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TACKLING ANOREXIA: CURRENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS IN TREATMENT STRATEGIES
No full textAnorexia nervosa is a severe psychiatric disorder characterized by persistent food restriction, distorted body image, and an intense fear of weight gain. It exhibits one of the highest mortality rates among mental illnesses, second only to opioid use disorder. This review synthesizes current evidence on the etiology, diagnosis, comorbidities, and treatment of anorexia nervosa. The multifactorial pathogenesis includes genetic, neurobiological, psychological, and sociocultural components. Diagnostic criteria according to ICD-11 emphasize low body weight and behavioral patterns of restrictive eating. anorexia nervosa frequently coexists with medical complications affecting cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems, which contribute to its high morbidity and mortality. The review evaluates established psychological treatments, and family-based therapy, and highlights the limited and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, including antidepressants and antipsychotics. Emerging treatments ranging from intranasal oxytocin, cannabinoids, and ketamine to neuromodulatory methods like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and virtual reality therapy show promise, but require further validation. The paper also explores inpatient care, alternative therapies (acupuncture, electroconvulsive therapy), and interventions targeting complications such as bone density loss. Despite significant advancements, relapse rates remain high, and recovery is often incomplete, underscoring the urgent need for individualized, multidisciplinary treatment approaches and further research into mechanism-based and integrative therapies
OTITIS MEDIA: CURRENT INSIGHTS INTO ACUTE, CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE, AND EFFUSIVE FORMS
No full textOtitis media, encompassing acute otitis media (AOM), chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), and otitis media with effusion (OME), is among the most prevalent pediatric disorders worldwide and a leading cause of medical consultations and surgical interventions in children. Acute otitis media is most common in infants and young children, with Streptococcus pneumoniae and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae as the primary bacterial pathogens, often in association with viral infections. Management strategies vary according to disease type and severity, ranging from observation and antibiotic therapy to surgical approaches in complicated cases. Chronic suppurative otitis media represents a long-standing inflammatory condition characterized by persistent ear discharge and tympanic membrane perforation, frequently requiring surgical management such as tympanoplasty. Otitis media with effusion, in turn, is primarily associated with middle ear fluid accumulation and hearing impairment, often managed with tympanostomy tube insertion or adenoidectomy in recurrent or persistent cases. Preventive measures, especially pneumococcal vaccination, play an essential role in reducing the incidence of otitis media and its complications. Despite advances in diagnostics and treatment, the growing number of intratemporal and intracranial complications highlights the importance of early recognition, individualized therapeutic approaches, and interdisciplinary collaboration. In conclusion, effective management of otitis media requires integration of pharmacological, surgical, and preventive strategies, supported by evidence-based guidelines and further clinical research to optimize outcomes and reduce disease burden
TUMOR RELATED EPILEPSY - CASE REPORT AND LITERATURE REVIEW AND COMPARISON
No full textTumor-related epilepsy is a recognized entity in pediatric neurology, most often linked to low-grade epilepsy-associated tumors (LEATs). We report the case of a 13-year-old girl presenting with two generalized tonic-clonic seizures, after which MRI revealed a small right occipital/parietal cortical lesion, radiologically suggestive of a low-grade glial tumor, most consistent with ganglioglioma. The patient developed obesity, depressive disorder with suicide attempt, and self-harming behaviors, which complicated her clinical course. Despite antiepileptic therapy, seizure control remained suboptimal due to irregular medication use. Neurosurgical evaluation recommended resection after further imaging with neuronavigation, but surgery was postponed. This case highlights the challenges of managing epilepsy associated with extratemporal LEATs and underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes neurology, neurosurgery, psychiatry, and oncology to address both neurological and psychosocial outcomes. The literature case reports comparison highligts the different symptoms, treatment methods and treatment outcomes of treatment of tumor related epilepsy. It is important to perform imagining after seziures occured
HAEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS AS A COMPLICATION OF VIRAL INFECTION IN A CHILD- CASE REPORT
No full textIntroduction and objective: Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome that may follow viral infections. We present a case of a 12-month-old boy who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and fulfilled HLH diagnostic criteria following influenza A virus infection. Extensive diagnostics excluded a genetic cause. Treatment based on the HLH-2018 protocol led to full recovery. This case emphasizes the importance of considering HLH in infants with severe systemic inflammation and coagulopathy, even in the absence of EBV infection. Early recognition and appropriate therapy are essential to improve outcomes.
Results. This case report describes a 12-month-old boy with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) following influenza A infection. Despite negative genetic testing, the patient met HLH diagnostic criteria. Treatment per HLH-2018 protocol was successful. The case underscores the importance of early recognition of HLH in viral infections beyond Epstein-Barr virus
BENEFITS AND RISKS OF PACIFIER USE - A NARRATIVE REVIEW ON THE MEDICAL IMPACT OF PACIFIER USE DURING INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
No full textBackground: Pacifier use remains a common practice during infancy and early childhood worldwide that has both benefits and risks. Its use has become highly prevalent in recent years and is sometimes considered overused, as it provides an easy and convenient method for calming and soothing children.
Objective: This review aims to summarize current scientific evidence regarding pacifier use focusing on both positive and negative outcomes to provide an overview that may help with the establishment of the clinical recommendations.
Methods: A narrative review of different randomized controlled trials and cohort studies investigating the positive and negative impacts of pacifier use such as SIDS risk, pain management, otitis media, dental malocclusions and breast-feeding.
Results: The reviewed studies indicate that pacifier use reduces risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and is an effective way of pain management during minor medical procedures. However, evidence shows an association between pacifier use and increased incidence of acute otitis media, dental malocclusions in cases of prolonged use and negative impact on breastfeeding when introduced before lactation is well established.
Conclusion: The evidence supports selective use of pacifier, particularly during the first year of life with its introduction delayed until breastfeeding is well established, which happens usually around 1 month of age. Its use should be limited mainly to sleep periods and gradually limited by 12 months of age. Proper timing and restricted duration are key to maximising benefits while reducing risks
THE IMPACT OF VORTIOXETINE ON SEXUAL FUNCTION: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF AVAILABLE CLINICAL DATA AND PHARMACOLOGICAL MECHANISMS
No full textBackground: Sexual dysfunction is a common and often treatment-limiting side effect of antidepressants, especially SSRIs and SNRIs, impacting quality of life, adherence, and clinical outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).
Objective: This systematic review assesses clinical and neurobiological evidence on the effects of vortioxetine—a multimodal antidepressant—on sexual function, comparing it to other antidepressants and exploring its potential to alleviate SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library) through June 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. Included studies reported on sexual outcomes in adults treated with vortioxetine, using validated tools such as ASEX or CSFQ.
Results: Vortioxetine was consistently associated with lower rates of treatment-emergent sexual dysfunction (TESD) than conventional SSRIs and SNRIs. Rates ranged from 1.1% to 16.2%, often similar to placebo and markedly lower than with paroxetine or venlafaxine. Case studies and observational data suggested vortioxetine may also improve pre-existing sexual dysfunction, including post-SSRI sexual dysfunction (PSSD), particularly in libido and orgasmic function. The most favorable outcomes were seen at doses between 5–15 mg/day.
Conclusions: Vortioxetine shows a favorable sexual tolerability profile and may reverse SSRI-induced sexual dysfunction. Its multimodal serotonergic activity likely underpins these benefits. While evidence supports its use in patients at risk for or experiencing TESD, more head-to-head trials with standardized outcome measures are needed
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF SARCOPENIA IN THE PREVENTION OF FALLS IN THE ELDERLY
No full textObjective: The aim of this study was to identify early diagnostic methods and determine their importance, as well as to establish effective treatment methods for sarcopenia in preventing falls in older adults.
Materials: A detailed literature review was conducted using the Scholar and PubMed databases for peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2025. Systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and relevant clinical guidelines were included.
Conclusions: Sarcopenia is a significant, yet modifiable, risk factor for falls in older adults. Early diagnosis and symptom detection, combined with multifaceted therapeutic interventions can significantly reduce the number of falls, improve quality of life, and reduce healthcare costs
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE, RECOVERY AND SLEEP QUALITY IN ATHLETES – A LITERATURE REVIEW FROM THE LAST 5 YEARS
No full textThis review summarizes current evidence on the multifaceted effects of caffeine supplementation in the context of physical performance and recovery. Caffeine has been shown to enhance endurance, strength, power, and cognitive functions essential for competitive sports through physiological and neurological mechanisms. Additionally, caffeine contributes to recovery by reducing muscle soreness, accelerating neuromuscular restoration, and supporting mental readiness. However, its impact on sleep quality and duration presents a significant challenge, as improper timing or excessive intake can impair recovery and performance. Individual variability in caffeine metabolism and sensitivity necessitates personalized strategies to maximize benefits while minimizing adverse effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort, cardiovascular stimulation, nervousness, and dependence. Careful consideration of dosage, timing, and individual health status is crucial for safe and effective caffeine use in athletic populations. Overall, caffeine remains a valuable ergogenic aid when integrated thoughtfully into training and recovery regimens
INTERPRETATION CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH ANALYTICAL TERMS FOR EFL LEARNERS: A LINGUISTIC STUDY OF SEMANTIC TRANSPARENCY AND CONTEXTUAL CUES
No full textThis study explores the interpretation challenges posed by English analytical terms among B2-level EFL learners, emphasizing the multidimensional factors that influence semantic comprehension. Analytical terms—lexical units encoding complex, domain-specific concepts—are ubiquitous in academic and professional discourse but often lack semantic transparency, creating significant cognitive and linguistic barriers for non-native speakers. Employing a mixed-methods design, the research investigates learner engagement with selected terms from the EMN (European Migration Network) Asylum and Migration Glossary across three stages: a structured questionnaire, a multiple-choice test on isolated terms, and a contextualized comprehension task. The analysis examines how linguistic phenomena such as polysemy, synonymy, and homonymy contribute to semantic ambiguity and misinterpretation, and evaluates the role of contextual metadata—definitions, examples, and usage cues—in facilitating accurate comprehension. Findings indicate that learners struggle to interpret analytical terms when presented in isolation, particularly when lexical components do not transparently reflect the underlying institutional or conceptual meaning. Terms such as talent partnership and single permit exemplify how semantic opacity and cross-contextual variation hinder intuitive understanding. However, comprehension improves markedly when terms are embedded in authentic discourse, underscoring the importance of contextual framing.
The study also identifies learner strategies for decoding and retaining specialized vocabulary, including contextual inference, morphological analysis, and reliance on prior domain exposure. By integrating linguistic, cognitive, and contextual dimensions, this research contributes to both terminology studies and EFL pedagogy. It highlights the pedagogical imperative to incorporate term-focused instruction into curriculum design and to develop targeted resources that enhance learners’ accuracy, fluency, and confidence in navigating academic and professional texts
COFFEE – A DAILY PLEASURE OR A SILENT ENEMY TO YOUR HEALTH?
No full textIntroduction and purpose of the study: Coffee has been one of the most commonly consumed stimulants for over 100 years. When it first became popular, it was praised as a remedy for various ailments, although at the time there was no scientific basis for such claims. Later publications reported on the harmful effects of coffee consumption, but over the last 20-30 years, studies have increasingly confirmed the benefits of moderate coffee consumption. The aim of this study is to review the literature on the effects of coffee consumption.
Material and methods: A review of publications in Polish medical literature and the PubMed database was conducted using the keywords: coffee, caffeine, health effects.
Results: Studies confirm the benefits of moderate coffee consumption for the cardiovascular system, neurological health, and metabolism. There is a group of contraindications, mainly related to excessive caffeine consumption, which causes a risk of addiction, adverse behavioral symptoms, and tachycardia.
Conclusions: Drinking coffee in moderate amounts is safe for health. Pregnant and breastfeeding women and people at risk of osteoporosis should consider avoiding coffee or limiting its consumption. The individual effects of coffee consumption should be identified to determine whether drinking this beverage causes headaches or sleep disturbances in a given case