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Limiares, porosidade, informalidade: o impacto da covid-19 nas paisagens alimentares e na hospitalidade das cidades
No full textInternational audienceFlux and movements are notions that describe the contemporary urban life underscoring the important dimension of mobility. During the Covid-19 pandemic, the lockdown of cities has created an unprecedent-ed urban atmosphere. It disrupted the normal rhythms of city creating a break, decelerated rhythms and offered new sensory experiences within the city. The health crisis led to a reorganization of cities, with vari-ous adjustments affecting city hospitality. Some changes aimed to create a more welcoming environment while others caused a decrease in social interactions and increased voids and interstices within the urban landscape. This paper focuses on the qualities of the urban environment in three Mediterranean cities that made it possible to (re)inhabit the city. Porosity of thresholds, informality, appropriation of public spaces and some other specific qualities of the urban environments typical in the Mediterranean architecture played a role in reassuring residents and encouraging breaks and public interactions.Fluxo e movimento são noções que descrevem a vida urbana contemporânea sublinhando a importan-te dimensão da mobilidade. Durante a pandemia de Covid-19, o confinamento das cidades criou uma atmosfera urbana sem precedentes. Perturbou os ritmos normais da cidade criando uma pausa, desace-lerou os ritmos e ofereceu novas experiências sensoriais dentro da cidade. A crise sanitária levou a uma reorganização das cidades, com vários ajustes que afetaram a hospitalidade urbana. Algumas mudanças visaram criar um ambiente mais acolhedor, enquanto outras provocaram uma diminuição nas interações sociais e aumentaram os vazios e interstícios na paisagem urbana. Este artigo centra-se nas qualidades do ambiente urbano de três cidades mediterrânicas que permitiram (re)habitar a cidade. A porosidade dos limiares, a informalidade, a apropriação dos espaços públicos e algumas outras qualidades específicas dos ambientes urbanos típicos da arquitetura mediterrânica desempenharam um papel importante na tranquilização dos residentes e no incentivo às pausas e às interações públicas
A case of transdisciplinarity and collaborative decision making: the co‐construction of Gendered Food Product Profiles
No full textInternational audienceCrop breeding in sub‐Saharan Africa has made considerable gains; however, postharvest and food‐related preferences have been overlooked, in addition to how these preferences vary by gender, social difference and context. This context is changing as participatory approaches using intersectional gender and place‐based methods are beginning to inform how breeding programmes make decisions. This article presents an innovative methodology to inclusively and democratically prioritise food quality traits of root, tuber and banana crops based on engagement with food systems actors and transdisciplinary collaboration. The outcome of the methodology is the Gendered Food Product Profile (GFPP) – a list of prioritised food quality characteristics – to support breeders to make more socially inclusive decisions on the methods for trait characterisation to select genotypes closer to the needs of food system actors. This article reviews application of the methodology in 14 GFPPs, presents illustrative case studies and lessons learned. Key lessons are that the transdisciplinary structure and the key role of social scientists helped avoid reductionism, supported co‐learning, and the creation of GFPPs that represented the diverse interests of food system actors, particularly women, in situ . The method partially addressed power dynamics in multidisciplinary decision making; however, effectiveness was dependent on equitable team relations and supportive institutions committed to valuing plural forms of knowledge. Actions to address power asymmetries that privilege particular types of knowledge and voices in decision making are crucial in techno‐science projects, along with opportunities for co‐learning and long‐term collaboration and a transdisciplinary structure at higher level. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry
Pathogenic nematodes exploit Achilles’ heel of plant symbioses
No full textInternational audienceCyst nematode parasites disrupt beneficial associations of crops with rhizobia and mycorrhiza. Chen et al. discovered the mechanism and demonstrated that the soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines secretes a chitinase that destroys key symbiotic signals from the microbial symbionts. The authors further developed a chitinase inhibitor that alleviates symbiosis inhibition
The social microbiome: The missing mechanism mediating the sociality-fitness nexus?
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Role of trophic interactions in transfer and cascading impacts of plant protection products on biodiversity: a literature review
No full textInternational audiencePlant protection products (PPPs) have historically been one of the classes of chemical compounds at the frontline of raising scientific and public awareness of the global nature of environmental pollution and the role of trophic interactions in shaping the impacts of chemicals on ecosystems. Despite increasingly strong regulatory measures since the 1970s designed to avoid unintentional effects of PPPs, their use is now recognised as a driver of biodiversity erosion. The French Ministries for the Environment, Agriculture and Research commissioned a collective scientific assessment to synthesise the current science and knowledge on the impacts of PPPs on biodiversity and ecosystem services. Here we report a literature review of the state of knowledge on the propagation of PPP residues and the effects of PPPs in food webs, including biopesticides, with a focus on current-use PPPs. Currently used PPPs may be stronger drivers of the current biodiversity loss than the banned compounds no longer in use, and there have been far fewer reviews on current-use PPPs than legacy PPPs. We first provide a detailed overview of the transfer and propagation of effects of PPPs through trophic interactions in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. We then review cross-ecosystem trophic paths of PPP propagation, and provide insight on the role of trophic interactions in the impacts of PPPs on ecological functions. We conclude with a summary of the available knowledge and the perspectives for tackling the main gaps, and address areas that warrant further research and pathways to advancing environmental risk assessment
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on ecosystem services provided by apple orchards in Southeast France using a process-based model
No full textInternational audienceWe know that fruit production, especially in the Mediterranean, will need to adapt to climate change to ensurethe sustainability of fruit tree-based agroecosystems. However, there is a lack of evidence on the long-term effectsof this change on sustainability indicators. To fill this gap, we used a fruit tree model, QualiTree, to analyze theimpacts ofclimate change on the ecosystem services provided by apple orchards in south-eastern France. To dothis, a blooming model was parameterized to simulate blooming date on the basis of climate data, and QualiTreewas supplemented with a model of nitrogen processes in the tree and a soil module describing resource input(irrigation, mineral and organic fertilization), transfer in the soil (water and nitrogen) and metabolictransformation-immobilization (mineralization, (de)nitrification). This type of extension makes it possible tosimulate a wide array of ecosystem services, including C sequestration, nitrate leaching and nitrous oxideemissions. The model was compared with data from an apple orchard in southeastern France. The predicted dailymean and variability over time of fruit growth, composition and soil water content were consistent with observeddata. QualiTree was then used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the ecosystem servicessupplied by apple orchards. For this purpose, weather variables from 2020 to 2100 were generated for threecontrasted greenhouse gas emission scenarios, and simulations were performed under two irrigation schemes (norestriction and restricted use of water). Model outputs indicated that, on average, marketable apple yields wouldincrease until 2050 and then subsequently decrease. The fruit refractometric index, an indicator of fruit quality,was projected to sharply decrease with the intensity of climate change. Ecosystem services such as C seques-tration by the orchard will decrease with climate change severity, mainly due to a higher mineralization of soilhumus, whereas N2O emissions will increase with larger denitrification rates. Soil water availability, fertility,drainage and leaching were predicted to depend more on the irrigation strategy than on climate change severity.The new functions performed in QualiTree broadened its predictive capabilities and allowed for a better un-derstanding of ecosystem service delivery in fruit orchards under varying climate conditions
Understanding the environmental context of the first human occupation of Western Europe during MIS 35-19 from marine pollen record.
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