The crude extraction of Isatis spp. (I.tinctoria, I.busichaina and I. lusitanica) were investigated for their antifungal activity. Each of methanol, ethanol, and H2O was used as a solvent. Due to find the most effective part of each species, the plant parts were used separately. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of the natural product on two common pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger & Candida albicans. The results show that most of the used plants have a significant effect on both used fungal species. Extracted each of flower, I. tinctoria was shown the best results comparing to the other used species. Extracted leaf and flower of I. tinctoria by methanol was show the best result on Aspergillus niger & Candida albicans. The growth zone was around 90mm for control and 61mm at 75% concentration of methanolic and ethanolic extraction. The flower was for followed by the stem. Depend on the results, the methanol was shown the highest number, then ethanol and the lowest inhibition zone area was for H2O extraction.
 
Likelihood Approach for Bayesian Logistic Weighted Model: Missing Completely at Random Case
No full textIncreasing the response rate and minimizing non-response rates represent the primary challenges to researchers in performing longitudinal and cohort research. This is most obvious in the area of paediatric medicine. When there are missing data, complete case analysis makes findings biased. Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) is one of many available approaches for reducing the bias using a complete case analysis. Here, a complete case is weighted by probability inverse of complete cases. The data of this work is collected from the neonatal intensive care unit at Erbil maternity hospital for the years 2012 to 2017. In total, 570 babies (288 male and 282 females) were born very preterm. The aim of this paper is to use inverse probability weighting on the Bayesian logistic model developmental outcome. The Mental Development Index (MDI) approach is used for assessing the cognitive development of those born very preterm. Almost half of the information for the babies was missing, meaning that we do not know whether they have cognitive development issues or they have not. We obtained greater precision in results and standard deviation of parameter estimates which are less in the posterior weighted model in comparison with frequent analysis
Al-Shareef Al-Razi Al-Balagi's approach in his book: Talxess Al-Bayan fi Majazatt Al-Quran
No full textمنهج الشريف الرضي البلاغي في كتابه (تلخيص البيان في مجازات القرآن). لم يُعر الباحثون اهتماما كبيرا بكتاب الشريف الرضي (تلخيص البيان في مجازات القرآن) من الوجهة البلاغية، وهذا كان الدافع الأساس لدراسة كتابه هذا. وتكمن أهمية هذا الكتاب في قدم الزمان الذي ألَّف فيه، إضافة إلى تفرده بدراسة القرآن بلاغيا. وقد قسّمت البحث إلى مبحثين قدمتهما بتوطئة في حياة الرضي العلمية وختمتهما بخاتمة فتوصية، ثم قائمة بالمصادر والمراجع. واعتمدت في دراستي للكتاب على ثلاثة مناهج: المنهج الاستقرائي، فالوصفي، وأخيرا المنهج التحليل. واعتمدت أيضا على نظام "هارفيرد" الأمريكي في توثيق المتن والهوامش والمصادر. وأخيراً، لا أزعم أنني بلغت في هذه الدراسة حدّ الكمال، ولكنني ما تركت من الجهد شيئا، وما أصبت فمن الله تعالى وما أخطأت فمن الشيطان ومن نفسي، والله المستعان
Justifications for Violating International Law in the Field of Sovereign Equality
No full textتتصدر القواعد القانونية الدولية مجموعة القواعد القانونية للمجتمع الإنساني، وذلك لخطورة المسائل التي تعنى بها بالنسبة للجماعات البشرية المختلفة. بالرغم أنها تنبثق كلها ، وإن كانت بدرجات وطرق مختلفة من تعبير الدول السيدة عن إراداتها. وذلك سواء أرادت حقا الاعتراف بالطابع الإلزامي لقاعدة ما، أو نتيجة الالتزام بالعلاقات الاجتماعية الدولية. ومبدأ المساواة في السيادة من القواعد القانونية ، التي تمثل أساس الألتزام وقد يحدث انتهاك لهذه القواعد من بعض الدول، وتستمد المبررات من القوانين الدولية الحــديثة. فالكثير من عوامل الأنتهاك الخفي للقواعد القانونية الدولية، لايمكن الأعتراض عليه لكونه يتفق معها من الناحية النظرية، وتكون نتائجه غير مشروعةInternational legal norms are at the forefront of the legal of the humanitarian community, due to the seriousness of the issues concerned with them for the various human groups. Although they all emerge, albeit in different degrees and ways, from the expression of the will of the sovereign nations. I want to acknowledge the mandatory nature of a rule, or the result of a commitment to international social relations. The principle of equality of sovereignty is one of the legal rules, which constitute the basis of commitment. Violations of these rules may occur from some countries, and the justifications are derived from modern international laws. Many factors account for the invisible violation of international legal norms, which cannot be contested because it agrees with them in theory, and its results are unlawful
Consumers Loyalty Indicator as a Drivers for Satisfaction
No full textThis study focuses on understanding the leading indicators of loyalty among food and nourishments shoppers in two Syrian Malls, Cham City Centre and Massa Plaza, both located in Damascus, the capital of Syria. The research uses descriptive approach; the data were collected from a questionnaire distributed to 110 shoppers in the two shopping malls, 100 valid responses divided (50 answers from Cham City Centre, and 50 from Massa Plaza Mall). The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science to test the hypothesis. The result showed that shopper attitudes toward the store positively related to his fulfilment and loyalty. Also, shoppers call to the store is an indicator of his satisfaction and commitment towards the store. Finally, perceived value is positively related to the four loyalty indicators. The novelty of this article comes from the analysis of the four loyalty indicators as an essential factor for the sustainable customer. Loyal customers are free marketing tools that keep business running and can increase market share
Investigation of the Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Effect on Thyroid and Testosterone Hormones in Male Rats
No full textExposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been increasing steadily, causing more attention being paid to their potential toxicity, including cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effect of ZnO NPs on thyroid hormone triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) as well as testosterone hormone in male adult rats. A total of 54 Sprague-Dawley albino adult male rats were divided into nine groups each of six rats, daily treated intraperitoneal with ZnO NPs two different doses (30 and 60) mg/kg in three different periods of time (7, 14, and 28) days, as following: Control groups (Groups 1, 2, and 3): Respectively received intraperitoneal injection with distilled water for 7, 14, and 28 days, experimental groups (Groups 4, 5, and 6): They were rats, respectively, received intraperitoneal dose (60 mg/kg) of ZnO NPs for (7, 14, and 28) days, and group (7, 8, and 9) experimental groups were rats, respectively, received intraperitoneal dose (30 mg/kg) of ZnO NPs for (7, 14, and 28) days. Data showed high significant decrease (P < 0.01) in level of T3, T4, TSH, and level of testosterone also decrease at high and low dose for 7, 14, and 28 days
Omega-3 Oil Ameliorate Histological and Ultrastructural Alterations Induced by Cadmium Chloride in Rats Testis
No full textCadmium (Cd) is considered to be one of the major environmental pollutants which have potential threat to human health. Reports of declining male fertility have renewed interest in the role of environmental and occupational exposures in the etiology of human infertility. Cd exposure led to obvious degenerative changes in testicular tissue. This study was performed to investigate the Cd-induced structural effects on the testes and to evaluate the possible protective effect of omega-3 oil in adult albino rats. Thirty adult male rats were used in the present work, divided randomly into five groups, six rats in each group; the first group was considered as a control group and left without treatment except the standard rat chow and tap water. The second group was given 40 mg/L of CdCl2 in drinking water while the third group was given 60 mg/L of CdCl2 in drinking water. The fourth group was given 40 mg/L of CdCl2 in drinking water plus omega-3 oil (4 g/kg diet), while the fifth group was given 60 mg/L of CdCl2 in drinking water plus omega-3 oil (4 g/kg diet), the Cd-treated rats showed dose-dependent histological and ultrastructural alterations which have been ameliorated after exposure to omega-3 oil. The present investigation concluded that omega-3 played a protective role against Cd-induced histopathological changes in rat testis