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Impact of NGOs’ undercover videos on citizens’ emotions and pro-social behaviors
No full textNational audienceUndercover videos have become a popular tool among NGOs to influence public opinion and generate engagement for the NGO’s cause. These videos are seen as a powerful and cost‑effective way of bringing about social change, as they provide first‑hand evidence and generate a strong emotional response among those who see them. In this paper, we empirically assess the impact of undercover videos on support for the cause. We in addition analyze whether the increased engagement among viewers is driven by the negative emotional reactions produced by the video. To do so, we design an online experiment that enables us to estimate both the total and emotion‑mediated treatment effects on engagement by randomly exposing participants to an undercover video (of animal abuse) and randomly introducing a cooling‑off period. Using a representative sample of the French population (N=3,310), we find that the video successfully increases actions in favor of animals (i.e., donations to NGOs and petitions), but we fail to prove that this effect is due to the presence of primary emotions induced by the video. Last, we investigate whether activists correctly anticipate their undercover videos’ (emotional) impact via a prediction study involving activists (exploratory analysis)
Assessing Flowering Intensity of Diverse Malus and Prunus Varieties: A Comparative Analysis of Aerial and Terrestrial Based Stereo Images
No full textInternational audienceAssessing flowering intensity in orchards is crucial for effective tree management, yield optimization and to forecast adaptation of varieties in the context of climate change. Flowering intensity is influenced by genetic and environmental factors. For now, the traditional methods to assess flowering intensity are based on visual observation and are tedious and qualitative.Our aim was to develop an image analysis pipeline to estimate as accurately and efficiently as possible the flowering intensity and compare it to direct observations. Data were acquired on Malus (apple) and Prunus (apricot and peach) species, which exhibit differences in phenology and within-tree flower position that might necessitate adaptation for the assessment of their flowering intensity. We also conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis between two data acquisition protocols: aerial and terrestrial based stereo imagery providing top and lateral views of the trees respectively. They were tested on core-collections of apple and prunus located at INRAE experimental units in Montpellier and Avignon (France), respectively.For aerial based imagery, we employed photogrammetry to generate a colored point cloud. From the terrestrial based imagery, we extracted depth maps using stereovision. In both cases, we focused on the central canopy area to minimize interference with neighboring trees. Semantic segmentation was employed to identify pixels or points corresponding to each tree from the two types of data. We estimated the tree volume and performed a flower identification, using either color filters or semantic segmentation.Promising results were obtained by comparing the predictions from the pipeline with expert ground truth and heritability values. Subsequently, we examined the advantages and limitations of aerial and terrestrial based stereo imagery in assessing flowering intensity. This exploration presents interesting perspectives for high throughput phenotyping of flowering fruit tree collections of diversity.</p
Experiences and citizen metrology of pollution on the shores of the Mediterranean (Fos-sur-Mer & Aude, France)
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Gestion de l'eau et agriculture face au changement climatique : innover en communs
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Genetic causes and consequences of sympatric allochronic differentiation in a defoliating insect
No full textInternational audienceWhat are the genetic mechanisms implicated in allochronic differentiation and how allochrony may affect the demography and the genetic features of populations is an important question both in evolutionary biology and conservation genetics. In particular, allochronic divergence of populations may reduce effective population size and gene flow and increase inbreeding and genetic load. In the Leiria National Park in Portugal, a population of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa has undergone allochronic differentiation, resulting in a shifted phenology, a reproductive isolation and a strong genetic differentiation. The objectives of this study are (1) to reconstruct the recent demographic history of the shifted population (SP) compared to unshifted ones, notably to infer the age of the split between thesepopulations and the extent of bottlenecks, (2) to measure the extent of inbreeding and genetic load and its potential purge, and (3) to identify regions potentially involved in the phenological shift and increased genetic differentiation. To achieve these goals, we resequenced individuals and pools of individuals for SP and 7 unshifted portuguese populations. We found a strong genetic differentiation between SP and other populations (Fst ranged from 0.225 to 0.351), and a reduced heterozygosity in SP (on average by 16%). Using msprime and ABCRF, we identified a relatively recent bottleneck in SP and neighboring populations but showed that the split of SP was likely more ancient ( ˜3500 generations). Using GONe, we confirmed that the SP population had a relatively small effective size and that most of the Portuguese populationsshowed a recent decline. Using RZooRoH we found that SP and neighboring populations had relatively high inbreeding compared to other populations, with a 3 times larger fraction of the genomes included in ROH, that were likely generated between 50 to 100 generations ago. We estimated piN/piS and Rxy to evaluate the potential accumulation and purging of deleterious alleles. Finally, using genome scans, we identified several regions and genes potentially involved in allochrony, the differentiated regions being located on the Z chromosome and leading to its over-differentiation in SP
Access to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa: from an urban/rural frontier to a market frontier? A pricing analysis
No full textInternational audienceSub-Saharan Africa (SSA) occupies a special position when it comes to achieving universal access to electricity, the goal of SDG7. The rate of access has progressed significantly. However, in a business-as-usual scenario, if the combination of public (governments and national companies) and private investment were to continue at the current pace, the goal of universal access to electricity in SDG7 would not be achieved. On the one hand, this Business as Usual trajectory is based on the extension of the centralized grid, but it also benefits from an increase in territorial coverage based on decentralized technologies. By the way, minigrids of 2nd generation (diesel and hydro) and, more recently, minigrids of 3rd generation (solar power), provide access to previously unserved peri-urban and rural areas. Last but not least, solar-based standalone systems are paving the way for even the most remote areas. Inspired by the main international financial institutions, a consensus seems to be emerging to accelerate this trajectory. It is based on the massive implementation of solar minigrids, including storage capacities, whose full levelized costs have fallen rapidly and sharply. And these costs are set to fall further, not least due to the increase in load factors made possible by good-quality production and, consequently, by a steady rise in consumption. These forecasts, which have been translated into comprehensive public policy projects in some countries, most often assume that the production capacity installed via minigrids will eventually be integrated into the main grid.In SSA, access to electricity is set to increase as the power system evolves (Foster et al. 2021). While the supply side and its organization to achieve this objective are now well designed (ESMAP 2022), on the demand side the analysis remains fragile, subject to the variability of macroeconomic growth conditions (Egli et al. 2023). As the Covid 19 crisis abruptly reminded us, these conditions are a limitation of the electrification schemes envisaged.The purpose of this paper is to review the pricing conditions developed. Indeed, only tariffs that make it possible to contextualize the growth of access both in relation to the technical progress affecting supply, and in relation to the calibration of demand based on objectifiable data, and in particular the income structure of consumers in the economies concerned
An allometry perspective on crops
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding trait-trait coordination is essential for successful plant breeding and crop modeling. Notably, plant size drives variation in morphological, physiological, and performance-related traits, as described by allometric laws in ecology. Yet, as allometric relationships have been limitedly studied in crops, how they influence and possibly limit crop performance remains unknown. Here, we review how an allometry perspective on crops gains insights into the phenotypic evolution during crop domestication, the breeding of varieties adapted to novel conditions, and the prediction of crop yields. As allometry is an active field of research, modeling and manipulating crop allometric relationships can help to develop more resilient and productive agricultural systems to face future challenges
A brief review on models for birds exposed to chemicals
No full textInternational audience“A Who’s Who of pesticides is therefore of concern to us all. If we are going to live so intimately with these chemicals eating and drinking them, taking them into the very marrow of our bones - we had better know something about their nature and their power.”—Rachel Carson, Silent Spring. In her day, Rachel Carson was right: plant protection products (PPP), like all the other chemical substances that humans increasingly release into the environment without further precaution, are among our worst enemies today (Bruhl and Zaller, 2019; Naidu et al., 2021; Tang et al., 2021; Topping et al., 2020). All compartments of the biosphere, air, soil and water, are potential reservoirs within which all species that live there are impaired. Birds are particularly concerned: PPP are recognized as a factor in the decline of their abundance and diversity predominantly in agricultural landscapes. Due to the restrictions on vertebrates testing, in silico-based approaches are an ideal choice alternative given input data are available. This is where the problem lies as we will illustrate in this paper. We performed an extensive literature search covering a long period of time, a wide diversity of bird species, a large range of chemical substances, and as many model types as possible to encompass all our future need to improve environmental risk assessment of chemicals for birds. In the end, we show that poultry species exposed to pesticides are the most studied at the individual level with physiologically based toxicokinetic models. To go beyond, with more species, more chemical types, over several levels of biological organization, we show that observed data are crucially missing (Gilbert, 2011). As a consequence, improving existing models or developing new ones could be like climbing Everest if no additional data can be gathered, especially on chemical effects and toxicodynamic aspects
Coexistence et confrontation des exploitations bio et non bio dans leterritoire du Conflent, Pyrénées Orientales
No full textMasterCe mémoire est le fruit d'un stage de recherche portant sur la question de la coexistence et de la confrontation entre les exploitations bio et non-bio au sein du territoire du Conflent. Le stage a été encadré conjointement par l'INRAE et la Communauté de communes Conflent Canigó, s'inscrivant dans le cadre du projet de recherche DEFIBIO, qui explore les dynamiques de l'Agriculture Biologique en Occitanie face aux nouveaux défis actuels (réduction de la consommation, ralentissement des conversions, augmentation des coûts de production, impact du changement climatique, etc.). Durant ce stage, un travail de recherche a été mené sur la question de la coexistence entre l'agriculture biologique et non-biologique dans le territoire du Conflent, qui connaît une croissance significative du secteur biologique depuis 2010 et présente une grande diversité de pratiques et de modèles agricoles. Ce territoire constitue ainsi un cas d'étude pertinent pour analyser une variété de dynamiques et d'interactions entre pratiques biologiques et nonbiologiques. La méthodologie adoptée au cours de ce stage est une analyse qualitative fondée sur des recherches bibliographiques ainsi que les résultats de vingt-neuf entretiens semi-directifs réalisés au cours du stage auprès d'agriculteurs du Conflent. L'étude aborde la problématique suivante : Comment la coexistence des exploitations agricoles biologiques et non-biologiques dans le territoire du Conflent se caractérise-t-elle et quels sont ses enjeux sur les dynamiques agricoles contemporaines locales ? Cette étude révèle une riche diversité de trajectoires, de pratiques et de stratégies, qui caractérisent et témoignent de la complexité des dynamiques agricoles au sein de ce territoire. La coexistence bio / non-bio se joue principalement autour de la question de l'accès et du partage d'une diversité de ressources, renforcée par des dynamiques de filière et une proximité spatiale entre agriculteurs. Au-delà de la coexistence bio / non-bio, d'autres types d'interactions, notamment entre diverses filières agricoles et modèles de production, jouent un rôle déterminant dans la structuration du paysage agricole du Conflent
Concevoir et diffuser les innovations organisationnelles. Quels engagements des acteurs des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires ?
No full textCe numéro fait suite au carrefour de l'innovation agronomique dédié aux innovations organisationnelles pour la transition agroécologique et des systèmes agri-alimentaires durables qui s'est déroulée en mars 2024 à VetSup Agro à LembdesNational audienceSome organizational innovations are a decisive lever for the agro-ecological transition. Many organizations are involved in these innovations, from agricultural professionals, public authorities, higher education and research, to the private sector. How are these different organizations acting in this direction? What convergences can be observed, and what controversies sometimes arise, on these uncharted paths towards more resilient forms of agriculture that are better integrated into society?Certaines innovations organisationnelles constituent un levier déterminant pour la transition agroécologique. De nombreux organismes participent de ces innovations, depuis les professionnels agricoles, les pouvoirs publics, l'enseignement supérieur et la recherche, jusqu'au secteur privé. Comment ces différents organismes agissent en ce sens ? Quels sont les convergences que l'on peut observer mais aussi parfois les controverses sur ces chemins non tracés vers des formes d'agriculture plus résilientes et mieux intégrées à la société