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CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICITY OF ANABOLIC-ANDROGENIC STEROIDS IN RECREATIONAL ATHLETES: MECHANISMS, CLINICAL PHENOTYPES, AND A PRACTICAL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH
No full textNon-medical use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) has expanded beyond elite sports and is common among recreational strength trainees. Chronic supraphysiologic exposure is associated with adverse cardiovascular (CV) remodeling, accelerated atherosclerosis, and excess mortality. This review synthesizes evidence on AAS-associated CV toxicity and proposes a pragmatic diagnostic approach. Current data describe distinct clinical features in users: (i) often reversible cardiometabolic disturbances (dyslipidaemia, hypertension), (ii) structural remodeling, notably concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, (iii) impaired global longitudinal strain that can persist years after cessation, and (iv) premature coronary plaque burden linked to cumulative lifetime exposure. Furthermore, cardiac PET/CT studies indicate persistent coronary microvascular dysfunction, while registry cohorts confirm increased CV disease rates. Consequently, AAS use should be considered a major, under-recognized CV risk factor. We propose a phenotype-based assessment integrating non-judgmental history-taking, athlete-specific ECG interpretation, echocardiography with strain, and selective use of CMR and CCTA. Management should prioritize cessation support, harm reduction, and guideline-directed therapy tailored to the specific clinical phenotype (e.g., cardiomyopathy or coronary disease)
THE EFFECTS OF IRON DEFICIENCY ON NEUROTRANSMISSION AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFIron, though required by the body in only trace amounts, is quietly indispensable for the healthy maturation and continued function of the brain. Its passage into the central nervous system is no accident; rather, it is subject to rigorous control, with the blood–brain barrier’s transferrin receptor system acting as a gatekeeper. When this delicate equilibrium is disturbed—whether by deficit or surplus—the consequences are far-reaching. Neuronal signalling falters, mitochondria become less efficient, and measurable drops in cognitive performance begin to appear. Among the neurotransmitter networks, the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and glutamatergic pathways seem especially sensitive to fluctuations in iron status, and their impairment is most evident in memory, learning, and behaviour. Infants and children, along with pregnant women and patients contending with chronic illness, are particularly vulnerable; for some, these neurodevelopmental effects may linger long after the original insult. While supplementing iron frequently reverses the deficiency, an overzealous approach can tip the scales toward toxicity. The art of clinical management lies in tailoring iron repletion to individual needs, ensuring robust neurodevelopment without courting the hazards of excess
IMPACT OF SUGAR ALCOHOLS ON ORAL HEALTH – A LITERATURE REVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction and Purpose: Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases worldwide, with sucrose recognized as a key dietary factor in its development. As a result, sucrose substitutes have gained increasing attention as potential tools in caries prevention. Among them, xylitol, sorbitol, and erythritol are the most extensively studied. Xylitol is not fermented by Streptococcus mutans and may help reduce bacterial growth and adhesion. Sorbitol is less cariogenic than sucrose, but can still be slowly fermented by certain microorganisms. Erythritol is not fermented at all and may even help reduce plaque and improve the balance of the oral biofilm.
The aim of this study is to summarize what is currently known about sucrose substitutes in relation to oral health, with a particular focus on xylitol, sorbitol and erythritol.
Materials and Methods: The review is based on throughout analysis of the materials selected from PubMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar using the following keywords: xylitol, sorbitol, erythritol, sucrose substitutes, sugar alcohols, oral health.
Conclusions: The available evidence indicates that xylitol and erythritol are the most beneficial sucrose substitutes for oral health. Erythritol reduces plaque most effectively, inhibits Streptococcus mutans, and slows caries progression, while xylitol lowers bacterial levels with less consistent effects on plaque, and sorbitol is the least protective. To strengthen these findings and develop clear guidelines for polyol use in dentistry, further well-designed long-term trials are necessary
DRUG-RESISTANT EPILEPSY – CURRENT TREATMENT STRATEGIES AND FUTURE THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
Get PDFDrug-resistant epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by persistent seizures despite the use of appropriate pharmacotherapy. This condition significantly deteriorates patients’ quality of life, in-creases the risk of psychiatric disorders, and contributes to more frequent hospitalizations. Despite consid-erable progress in the development of new generations of antiepileptic drugs, there remains a pressing need to explore innovative therapeutic strategies. This article presents treatment approaches including pharmacotherapy, neurostimulation techniques, and the use of surgical interventions in epilepsy manage-ment. Special attention is given to targeted therapies that take into account genetic, immunological, and metabolic mechanisms of epilepsy. Although these therapies hold the potential for treatment, their imple-mentation is associated with numerous challenges, high costs, and the necessity for procedural standardi-zation. The article emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and further research to improve treatment efficacy for patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy
THE MOST COMMON DERMATOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN INFANTS IN PRIMARY CARE SETTINGS – A REVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction: Dermatological conditions are among the most common health issues affecting infants. These include atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis, and diaper dermatitis. Most cases can be successfully treated by primary care physicians. However, if left untreated, they can lead to chronic skin problems, inflammation, superinfection, and systemic symptoms.
Study objective: The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of dermatological conditions within the infant population, identify the most frequently occurring disorders and evaluate current treatment approaches available in primary care settings, based on up-to-date medical evidence.
Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using PubMed to collect all available and current medical knowledge regarding the most common dermatological conditions in infants.
Conclusions: Studies have shown that in dermatological diseases in infants proper skincare plays a major role as a preventative and as a treatment. Nevertheless, in some cases there is a need to use prescription remedies. Better education in newborns’ parents can reduce occurrence of dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatits and diaper dermatitis
SOCIALISATION OF SIMPLE RECORD KEEPING FOR MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES
Get PDFThis study addresses the issue of poor financial record-keeping practices among micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Palintang Hamlet, most of which are engaged in agriculture and the sale of local products such as coffee and vegetables. The lack of record-keeping leads to ineffective financial management, difficulties in identifying profits or losses, and challenges in managing business capital (Putri & Nurlaila, 2022; Maris et al., 2022; Thadeus, Simiyu, & Ombaba, 2023). This study aims to enhance understanding of simple financial record-keeping through socialisation activities conducted as part of the Thematic Community Service Learning (TCSL) programme. The method used was pre-experimental with pre-test and post-test instruments to measure participants' understanding improvement. The analysis results showed a significant increase in participants' understanding after the socialisation, evidenced by a statistically significant difference in the average pre-test and post-test scores (Asymp. Sig. 0.046 < 0.05), with 9 out of 17 participants experiencing an increase in scores. The conclusion of this study is that the socialisation of simple financial record-keeping can effectively improve the financial literacy of SME actors, which serves as an important foundation for capital management and business sustainability in Palintang Village
ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE POLICE ORGANIZATION’S ROLE IN ENSURING ECONOMIC SECURITY
Get PDFEconomic security encompasses a nation's economic stability, independence, and safeguarding against external influences. The Mongolian Police have been actively engaged in activities aimed at maintaining national security, preventing crime, preserving public order, and ensuring public safety.
While the police is fulfilling their legal responsibilities to uphold economic security, there is a lack of coordination among organizations, as well as a shortage of skilled personnel, advanced technology, and equipment. Therefore, it is imperative to assess the current role of the police in economic security and explore ways to enhance their involvement in safeguarding economic interests.
This study investigates the current role of Mongolia's police organization in safeguarding economic security, focusing on combating financial crimes and money laundering. By analyzing seven years of crime data (2017-2023) and using SWOT methodology, the research highlights significant challenges in law enforcement's ability to effectively address economic threats.
The SWOT analysis identifies organizational strengths such as experienced personnel and established monitoring systems, but also highlights critical weaknesses in technological infrastructure, human resource capacity, and inter-agency coordination. External opportunities for improvement include international cooperation and legal framework enhancements, while threats stem from evolving criminal tactics, technological advancements by perpetrators, and political interference.
In conclusion, the study emphasizes that despite active involvement in economic security initiatives, Mongolia's police encounter significant challenges in personnel training, technological resources, and organizational coordination. To effectively combat sophisticated economic crimes and safeguard national economic interests, enhanced international collaboration, modernized investigative tools, improved legal frameworks, and strengthened inter-agency cooperation are essential
BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN CHRONIC RHINOSINUSITIS WITH NASAL POLYPS: A LITERATURE REVIEW OF TREATMENT METHODS INCLUDING DUPILUMAB AND MEPOLIZUMAB
Get PDFIntroduction and purpose: Nasal polyps occur in chronic mucosal inflammation of the nasal cavity. Overgrown mucosa forms pale colored, smooth, lobular, poorly vascularized structures which expand into nasal cavity causing obstruction, nasal congestion and hyposmia. Corticosteroids used topically or systemically significantly improve patients’ quality of life by reducing the size of the polyps, however long-term steroid use is associated with systemic side effects. Sinus surgeries alleviate breathing problems, however sinonasal symptoms can reoccur even 3 years after the surgery. Recently introduced biological treatment such as mepolizumab or dupilumab, showed itself effective and safe. Studies show that patients treated with dupilumab or mepolizumab have lower risk of sinonasal symptoms reoccurrence.
The aim of this review is to investigate the treatment methods in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and the potential of the new biological therapy.
Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar. Additionally, European position paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps (2020) was used. Search terms included “chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps”, “nasal polyposis”, “endoscopic sinus surgery”, “mepolizumab”, “dupilumab”.
Summary and Conclusions: Steroid therapy and endoscopic sinus surgery as a well-known form of therapies alleviate symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps although often do not offer sustain outcomes. New studies concerning biological therapy including dupilumab and mepolizumab suggest a potential breakthrough for patients. Reoccurrence rate was significantly lower, and symptom control enhanced due to biological therapeutics. Dupilumab and mepolizumab should be considered in CRSwNP treatment
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS IN PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA AND CARDIOVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS. INFORMATION OVERVIEW
Get PDFIntroduction and aim of the study: The main purpose of this article is to show the impact of eating disorders on the level of physical activity and the occurrence of cardiovascular complications. The development of anorexia- or bulimia-type disorders leads to prospective negative outcomes in physical performance and long-term cardiological issues and leads to decrease of quality of life.. Therefore, it is crucial to identify the causes and intervene quickly to prevent severe side effects. This article reviews issues about: physical and mental health risks in individuals with eating disorders, cardiovascular complications and quality of life among the patients with eating disorders.
Materials and methods: This article was based on literature gathered from various databases, including Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed, ClinicalTrails, Cochrane database. The keywords anorexia nervosa, eating disorders, risk factors and cardiological complications were the basis of the review.
Results: Eating disorders represent a significant public health issue and require an interdisciplinary approach. These disorders develop insidiously, pose a therapeutic challenge, and leave long-lasting side effects including cardiovascular complications. Anorexia nervosa is associated with numerous cardiovascular complications, some of which can be life-threatening. Most of these abnormalities tend to resolve once a healthy body weight is restored. Therefore, treatment should primarily focus on addressing the underlying eating disorder, with symptomatic management provided as needed
THE ROLE OF TOCILIZUMAB IN TREATMENT OF COVID-19
Get PDFIntroduction and Aim: COVID-19, especially severe in the elderly, causes symptoms ranging from mild to critical organ failure and death. Treatments have included chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, and corticosteroids. Tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody blocking the IL-6 receptor, offers a promising biological therapy by reducing inflammation and possibly lowering thrombosis risk in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this review is to summarize current evidence on tocilizumab’s mechanism and its role in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Material and Methods: A PubMed literature search was conducted using terms: “tocilizumab in COVID-19”, “interleukin-6 in COVID-19”, “interleukin-6 blockade with tocilizumab”, and “COVID-19 and inflammation”. Filters included Free Full Text, Clinical Trial, Randomized Clinical Trial, within the last 10 years.
Results: Studies show that tocilizumab reduces inflammation, shortens hospitalization, and accelerates recovery in COVID-19 patients, especially those with respiratory failure not yet on mechanical ventilation. Additionally, tocilizumab exhibits anticoagulant effects, potentially reducing thrombosis risk.
Conclusion: Originally used for rheumatologic diseases, tocilizumab shows therapeutic potential in COVID-19 by lowering inflammation and reducing mechanical ventilation needs, improving clinical outcomes. However, inconsistent study results highlight the need for further large, well-designed clinical trials to confirm its efficacy and safety