Portal of Cihan University-Erbil Scientific Journals
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The Effect of Custom in the Occurrence of Divorce: A Comparative Study of the Personal Status Law in the Kurdistan Region
No full textالعرف عند الأصوليين هو ما استقر في النفوس من جهة شهادات العقول، وتلقته الطباع السلیمة بالقبول، فهو مصدر من مصارد التشريع الإسلامي إذا توفرت فيه الشروط والضوابط التي وضعها علمائنا الأجلاء. فإذا نظرنا في واقع الناس في كوردستان نجد أنهم تعارفوا على استعمال الطلاق المعلق على شرط أو الحلف به لتقوية عزيمتهم أو حمل غيرهم على فعل شيء أو تركه، كما أنهم يكثرون من صيغة الطلاق الثلاث سواءً بلفظ واحد (أنت طالق ثلاثاً) أو بتكرار اللفظ (أنت طالق أنت طالق أنت طالق) لتأكيد طلاقهم وتغليظه، فهل أعرافهم هذه في الطلاق مؤثرةٌ في الحكم الشرعي من حيث إيقاعه أو عدم إيقاعه واعتباره يميناً في حالة الطلاق المعلق؟ وأيضاً في حالة الطلاق الثلاث هل يعتبر عرفهم في تفسيره بطلقة واحدة مؤكدة وعدم إيقاعه ثلاثاً؟ بعد النظر في أحكام كل من الطلاق المعلق والطلاق الثلاث وأقوال الفقهاء فيها وأدلتهم من أمهات كتب الفقه ومنابعه، وعرض العرف السائد في المسألتين على ضوابط العرف المعتبر تبين لي أن العرف السائد في المسألتين هو عرف معتبر شرعاً ويصح أن يكون دليلاً يعتد به في ترجيح قول على قول؛ لذا ترجّح لدي القول باعتبار قصد المطلق، فإن أراد بتعليق طلاقه اليمين والقسم لم يقع طلاقه ولم تجب عليه الكفارة، أما إن أراد به الطلاق عند تحقق الشرط فيقع طلاقه، وفي مسألة الطلاق الثلاث المسألة فرجحت القول بوقوع الطلاق الثلاث طلقة واحدة فقط. والله ولي التوفيق.
The custom of the fundamentalists is what has settled in the souls in terms of testimonies of minds, and a sound character has accepted it, and it is a source of Islamic legislation if it meets the conditions and controls set by our esteemed scholars. If we look at the reality of people in Kurdistan, we find that they are familiar with the use of a conditional divorce or an oath with it to strengthen their resolve or compel others to do or leave something, and they increase the three forms of divorce, either with one word (you divorce three) or by repeating the word (you Divorce, you are divorced, you are divorced) to confirm their divorce and its enlargement, so do these norms of divorce influence the Sharia ruling in terms of its rhythm or non-infliction and its consideration as an oath in the case of a pending divorce? Also, in the case of the three divorce, is their custom of interpreting it with one confirmed shot and not making it three? After examining the rulings on both pending divorce and the three divorce and the sayings of the jurists therein and their evidence from the mothers of the books of jurisprudence and its sources, and presenting the prevailing custom in the two matters to the rules of established custom, it became clear to me that the prevailing custom in the two issues is a legally considered custom and it is correct to be a reliable guide in favoring a statement over say; Therefore, it is more likely for me to say that considering the intention of the divorced, if he wants to suspend his divorce by oath and the oath, his divorce does not take place and the expiation is not required, but if he wants to divorce when the condition is fulfilled, then his divorce takes place, and in the issue of the three divorce issue, it is more correct to say that the three divorce has occurred only one divorce. God grants success.
 
Analysis the Structures of Some Symmetric Cipher Algorithms Suitable for the Security of IoT Devices
No full textIn the past years, the Internet of Things (IoT) used in different applications and very wide range of fields (e.g. cloud services, smart environments, logistics, social and personal domains, and healthcare services). The IoT included a variety of components and devices such as RFID devices, wireless sensors, actuators, and wireless networks. Also, the IoT with smart devices adopted in various companies, organizations and public services systems. For instance, some devices like Notebooks and smartphones have been used to perform different management activities and duties. These smart devices relied on data exchange and data storage resources in clouds computing services. In this context, the saved data and exchanged data required protection against hacking operations, transferred with more secure communications channels, and safe storage environment in the clouds and local storage systems. In this paper, we proposed some encryption algorithms to tackle the issue of data confidentiality in the IoT applications. This research provided analysis and investigation of these encryption algorithms in light of components of the designs, versions of these algorithms, encryption keys, block size, round functions and the techniques used in the designs
A Study of the Teaching-Learning Challenges of the 21st Century at University ELT Classroom
No full textWith the increased anticipation of a university degree as a requirement for workforce entry, the criticism of business leaders, and the general public, it becomes critical for institutions of higher education to know what they are offering students, especially the English language and how well this subject is being presented. Therefore engaging and preparing students for life after school is a great challenge to teachers and institutions. Through the implementation of new tools and practice, this study was designed to explore the teaching-learning challenges of the 21st century at the university ELT classroom. The researcher administered a questionnaire to 171 students and 40 faculty members from three universities in Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Statistical Package analyzed the data for Social Science, including Descriptive statistical analyses such as the mean and standard deviation, also Pearson Correlation and ANOVA test to compare the groups' responses. The results showed that learning a second/foreign language collaboration skills while in the classroom inside universities is one of the suitable ways for learning in current time. Also, students in universities have been able to assess their collaboration skills when working via group effectively and positively effect their learning of the English language. Finally, the students have tried to develop their skills by using technology as a tool for learning; this is showing as finding in this study that the availability of tools or technology devices positively and effective factor for students to learn second/foreign language and skills in their universities
Level of Ambition and its Relation to the Professional Compatibility of Faculty Members at Private Cihan University-Erbil
No full textيهدف البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على مستوى الطموح (المرتفع-المنخفض) لدى اعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في الجامعة والتعرف على طبيعة العلاقة الارتباطية بين مستويات الطموح (المرتفع-المنخفض) والتوافق المهني لدى اعضاء الهيئة التدريسية في الجامعة . ولتحقيق اهدافه البحث تم الاعتماد على مقياس مستوى الطموح و التوافق المهني وبأتباع المنهج الوصفي، وقد اختيرت عينة البحث بطريقة عشوائية بسيطة حيث بلغت (٥١) عضو هيئة تدريس في جامعة جيهان الأهلية/اربيل. وتم تحليل النتائج باستخدام الحقيبة الاحصائية (SPSS)، وتوصل البحث الى النتائج التالية: أن أغلبية أساتذة الجامعة يتمتعون بمستوى طموح مرتفع. لا توجد علاقة ارتباطية بين مستوى الطموح والتوافق المهني لدى أساتذة الجامعة وكذلك لا توجد علاقة ارتباطية بين مستويات الطموح (المرتفع-المنخفض) والتوافق المهني لدى أساتذة الجامعة.The current study aims to identify the level of ambition (high - low) of faculty members at the university. Also, to identify the nature of the correlation between levels of ambition (high - low) and the professional compatibility of faculty members at the university. To achieve its objectives, the research was based on a measure of the level of ambition and professional compatibility by following the descriptive approach. The samples of the study were fifty-one faculty members randomly chosen from Cihan University-Erbil. SPSS software program was utilized to process the data. The result shows the majority of university lecturers has high ambition, also there is no correlation between ambition and professional compatibility
US Foreign Policy toward Iran between the Obama and Trump Administrations
No full textباتّ التباين في استخدام أدوات السياسة الخارجية أمراً مفروغاً منه حينما يتعاقب على حُكم البيت الأبيض الجمهوريون والديمقراطيون، فنجد أنّ هنالك جدل واسع في هذا النطاق بين مدى استخدام سياسة صارمة في ظل حكم الجمهوريين، مع اللجوء إلى اعتماد سياسة مرنة مع حكم الديمقراطيين. وكنتيجة لتباين الرؤى بين الإدارتين المتعاقبتين على حكم الولايات المتحدة ظهرت كثير من الاختلافات في الأدوات المستخدمة من قبل الإدارتين في التعاطي مع واحدة من أهم القضايا التي شكلت تحدياً خطيراً أمام الولايات المتحدة والتي تمثّلت بالتعامل مع الملف النووي الإيراني، أو بالعموم كيفية التعامل مع إيران كدولة تتسم بهيمنة الآيديولوجيا الدينية على الفكر السياسي لإدارة الدولة، فضلاً عن استخدام إيران لعقيدتها الدينية في سبيل تعزيز مكانتها في المنطقة والعالم. وكان تباين أدوات السياسة الخارجية اللأمريكية اتجاه إيران ذي أثر أثر كبير على العالم ككل، من حيث أنه عزز من الانقسام الدولي في التعاطي مع تلك السياسة بين متوافق ومعارض، مما زعزع من وحدة المجتمع الدولي مما فسح المجال للفاعلين الآخرين سواء أكانو دولاً أم غيرها من التأثير على الأمن والسلم الدولي بالشكل التي أثّر على الاستقرار السياسي لبعض الدول، لا سيّما في الشرق الأوسط. The variation in the use of foreign policy tools has become a foregone conclusion when the rule of the White House is succeeded by Republicans and Democrats. We find that there is a wide debate in this range between the extents to which strict policy is used under Republican rule, with the resort to adopting a flexible policy with the rule of Democrats. As a result of the divergence of views between the two successive administrations on the rule of the United States, many differences emerged in the tools used by the two administrations in dealing with one of the most important issues that posed a serious challenge to the United States, which was dealing with the Iranian nuclear file, or in general how to deal with Iran as a country characterized by with the dominance of religious ideology over the political thought of running the state, in addition to Iran's use of its religious belief in order to strengthen its position in the region and the world. The divergence of the United States foreign policy tools towards Iran had a great impact on the world as a whole, in that it strengthened the international division in dealing with that policy between compatible and opposing ones, which undermined the unity of the international community, thus giving way to other actors, whether states or others, on international security and peace in a way that affected the political stability of some countries, especially in the Middle East
The Impact of Using the Digital Records Chain "Block Chain" Technology on the Environment of Accounting Transactions
No full textهدفت الدراسة إلى التعرف على أثر استخدام تكنولوجيا سلسلة السجلات الرقمية "البلوك تشين" على بيئة المعاملات المحاسبية، اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وتم استخدام الاستبانة كأداة للدراسة، وتوصلت الدراسة لمجموعة من النتائج أهمها، أن استخدام تكنولوجيا سلسة السجلات الرقمية "البلوك تشين" في البنوك المدرجة في بورصة فلسطين سيتم من خلاله المعالجة والاحتفاظ بسجلات للعمليات المالية دائمة في دفتر أستاذ عام لا مركزي موزع قادر على تخزين وتأكيد العمليات التي تمر عبره.، وأوصت الدراسة العمل على استخدام تكنولوجيا سلسلة السجلات الرقمية "البلوك تشين" التي تعتمد على استبدال طريقة المحاسبة وفقاً للقيد المزدوج في المعالجة المحاسبية للمعاملات المالية، حيث يتم إجراء المعاملات المالية والسجلات الرقمية ويخزن البيانات المالية في كتل محمية بالتشفير والتي يتم التحقق من سلامتها باستمرارThe study aimed to identify the impact of the use of digital records chain "block chain" technology on the environment of accounting transactions. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for the study. In the banks listed on the Palestine Exchange, through which permanent financial transaction records will be processed and maintained in a distributed decentralized general ledger capable of storing and confirming the transactions that pass through it. The study recommended working on the use of block chain technology, which depends on replacing the method Double-entry accounting In the accounting treatment of financial transactions, financial transactions are made and digital records are made and financial data is stored in cryptographically protected blocks whose integrity is constantly checked
The Cultural Diversity in the Workplace
No full textThis research paper presents the workplace cultural diversity of a developing country (Iraq) and its role to make the position is better than before. This paper will examine the vision of diversity, diversity in an organization, and the cultural diversity in the workplace, and its role to help the organization in its success. The research methods were used to recognize the importance of cultural diversity, using a framework with specific measures, to evaluate the points of view of administrators and decision-makers in a number of companies in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The researchers concluded that many of the respondents didn’t complain or suffer from racism in their companies in Kurdistan region of Iraq, and many of the respondents believe that their companies encourage the cultural diversity. Also, the researchers recommend that organizations in Kurdistan region of Iraq should organize conferences, meetings, and seminars to encourage the cultural diversity
Out-of-class English Practicing: Students of Private Universities in the Iraqi Kurdistan Region as a Case Study
No full textResearch in Second/Foreign language learning indicates that using English outside of the classroom is an essential part of the language learning process. However, certain studies have been cared out on university-level EFL students indicate that students use English minimally when outside of the classroom. This study furthers the research on English use outside of the classroom to more fully understand out-of-d all types of language learners and the link between language proficiency and out-of-class English language use. For methodology, three private universities in Erbil are concerned. The tools that are used in this study is a questionnaire and also interview. Validity and reliabilities are regarded here. The aims are to investigate the use of of-out-of class activity type that promotes using English and even their attitudes toward the benefits of using English outside of class. Research explores some recommendations to English language departments in the three universities which are helpful for the students’ language proficiency, the research also provides some suggestions for further studies
The Relationship between Development and Human Rights in Public International Law
No full textيتناول البحث العلاقة القانونية بين التنمية وحقوق الإنسان، ويبدأ من مفهوم التنمية كحق من حقوق الإنسان، ويسير نحو الأساس القانوني لهذه العلاقة من خلال الصكوك الدولية التي تضمنت هذا الحق وصولا نحو إعلان الحق في التنمية كوثيقة قانونية عالمية عام 1986. واخيرا الضمانات الدولية لتجسيد إعمال الحق في التنمية. توصل البحث إلى جملة من النتائج : إن الحق في التنمية حق مركب من مجموعة من الحقوق المدنية و السياسية و الحقوق الاقتصادية و الاجتماعية، فالتنمية بالإنسان و للإنسان، لأن هدفها النهائي هو التحسين الدائم لرفاهية جميع السكان على اساس مشاركتهم الكاملة في عملية التنمية، وتوزيع الفوائد الناتجة عنها توزيعا عادلا. لما كان الحق في التنمية جزء من حقوق الإنسان غير القابلة للتجزئة و التنازل عنها، ويقع إعماله على عاتق الافراد و الدول و المجتمع الدولي، حتى لا يكون حبيس المواثيق و المؤتمرات و الإعلانات الدولية عليه نوصي بمجموعة من التوصيات: إقرار حق المساواة في الحق في التنمية على الصعيد الوطني، بإتاحة الفرص للجميع في للوصول إلى الموارد الأساسية لإشباع الحاجات الأساسية المتمثلة في: توفير الغذاء، الرعاية الصحية، التعليم، وإنشاء صندوق وطني خاص لهذه الحقوق الثلاث. و التأكيد على سيادة الدول على ثرواتها لأجل تسخيرها في إعمال الحق في التنمية.The research deals with the legal relationship between development and human rights, and starts from the concept of development as a human right, and proceeds towards the legal basis for this relationship through international instruments that included this right, leading to the declaration of the right to development as a global legal document in 1986. Finally, international guarantees to embody the realization of the right in development. The research reached a number of results: The right to development is a composite right of a group of civil, political, economic and social rights. Development is by man and by man, because it’s ultimate goal is the permanent improvement of the well-being of all residents on the basis of their full participation in the development process, and the distribution of benefits resulting in a fair distribution. Since the right to development is part of human rights that are indivisible and waived, and its implementation falls on the shoulders of individuals, states and the international community, so that it is not trapped in international conventions, conferences and declarations, we recommend a set of recommendations: Endorsing the right to equality in the right to development At the national level, by providing opportunities for everyone to access basic resources to satisfy the basic needs represented in: providing food, health care, education, and establishing a special national fund for these three rights. Emphasizing the sovereignty of states over their wealth in order to harness them in realizing the right to development
Enhancing Wireless Sensor Networks Routing Protocols based on Cross Layer Interaction
No full textWireless sensor networks aim to develop a smart city based on sensing environment. The routing protocols of wireless sensor networks is important to transfer the data in smart cities since sensor nodes have limited power and transmission range. The aim of this research is to enhance wireless sensor networks routing protocols based on proposed cross-layer interaction between physical layer and network layer also a proposed routing table information of wireless sensor nodes is developed to consider the transmission power of neighbor’s nodes to determine the next hop. Cross-layer interaction provides a useful information and effective adaptation for WSN routing protocols. As a result, the proposed routing protocol shows an improvement in network performance when number of intermediate nodes are minimized