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3D PRINTED BIOMATERIALS IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
No full textThis review provides a comprehensive and methodologically structured analysis of advancements in additive manufacturing (AM) and bioprinting for dental and maxillofacial reconstruction between 2017 and 2025. AM has become an essential component of personalised medicine, enabling the fabrication of patient‑specific implants, functional scaffolds, and biologically active constructs that enhance surgical precision and regenerative outcomes. The rapid development of titanium lattice frameworks, bioactive ceramics, biodegradable polymers, and hybrid multimaterial systems has significantly improved the biomechanical and biological performance of craniofacial reconstructions. Concurrently, innovations in bioprinting—including next‑generation bioinks, cell‑laden hydrogels, microvascularisation strategies, and tissue‑specific regeneration—have expanded the potential for restoring dental pulp, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and soft tissues using biologically integrated constructs. This review synthesises data from 164 peer‑reviewed publications, outlining key technological progress, material innovations, in vitro and in vivo biological responses, translational findings, and clinical outcomes. Despite substantial progress, challenges persist, including vascularisation of large constructs, long‑term immunomodulatory behaviour, standardisation of evaluation protocols, and regulatory integration into clinical practice. Future directions highlight the growing impact of AI‑assisted design, automated point‑of‑care manufacturing, and 4D dynamic biomaterials capable of functional adaptation. Overall, AM and bioprinting are positioned to become central technologies shaping the next generation of personalised maxillofacial reconstruction
RSV PREVENTION IN OLDER ADULTS: A MINI REVIEW OF APPROVED VACCINES
No full textRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of severe respiratory illness, imposing a substantial global health burden on older adults. For decades, the development of a safe and effective vaccine for adults was hindered by challenges, including the experience with an early formalin-inactivated vaccine that caused enhanced disease. A recent advancement in vaccinology, based on structure-guided design of immunogens that stabilize the viral fusion (F) glycoprotein in its prefusion form, has enabled the development and approval of three vaccines for older adults - two protein subunit vaccines: Arexvy, Abrysvo and one mRNA based mRESVIA. This review, based on studies identified through PubMed and Google Scholar using various keywords combinations, introduces the recently approved RSV vaccines, their composition, clinical efficacy, duration of protection, and uptake. Studies have shown that a single dose of these vaccines provides up to 82.6% efficacy against RSV-associated lower respiratory tract disease and 71.7% efficacy against RSV-associated acute respiratory infection within a single RSV season, highlighting their potential to reduce the burden of RSV in this population. As RSV infections continue to pose a significant risk and these vaccines have only been approved within the past two years, it is crucial to raise awareness about preventive measures
ANTITUSSIVE PHARMACOTHERAPY IN ACUTE COUGH: EFFICACY, SAFETY, AND CURRENT CLINICAL EVIDENCE
No full textBackground: Acute viral cough is one of the most frequent reasons for primary-care consultation, yet evidence for commonly used antitussive agents varies widely. This review synthesizes current data on the pathophysiology, efficacy, safety, and clinical recommendations guiding antitussive pharmacotherapy.
Methods: This review synthesizes current evidence on antitussive pharmacotherapy in acute cough in adults and children. A narrative review of eligible publications indexed in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from 2013–2025 was conducted, prioritizing systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, pharmacovigilance studies, and clinical guidelines. Search terms included “acute cough”, “antitussive”, “dextromethorphan”, “codeine”, “hydrocodone”, “levodropropizine”, “butamirate”, “benzonatate”, “ivy leaf”, “Pelargonium sidoides”, and “honey”. Relevant studies were screened and qualitatively analyzed.
Results: Acute viral cough arises from inflammatory sensitization of airway sensory pathways and heightened brainstem cough-reflex responsiveness. Opioid antitussives demonstrate limited symptomatic benefit and present substantial safety concerns, particularly in pediatric populations. Centrally acting non-opioid agents, such as dextromethorphan, show modest and inconsistent efficacy with dose-dependent toxicity. Peripherally acting antitussives—notably levodropropizine—exhibit more consistent reductions in cough severity with favorable tolerability. Complementary agents, including ivy leaf extract, Pelargonium sidoides, and honey in children over one year, offer modest symptomatic benefit with strong safety profiles. Contemporary guidelines consistently discourage routine antitussive use and emphasize the self-limiting nature of acute viral cough.
Conclusion: Evidence supports a cautious, symptom-targeted approach to pharmacologic therapy in acute viral cough, prioritizing safety and reserving antitussives for selected clinical scenarios
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ADAPTED PHYSICAL AND SPORTS ACTIVITIES AND THEIR ROLE IN THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF A SAMPLE OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES (DEAF–MUTE GROUP) WITHIN SOCIETY ALONGSIDE THEIR HEALTHY PEERS
No full textThe present study aimed to determine the level of social inclusion among a sample of persons with disabilities (the deaf–mute group) who practice adapted physical and sports activities alongside their healthy peers within society. We also sought to examine the statistical significance of differences across participants in terms of age and sex. To achieve these objectives, the researcher employed a descriptive research design. Data were collectedvia a final 19-item questionnaire to measure inclusion, which was administered to a sample of 43 participants and was distributed by sex and age. After appropriate statistical procedureswere applied, the study revealed that participants' inclusion was moderate. The findings further indicated that there were no statistically significant differences among participants attributable to sex or age
NUTRITIONAL INTERVENTION IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN DIAGNOSED WITH OBESITY
No full textChildhood obesity already affects ~8-9 % of 2 to 5 year‑olds and predicts later cardiometabolic disease. This review a) clarifies current diagnostic criteria for preschool obesity; b) maps key environmental and behavioral drivers; and c) assesses nutrition‑focused interventions delivered at family, preschool and policy levels.
BMI for age still underpins WHO, CDC and IOTF charts; severe obesity cut offs and waist measures refine risk. Obesogenic pressures arise from energy‑dense home diets, fast food outlets, poor produce access and persuasive digital marketing. Roughly 40 RCTs show that high‑intensity (≥25 h) family programs pairing parental skill‑building with home food restructuring lower BMI‑z by up to -0.59 and maintain ≈ -0.20 after 2 y. Preschool curricula shave -0.10 to -0.12 BMI‑z across populations. Fiscal levers sugar‑sweetened‑beverage taxes, meal standards, front‑of‑pack warnings and advertising restrictions produce small but often equity‑enhancing shifts and act synergistically with micro‑environmental changes.
Evidence favors early, layered action: precise growth surveillance, intensive family‑centered treatment, healthy preschool food policies and equity‑oriented regulation. Scaling integrated bundles with high fidelity and long follow‑up could curb the projected 42 % rise in early childhood obesity by 2035. Research needs include cost‑effectiveness of digital adjuncts, natural experiment tests of zoning and marketing reforms, and systems models quantifying interactive impacts of combined policy packages
RECOMMENDED VACCINATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES IN POLAND: AN ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS
No full textResearch objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a significant global public health challenge. The core of the disease is impaired carbohydrate metabolism, primarily manifesting as chronic hyperglycemia, which results from a relative or absolute deficiency in insulin secretion, accompanied by varying degrees of peripheral insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia is thought to impair immune function, thereby reducing the body's capacity to contain and eliminate invading pathogens effectively. Therefore, individuals with diabetes are more susceptible to infections. This article aims to provide an overview of adult vaccination recommendations, with a particular focus on modifications relevant to individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: The authors searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using phrases such as “Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,” “Vaccination,” “Recommendations,” and “Immunization”. Boolean operators such as “AND” and “OR” were applied to refine and optimize the search results. Articles published in English between January 2016 and June 2025 were considered. Additional articles were identified by screening the bibliographies of studies retrieved through the database searches.
Key findings and conclusions: T2D is a risk factor for severe infectious diseases, as well as infectious diseases can worsen the control of T2D. Therefore, patients burdened with this disease should be especially encouraged to receive immunizations during any contact with health care
A SCIENTIFIC-METHODOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF SHIPPING CONTAINER LINES ON SEA ROUTES
Get PDFThe research aims to develop a methodology to justify the feasibility of creating container shipping lines in Georgia under conditions of growing external negative influences.
To achieve this goal, the following objectives were set and solved in the work: an analysis of the factors that influence the competitive positions of container lines in the Southern Sea Route transport market was carried out; the main scientific approaches to the creation of national container lines were discussed; a scientific and methodological approach to the development of a Georgian transport container line has been proposed
REVISIONS TO SECURITY POLICIES IN CENTRAL ASIAN NATIONS
Get PDFCentral Asian countries, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, face various political challenges, including internal reforms, government stability, and democratic transformations. Each of these countries experiences unique political processes that vary depending on their historical and cultural context.
This article explores the changing security policies and international relationships of Central Asian countries in response to recent geopolitical events, notably the Russo-Ukrainian conflict. It discusses how these nations are expanding their diplomatic, economic, and security ties beyond their traditional dependence on Russia.
The paper highlights key diplomatic efforts, such as the first US-Central Asia Summit in 2023 and increased engagement with China, while addressing the complex security challenges they face, especially in relation to terrorism threats from Afghanistan. The analysis shows how Central Asian states are navigating relationships with major powers like Russia, China, and the US, as well as engaging with regional players such as Turkey, Iran, and India.
The article underscores the impact of commitments to the Collective Security Treaty Organization and how the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine has prompted these nations to reassess their security alliances and pursue greater autonomy in their foreign policy choices. This strategic shift reflects a broader trend towards multi-faceted diplomacy as Central Asian countries strive to safeguard their sovereignty while balancing diverse international interests in the region.
Understanding the political processes in Central Asia is important for developing effective strategies to support stability and sustainable development in the region, such as Regional Security, Terrorism and Extremism, Ethnic and Religious Conflicts, Border Security, Resource Competition, External Influences, State Fragility and Governance Challenges
NATIONAL UNITY AND ITS RISKS
Get PDFMongolians have a long history of prioritizing the growth of their nation, enhancing the well-being of their citizens, and safeguarding the independence of their country through unity. Values such as democracy, freedom, and solidarity are essential for the people to uphold. Despite strong nationalism, without unity, it is ineffective. Experts in politics and social sciences warn that our nation is in danger of losing its national unity and descending into division. This division can be seen in various aspects, including ethnicity, geography, social status, standard of living and education, political and religious beliefs, perspectives, wealth, income, and influence. Therefore, an analysis of the risk factors that threaten national unity is conducted, comparing them to the current challenges facing Mongolia's unity, and some findings are presented.
This article highlights the importance of safeguarding our Mongolian national identity from external influences and establishing a cohesive national identity that can withstand present and future challenges.
This underscores the immediate need to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the underlying causes, external and internal threats, and influencing factors through the lens of internal security, in order to formulate an effective strategy to counter these threats
HOW DOES THE WORK SHIFT AFFECT THE EMOTIONAL STATE AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS OF POLICE OFFICERS?
Get PDFLaw enforcement is a demanding profession, characterized by high levels of occupational stress, unpredictable environments, and non-standard work schedules. Among the various occupational stressors, irregular and extended work schedules have emerged as significant contributors to police officers’ emotional strain and deteriorating interpersonal relationships. This study explores how work schedules affect the psychological well-being and personal lives of police officers, drawing from studies in occupational health, psychology, and criminal justice.
Methods: The quantitative research methods as survey, and measurement scale were used based on constructive approach. 100 police members participated in the study during 2024-2025 years. The positive statistical correlation was mentioned between work shift and emotional issues of the police members (officers, and sergeants). More longer work hours were observed more emotional problems, and burnout syndrome in their mental and physical states. These findings highlight the need for law enforcement agencies to consider the human cost of scheduling practices and to implement systemic changes that promote both officer well-being and public safety