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The unconventional resistance protein PTR recognizes the Magnaporthe oryzae effector AVR-Pita in an allele-specific manner
No full textInternational audienceBlast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most devastating rice diseases. Disease resistance genes such as Pi-ta or Pi-ta2 are critical in protecting rice production from blast. Published work reports that Pi-ta codes for a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain protein (NLR) that recognizes the fungal protease-like effector AVR-Pita by direct binding. However, this model was challenged by the recent discovery that Pi-ta2 resistance, which also relies on AVR-Pita detection, is conferred by the unconventional resistance gene Ptr, which codes for a membrane protein with a cytoplasmic armadillo repeat domain. Here, using NLR Pi-ta and Ptr RNAi knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutant rice lines, we found that AVR-Pita recognition relies solely on Ptr and that the NLR Pi-ta has no role in it, indicating that it is not the Pi-ta resistance gene. Different alleles of Ptr confer different recognition specificities. The A allele of Ptr (PtrA) detects all natural sequence variants of the effector and confers Pi-ta2 resistance, while the B allele of Ptr (PtrB) recognizes a restricted set of AVR-Pita alleles and, thereby, confers Pi-ta resistance. Analysis of the natural diversity in AVR-Pita and of mutant and transgenic strains identified one specific polymorphism in the effector sequence that controls escape from PtrB-mediated resistance. Taken together, our work establishes that the M. oryzae effector AVR-Pita is detected in an allele-specific manner by the unconventional rice resistance protein Ptr and that the NLR Pi-ta has no function in Pi-ta resistance and the recognition of AVR-Pita
Choregraphed interactions with cows to rethinking livestock subjectivity and Human-animal collaborations
No full textInternational audienceLivestock are more than just sources of food and opportunities for circularity; they are sensitive beings with which humans build relationship through labour. This study aims to rethinking the collaborative relationships between humans and animals in livestock farming. To achieve this, scientists and artists collaborated on a project involving choreographed interactions with cows. Dancing moments took place in the fields and in the barn in an experimental farm of INRAE, a member of the Global Farm Platform. Researchers and animal handlers observed the interactions then shared their perceptions and feelings with the dancer. We shed light together on the role of emotions, bodies, subtle knowledge, but also observation-contemplation in farming practices. Doing this, we highlighted the invisible working relationships between animals handler and animals. Furthermore, animal handlers emphasized the importance of observation and spending time with the animals, a practice once disregarded as unproductive, in order to understand the herd, their behaviour and their becoming. The invitation to dance with the cows provided us with an insight into the farmers' mindset, their labour, and their connection with their animals. The collection of various elements throughout the process, including testimonies, videos, and photos, resulted in the production of a sociological and anthropological analysis, as well as a documentary intended for both scientists and the general public
Which sub-compartments of fat mass and fat-free mass are related to blood viscosity factors?
No full textInternational audienceThe size of body compartments is a determinant of several factors of blood viscosity. Red cell aggregation is proportional to fat mass while hematocrit is proportional to both fat-free mass and abdominal adiposity, but which parts of these body components are involved in this relationship is not known. Segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (sBIA) provides a possibility to delineate the relationships more precisely between various subdivisions of the body and blood viscosity factors, going farther than preceding studies using non segmental BIA. In this study we investigated in 38 subjects undergoing a standardized breakfast test with mathematical modelling of glucose homeostasis and a segmental bioelectrical impedance analysis (sBIA) the relationships between the various compartments of the body and viscosity factors. Blood and plasma viscosity were measured with the Anton Paar rheometer and analyzed with Quemada’s model. The parameters better correlated to hematocrit are fat free mass (r = 0.562) and its two components muscle mass (r = 0.516) and non-muscular fat-free mass (r = 0.452), and also trunk fat mass (r = 0.383) and waist-to hip ratio (r = 0.394). Red cell aggregation measurements were correlated with both truncal and appendicular fat mass (r ranging between 0.603 and 0.728). Weaker correlations of M and M1 are found with waist circumference and hip circumference. This study shows that the correlation between lean mass and hematocrit involves both muscle and non-muscle moieties of lean mass, and that both central and appendicular fat are determinants of red cell aggregation
Le génome d’un bunyavirus ne peut être défini qu’à l’échelle de la population de ses virions
No full textInternational audienceNo abstract availabl
Perceived Benefits of Plant-Based Diets
No full textInternational audienceUne transition globale vers des alimentations végétales pourrait considérablement atténuer l’impact négatif du système alimentaire actuel sur l’environnement, la santé et le bien-être animal. Alors que les campagnes d’informations sont devenues un outil privilégié des décideurs politiques et des spécialistes des sciences sociales pour inciter les consommateurs à adopter une alimentation plus durable, de nombreuses zones d’ombre demeurent quant aux connaissances de la population sur les avantages de l’adoption d’alimentations végétales. Dans ce travail, nous étudions les connaissances d’un échantillon représentatif de la population française ( N = 715) quant aux mérites relatifs des alimentations végétales vis-à-vis de l’environnement, la santé et le bien-être animal. Nous montrons que les Français ont en moyenne une bonne connaissance de l’impact environnemental relativement moindre des alimentations végétales (gaz à effet de serre, utilisation des sols) mais sous-estiment considérablement leurs bénéfices sur la santé. Nous constatons également que les Français sous-estiment considérablement la prévalence de l’élevage intensif et, par conséquent, les avantages d’adopter une alimentation végétale pour les animaux. Nos résultats montrent que la société est principalement divisée en deux groupes : les individus qui ont une opinion positive des alimentations végétales dans tous les domaines, et ceux qui y voient moins d’avantages tous les domaines. Nous discutons des implications de ces résultats pour les campagnes d’information visant à modifier les alimentations. JEL codes : Q10, Q1
Line Ride-Sharing as a bi-sided mobility service with price schedule, transactional protocol and waiting policy: a Time&Money traffic assignment model and its equilibrium
No full textA line ride-sharing service is supplied along a given roadway path by an operator that matches Users (riders) and Agents (drivers), under specific protocol that involves price schedule on both the U and A sides, waiting policy on either side and transaction times. The resulting time and money items add up over trip legs, yielding trip time and money cost depending on the service role, A or U, compared to Non-commitment, called role N for Neutral. The article brings about a traffic model of people involvement in the service. Service conditions of frequency φ and average number of users per car run ω are key factors of the time and money features of the alternative roles A, U and N. Individual choice of role is modeled as a rational behavior of minimizing the generalized cost depending on the individual Value-of-Time (VoT). Aggregation over trip-makers according to the statistical distribution of VoT yields the respective role flows (y_A,y_U,y_N), which in turn determine the macroscopic factors (φ,ω). Traffic equilibrium is defined as a balance condition between the “supplied flows” and the “demanded flows” of the three roles. A computational scheme is provided, with graphical interpretation in the (y_A,y_U) plane as well as in the (φ,ω) plane. A numerical experiment is conducted, showing that two alternative configurations can arise at equilibrium: either {A,U,N} with less wealthy Agents driving wealthier Users, or {U,A,N} where less wealthy Users are driven by wealthier Agents: in both cases the Neutral role attracts the upper range of the VoT distribution
Decapod Community Composition is Seasonally Driven by Different Environmental Factors in an Estuarine-Coastal Gradient (Eastern Brazil)
No full textCrustacean communities are shaped by a series of ecological processes, but the degree to which different spatial and environmental dimensions affect them in surrounding estuarine-coastal gradients remains unclear. Here we analyzed decapod community data from the Doce River estuary and its adjacent marine coast, to test and quantify the effects that spatial and environmental factors have had on these communities three years after the Fundão mining dam failure of November 2015. We sampled communities monthly from October 2018 to September 2019 in 18 sampling sites distributed in three zones (estuary, nearshore, and offshore), resulting in 216 samples and 29 recorded taxa. Spatial eigenvector-based methods and variation partitioning approaches were used to test and quantify the pure and joint effects of spatial and environmental processes on the communities over different seasons. The spatial structures of the community composition presented differences among the four studied seasons, being driven by environmental heterogeneity as well as spatial processes unrelated to our measured variables (temperature, salinity, depth, turbidity, dissolved oxygen and pH). Specifically, the species composition and species richness responded the most to turbidity, pH, and depth during the rainy seasons, as well as salinity during the dry seasons. The variability of decapod composition (crabs and shrimps) surrounding the Doce River mouth is seasonally affected by a different set of environmental and spatial factors, with low intrusions of saltwater in the estuarine sector impacting the distribution of stenohaline marine species. Our results both partly uncover and emphasize the complexity resulting from environmental heterogeneity and anthropic pressures, stressing the need for further studies on local spatio-temporal dynamics of decapod fauna and other organisms to inform conservation and management actions
Monitoring macroplastics in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems: Expert survey reveals visual and drone-based census as most effective techniques
No full textInternational audienceAnthropogenic litter, such as plastic, is investigated by the global scientific community from various fields employing diverse techniques. The goal is to assess and finally mitigate the pollutants' impacts on the natural environment. Plastic litter can accumulate in different matrices of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, impacting both biota and ecosystem functioning. Detection and quantification of macroplastics, and other litter, can be realized by jointly using visual census and remote sensing techniques. The primary objective of this research was to identify the most effective approach for monitoring macroplastic litter in riverine and marine environments through a comprehensive survey based on the experiences of the scientific community. Researchers involved in plastic pollution evaluated four litter occurrence and flux investigation methods (visual census, drone-based surveys, satellite imagery, and GPS/GNSS trackers) through a questionnaire. Traditional visual census and drone deployment were deemed as the most popular approaches among the 46 surveyed researchers, while satellite imagery and GPS/GNSS trackers received lower scores due to limited field validation and short performance ranges, respectively. On a scale from 0 to 5, visual census and drone-based surveys obtained 3.5 and 2.0, respectively, whereas satellite imagery and alternative solutions received scores lower than 1.2. Visual and drone censuses were used in high, medium and low-income countries, while satellite census and GPS/GNSS trackers were mostly used in high-income countries. This work provides an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of litter investigation techniques, contributing i) to the global harmonization of macroplastic litter monitoring and ii) providing a starting point for researchers and water managers approaching this topic. This work supports the selection and design of reliable and cost-effective monitoring approaches to mitigate the ambiguity in macroplastic data collection, contributing to the global harmonization of macroplastic litter monitoring protocols