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Spatial mechanistic modelling to simulate movements and contacts between wildlife and livestock in Southern Africa
No full textInternational audienceThe open interfaces between protected areas and rural communal lands in southern Africa are characterized by semi-arid savannas where wildlife-livestock interactions vary in frequency and intensity. In a context of increasing anthropization of land and trans-frontier conservation, the multiplication of these interactions may facilitate human-wildlife coexistence such as competition for natural resources, livestock predation, crop destruction by wildlife, and/or the risk of pathogen transmission between wild and domestic species. To better understand potential contacts between domestic and wild animals at these wildlife/livestock interfaces, we developed a method combining remote sensing and spatial modelling to simulate the movements of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and domestic cattle (Bos taurus, Bos indicus). Satellite-derived maps of surface water and vegetation, the primary determinants of movement for these ungulate species, were integrated into a mechanistic and stochastic model of collective movements of individuals interacting according to group cohesion and alignment. This model allowed simulations of herd movements and the location of contact areas with their seasonal dynamics in space and time at the periphery of three national parks in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Model outputs were compared to Global Positioning Systems collar location data of 32 individuals (14 buffalo and 18 cattle). The modelled results show a high spatial and seasonal variability of contacts between buffalo and cattle in the three study sites, and a landscape scale correspondence between spatial extensions of the modelled and observed contact areas. These results illustrate the potential of spatial modelling combined with remote sensing to generically simulate animal movements and contacts at landscape scale while providing opportunities to explore the management of these wildlife/livestock interfaces through, for example, a further coupling with epidemiological modelling
Ce que le pastoralisme nous dit du réchauffement climatique
No full text« L’agriculture, les forêts et les systèmes alimentaires du monde face au changement climatique »International audienceCe chapitre se propose de contribuer au dialogue science – société sur le dérèglement climatique à partir du cas du pastoralisme, illustré par l’exemple du Sahel, emblématique i) du contraste historique entre l’importance des systèmes pastoraux dans les territoires et la volonté de forçage technico politique vers l’intensification sédentaire (dans les politiques coloniales puis le développement) ; ii) d’un socio-écosystème où l’économie politique du foncier et les droits de mobilité déterminent la possibilité de valoriser la forte variabilité intrinsèque du milieu, exacerbée par le dérèglement climatique ; iii) d’une forme d’insertion des Etats dans l’économie internationale qui les a jusqu’à présent mis en position de récipiendaires des préconisations politiques globales sur le changement climatique .La première partie du chapitre situe à grands traits l’évolution des représentations institutionnelles de l’intégration pastoralisme /parcours. La seconde partie liste les facteurs clés permettant ou entravant la résilience des systèmes pastoraux face au réchauffement climatique. En conclusion nous suggérons pourquoi le cas du pastoralisme intéresse ceux qui réfléchissent sur la durabilité des systèmes socio techniques en lien avec le vivant, dans un contexte de réchauffement climatique
Développement de nouveaux modèles éco-évolutifs pour évaluer les impacts démographiques des flux de gènes assistés dans le contexte des changements climatiques
No full textBiodiversity is facing an unprecedented extinction crisis due to anthropogenic pressures, such as climate change. There is growing concern about the slow spontaneous pace of evolutionary processes relative to the high speed of environmental changes. Assisted gene flow has been introduced as the managed translocation of individuals within the historical range of a species. Its purpose is to introduce or increase the frequency of genotypes expected to confer an advantage under new or future climatic conditions, but also to increase genetic variation in targeted pop- ulations, in the hope that it can stimulate demography through heterosis and, by increasing the genetic variation on which selection can act on, the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Risks associated with assisted gene flow can include pathogen introduction, outbreeding depres- sion, genomic swamping, and increased maladaptation. There is, therefore, a strong need for guidelines and information on the optimal strategies and uncertainty associated with these prac- tices. Using both analytical predictions and simulations, we have developed demo-evolutionary models to to help identify critical parameters and sources of uncertainty when implementing these strategies. These models can help guiding assisted gene flow strategies and inform debates on the relevance of their use and optimal implementation. We first show how important taking into account the life cycle of targeted species is, as the optimal choice of individuals to translocate in long-lived species facing a changing climate is subject to a trade-off between being well adapted at the beginning and end of life. We also propose a new method for integrating evo- lution into an integral projection model (IPM) and show how only a small range of introduced genetic diversity for adaptive traits would allow a rare and endangered monocarpic perennial plant, Centaurea corymbosa, to escape extinction in a warming climate. Lastly, we show with an analytical model that if beneficial alleles are introgressed through managed gene flow between genetically distinct populations or closely related species, small and early introductions of non local genetic material minimize swamping of the local population’ genome and maximize the probability of rescue in small declining populations.La biodiversité est confrontée à une crise d’extinction sans précédent en raison de pressions anthropiques, telles que le changement climatique. La lenteur des processus évolutifs spontanés, par rapport à la rapidité des changements environnementaux, suscite de grandes inquiétudes quant à la persistance de nombreuses espèces. En réponse à ces menaces, les flux de gènes assistés sont présentés comme la translocation gérée d’individus au sein de leur aire de répartition historique. Ces pratiques ont pour but d’introduire ou d’augmenter la fréquence de génotypes susceptibles de conférer un avantage dans des conditions climatiques nouvelles ou futures, ainsi que d’accroître la variation génétique dans les populations ciblées, dans l’espoir de stimuler la démographie et, en augmentant la variation génétique sur laquelle la sélection peut agir, la capacité à s’adapter à un environnement changeant. Les risques associés aux flux de gènes assistés peuvent inclure l’introduction de pathogènes, la dépression hybride, l’envahissement génétique ou encore l’augmentation de la maladaptation. Il existe un besoin urgent de lignes directrices et d’études des stratégies optimales et des incertitudes associées à ces pratiques. Nous développons des modèles démo-évolutifs pour aider à identifier les paramètres critiques et les sources d’incertitude lors de la mise en œuvre de ces stratégies. Ces modèles peuvent aider à orienter les pratiques de flux de gènes assistés et alimenter les débats sur la pertinence de leur utilisation. Nous montrons tout d’abord, à l’aide d’un modèle structuré en stade, l’importance de la prise en compte du cycle de vie des espèces ciblées, car le choix optimal des individus à transférer chez les espèces à longue durée de vie confrontées à un climat changeant dépend d’un compromis entre une bonne adaptation au début et à la fin de la vie. Nous proposons également une nouvelle méthode pour intégrer l’évolution dans un modèle de projection intégrale (IPM) et montrons comment seule une petite gamme de diversité génétique introduite pour des traits adaptatifs permettrait à une plante rare et menacée, Centaurea corymbosa, d’échapper à l’extinction dans un climat qui se réchauffe. Enfin, nous montrons à l’aide d’un modèle analytique que si des allèles bénéfiques sont introduits entre des populations génétiquement distinctes ou des espèces étroitement apparentées, de petites introductions précoces de matériel génétique non local minimisent l’envahissement du génome de la population locale et maximisent la probabilité de sauvetage de petites populations en déclin
Archives sédimentaires continentales de l’évolution tectonique et climatique du sud-est de la France autour de la transition Eocène-Oligocène : le Bassin de la Vistrenque (Camargue)
No full textInternational audienceBased on detailed sedimentological analyses of cores, interpretation of well logs and a set of geochemical measurements performed on lacustrine sedimentary rocks, the palaeoenvironmental evolution and the sedimentary architecture of the Paleogene continental Vistrenque Basin (SE France) have been reconstructed. The analysis of sedimentary archives revealed three main stages of basin infill evolution: (1) a deep-lake basin (Priabonian-earliest Rupelian) whose sedimentation was dominated by terrigenous gravity-driven deposits during a period of high subsidence rate and strike-slip fault activity and under a prevailing humid climate; (2) an evaporative deep lake (early Rupelian) characterized by a drastic reduction in lake volume (forced-regression), terrigenous supplies and deposition of evaporites in disconnected sub-basins; (3) an overall long-term normal regressive stage (middle Rupelian to earliest Chattian) of lake infill characterized by an increase in terrigenous supplies and a vertical upward transition from deep-lake gravity-driven deposits to marginal lake and floodplain sedimentation. The onset of lake volume reduction and forced regression during the early Rupelian is associated with (1) the reworking of marginal lake carbonates into the deep lake areas, (2) the deposition of organic-rich sediments (TOC > 10%) coupled with sulphate-reduction processes in the deepest areas of the lake, (3) an important decrease in terrigenous supplies and (4) a long-term increase in δ 18 O of matrix-supported carbonates. This early Rupelian forced regression of the Vistrenque lacustrine system is interpreted to result from a regional decrease in precipitation in response to global cooling during the Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT). The final infill of the Vistrenque lake system (late Rupelian-early Chattian) and the onset of a floodplain occurred in more humid conditions during a stage of decreased activity of the Nîmes Fault, prior to or during an early stage of the Liguro-Provençal rifting.Une reconstitution de l’évolution paléoenvironnementale et de l’architecture sédimentaire du bassin paléogène de la Vistrenque (Sud-Est de la France) a été réalisée à partir de l’analyse détaillée de carottes de forage, de l’interprétation de diagraphies et de mesures géochimiques (isotopes stables du carbone et de l’oxygène, teneurs en matière organique et en carbonate). L’analyse des archives sédimentaires a révélé 3 étapes principales d’évolution du bassin : (1) une phase précoce à sédimentation lacustre profonde (Priabonien-Rupélien basal) à dominante gravitaire, pendant une période de fort taux-de subsidence et de climat humide ; (2) une phase ultérieure de réduction de volume du lac (régression forcée) au Rupélien inférieur, caractérisée par une baisse drastique des apports terrigènes et le dépôt d’évaporites dans des sous-bassins compartimentalisés et déconnectés ; (3) une phase de régression normale du lac et de comblement du bassin (Rupélien moyen à Chattien inférieur), exprimée par une transition verticale de dépôts lacustres profonds gravitaires à des dépôts marginaux puis de plaine d’inondation. L’initiation de la réduction de volume du lac au Rupélien inférieur et la phase de régression forcée est enregistrée par (1) l’érosion des bordures carbonatées du lac et leur remaniement dans les dépôts gravitaires profonds, (2) le dépôt de sédiments riches en matière organique (COT > 10%) couplé à des processus de sulfato-réduction bactérienne, (3) une diminution significative des apports terrigènes et (4) une tendance à l’augmentation du δ 18 O des carbonates lacustres. Cet épisode de régression forcée est la conséquence d’un climat plus sec en réponse au refroidissement global de la transition Eocène-Oligocène. Le remplissage final du bassin lacustre et l’installation d’une plaine d’inondation s’est produit en contexte plus humide et de faible activité de la faille de Nîmes, au cours d’un stade précoce de la phase de rifting Liguro-Provençal ou antérieurement à celle-ci
Combining grapevine yield, soil quality and service crops: results from a three-year on-farm experimentation in the Mediterranean region
No full textInternational audienceEnhancing soil organic matter is key to sustainable viticulture. This study evaluates strategies to improve soil quality and viticultural performance in the Mediterranean. Winegrowers, acknowledging the impact of soil health on yield and resilience, are adapting to evolving policies like the anticipated glyphosate ban by turning to alternatives like cover crops for effective weed management (Cataldo et al., 2021; Jacquet et al., 2021). Cover cropping is increasingly adopted for its benefits in reducing herbicides, boosting soil quality, and water resource management (Garcia et al., 2018). Organic amendments are also used to enrich soil and recycle nutrients (Mondini et al., 2018). Challenges in cover cropping and organic amendment implementation prompt research into resource management and soil property changes (Crystal-Ornelas et al., 2021). At the farm level, the diversity of viticultural practices reveal continuous uncertainties among winegrowers about the effectiveness of ecosystem services and the long-term viability of cover crop management strategies. The Occitanie-funded RESAMOVITI project, involving the ABSys research unit, the French Institute for Vine and Wine (IFV), agri-suppliers (Frayssinnet Club Authentis), and winegrowers, focuses on sustainable soil management, assessing cover crop and organic amendment interaction to improve soil health and yield in diverse Mediterranean conditions.Materials and Methods:Seven vineyards across the Mediterranean region participated in the project, with winegrowers actively involved. Soil characteristics were analyzed in 2019 and 2023, while grapevine and cover crop indicators were monitored during the years 2020-2022. Four modalities combining or not amendment and cover crop in comparison with a bare soil control were tested in the inter-rows of each experimental field.ResultsResults indicated that cover crop development was strongly influenced by sowing (Figure 1) and termination dates, initial rainfall and cumulative degree days. Cover crop biomass varied across plots and years, with no discernible impact of organic amendments (from less than 1 Mg ha-1 to more than 7). Potential carbon and nitrogen returns from cover crops depended on their development and management, including modulation of the C/N ratio based on the destruction date. Moreover, the presence of cover crops notably enriched soil labile and stable organic carbon content even after three years only. Results about nitrogen balance varied a lot from one field to another, depending on the initial soil content; at the network level, the study demonstrates that cover crops in Mediterranean conditions did not affect vine nitrogen status at flowering or veraison compared to a tilled control. A decrease in yields and vigor due to cover crops was observed in some fields. Nevertheless, this competition appears to decrease in the presence of amendments. Additionally, other factors might influence resource competition between vines and cover crops, thereby affecting yield and vigor. For example, the method of destruction notably influences soil nitrogen availability and could therefore impact vine performance (Garcia et al., 2024).Conclusion:The RESAMOVITI project provides valuable insights into cover crop dynamics and their impact on Mediterranean soil-vineyard systems highlighting that covercropping improves soil quality, and is compatible with grapevine yield if well managed. . These findings inform optimized management strategies and support sustainable viticulture practices.Cataldo, E., Fucile, M., Mattii, G. B. (2021). A review: Soil management, sustainable strategies and approaches to improve the quality of modern viticulture. Agronomy, 11(11), 2359.Crystal-Ornelas, R., Thapa, R., Tully, K. L. (2021). Soil organic carbon is affected by organic amendments, conservation tillage, and cover cropping in organic farming systems: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 312, 107356.Garcia, L., Celette, F., Gary, C., Ripoche, A., Valdés-Gómez, H., Metay, A. (2018). Management of service crops for the provision of ecosystem services in vineyards: A review. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 251, 158-170.Garcia L., Krafft G., Enard C., Bouisson Y., Metay A., (2024), Adapting service crop termination strategy in viticulture to increase soil ecosystem functions and limit competition with grapevine. European Journal of Agronomy (in press).Mondini, C., Fornasier, F., Sinicco, T., Sivilotti, P., Gaiotti, F., Mosetti, D. (2018). Organic amendment effectively recovers soil functionality in degraded vineyards. European Journal of Agronomy, 101, 210-221.Jacquet, F., Delame, N., Vita, J. L., Huyghe, C., Reboud, X. (2021). The micro-economic impacts of a ban on glyphosate and its replacement with mechanical weeding in French vineyards. Crop Protection, 150, 105778
Droughts, Migration and Population in Kenya
No full textSince 2000, Kenya has experienced an increase in the frequency of droughts, significantly affecting agriculture and driving labor force migration. This paper investigates strategic migration patterns among farmers and pastoralists in response to repetitive droughts. I use fine-grained data that enables the capture of shortdistance migration and heterogeneity, combining satellite-based data on daily rainfalls (CHIRPS) with exhaustive censuses from 1989,1999, and 2009. I use a two-way fixed-effect model to exploit the spatial variation in drought frequency across 2,518 sub-locations, comparing their demographic growth according to the number of dryrainy seasons over each decade. First, I show that increased drought frequency triggers out-migration, as one additional drought decreases demographic growth by 1.7 p.p, equivalent to a 1% population decline. This result is consistent within the [15; 65] age group, excluding other demographic effects and confirming migration as the driving factor. The main contribution of this paper is the identification of different migration strategies across livelihoods. Rural areas dominated by pastoral activities experience significant out-migration, leading to a rural-rural shift from pastoral to agriculture-oriented regions. Herders' migration displays little heterogeneity, suggesting the migration of entire households and consistent with migration as a last resort. Agricultural rural areas are less vulnerable to drought and display significant heterogeneity. The results show the migration of the most educated individuals in the working age, while uneducated individuals are trapped in affected areas. This paper highlights the importance of using detailed data to understand diverse migration strategies, thereby facilitating the implementation of effective policies
Impact environnemental et qualité nutritionnelle des régimes alimentaires des adultes en France selon leur consommation de fruits et légumes
No full textInternational audienceSustainable diets, as defined by the FAO, should include more fruits and vegetables (FV) than current diets. This study assesses the nutritional quality and environmental impacts of adult diets in France according to their level of FV consumption.Dietary and nutrient intake estimates are from the French INCA3 food survey (2014-2015). The population (n = 2,121 adults) was divided into quintiles of FV intake (g/d), with Q1 representing the lowest intake. The nutritional quality of diets was assessed using four indicators: average adequacy with recommendations for nutrients to promote (MAR), solid energy density, average excess intake of nutrients to limit (MER), and the National Nutrition and Health Program adherence score (PNNS-GS2). The environmental impacts of diets were estimated using the environmental footprint score (weighted average of 16 indicators) and 4 indicators considered individually (climate change, ozone depletion, fine particles and blue water, here called water use). The analysis was performed on individual diets adjusted to 2000 kcal.LF consumption ranged from 119 g/d (Q1) to 694 g/d (Q5) on average. Q5 was characterized by a higher energy density. Adjusted to 2000 kcal, the indicators solid energy density, MAR and PNNS-GS2 were better in Q5 compared to Q1. The densities of vitamin C, B9, potassium and fiber were notably higher and those of free sugars lower. Increased LF consumption was associated with lower impacts on climate change, fine particles and ozone depletion, but higher impacts on water use. No significant differences were observed between quintiles for environmental footprint score.Higher LF consumption is associated with better nutritional quality of diets and lower environmental impacts, with the exception of water use. Thus, increasing the share of LF in diets is essential. The impact on water use could be mitigated by optimizing upstream agricultural practices rather than reducing LF consumption.Les régimes alimentaires durables, tels que définis par la FAO, doivent inclure davantage de fruits et légumes (FL), que les régimes actuels. Cette étude évalue la qualité nutritionnelle et les impacts environnementaux des régimes alimentaires des adultes en France selon leur niveau de consommation de FL. Les estimations des apports alimentaires et nutritionnels sont issues de l'enquête alimentaire française INCA3 (2014-2015). La population (n = 2 121 adultes) a été répartie en quintiles d'apports en FL (g/j), Q1 représentant l'apport le plus faible. La qualité nutritionnelle des régimes a été évaluée à l’aide de quatre indicateurs : l’adéquation moyenne aux recommandations des nutriments à favoriser (MAR), la densité énergétique solide, l’excès moyen d’apport en nutriments à limiter (MER), et le score d’adhésion au Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS-GS2). Les impacts des régimes alimentaires sur l'environnement ont été estimés à l'aide du score de l'empreinte environnementale (moyenne pondérée de 16 indicateurs) et de 4 indicateurs considérés individuellement (changement climatique, appauvrissement de la couche d’ozone, particules fines et eau bleue, appelée ici utilisation de l'eau). L'analyse a été réalisée sur des régimes alimentaires individuels ajustés à 2000 kcal.La consommation de FL variait de 119 g/j (Q1) à 694 g/j (Q5) en moyenne. Q5 se caractérisait par une densité énergétique plus élevée. Ajusté sur 2000 kcal, les indicateurs densité énergétique solide, MAR et PNNS-GS2 étaient meilleurs dans Q5 par rapport à Q1. Les densités en vitamine C, B9, potassium et fibres étaient notamment plus élevées et celles en sucres libres plus faibles. L’augmentation de la consommation de FL était associée à un impact moindre sur le changement climatique, les particules fines et l'appauvrissement de la couche d'ozone, mais plus élevé sur l’utilisation de l'eau. Aucune différence significative n'a été observée entre quintiles pour le score de l’empreinte environnementale. Une consommation plus élevée de FL est associée à une meilleure qualité nutritionnelle des régimes alimentaires et à des impacts environnementaux moindres, à l'exception de l'utilisation de l'eau. Il est ainsi essentiel d’augmenter la part des FL dans les régimes alimentaires. L’impact sur l’utilisation de l’eau pourrait être atténué en optimisant les pratiques agricoles en amont plutôt qu’en réduisant la consommation de FL
Unveiling the above-ground eukaryotic diversity supported by individual large old trees: the “Life on Trees” integrative protocol
No full textInternational audienceLarge tropical trees are rightly perceived as supporting a plethora of organisms. However, baseline data about the variety of taxa coexisting on single large tropical trees are lacking and prevent a full understanding of both the magnitude of biodiversity and the complexity of interactions among organisms in tropical rainforests. The two main aims of the research program “Life on Trees” (LOT) are (1) to establish baseline knowledge on the number of eukaryote species supported/hosted by the above-ground part of a single tropical tree and (2) to understand how these communities of organisms are assembled and distributed on or inside the tree. To achieve the first goal, we integrated a set of 36 methods for comprehensively sampling eukaryotes (plants, fungi, animals, protists) present on a tropical tree. The resulting LOT protocol was conceived and implemented during projects in the Andean Amazon region and is proposed here as a guideline for future projects of a similar nature. To address the second objective, we evaluated the microclimatic differences between tree zones and tested state-of-the-art terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and positioning technologies incorporating satellite and fixed base station signals (dGNSS). A marked variation in temperature and relative humidity was detected along a 6-zones Johansson scheme, a tree structure subdivision system commonly used to study the stratification of epiphytic plants. Samples were collected from these six zones, including three along the trunk and three in the canopy. To better understand how different tree components (e.g., bark, leaves, fruits, flowers, dead wood) contribute to overall tree biodiversity, we categorized observations into communities based on Johansson zones and microhabitats. TLS was an essential aid in understanding the complex tree architecture. By contrast, the accuracy of positioning samples in the tree with dGNSS was low. Comprehensively sampling the biota of individual trees offers an alternative to assessing the biodiversity of fewer groups of organisms at the forest scale. Large old tropical trees provide a wealth of microhabitats that encompass a wide range of ecological conditions, thereby capturing a broad spectrum of biodiversity
Introduction à la science ouverte: Inscrire la science ouverte dans son activité de recherche
No full textNational audienceComprendre les principes, enjeux et problématiques liés au concept de science ouverte dans le cadre d’une activité de recherche publique ; comprendre à quelles étapes et selon quelles modalités la science ouverte s’applique dans le cycle de vie d’un projet de recherche
Exploring adaptive spaces towards sustainable rice in Cambodia
No full textInternational audienceRice is a crucial crop in Cambodia, serving as both a staple food and an export commodity. Promoting rice exports to meet growing international demand is a central policy interest of the Cambodian government, with a target of 1 million tons of rice. However, the intensification of rice production faces multiple environmental and socio-economic challenges. To address these challenges, rice stakeholders have developed incentive mechanisms to promote sustainable practices. Incentive mechanisms refer to the structures or systems designed to motivate individuals or entities to take specific actions or exhibit desired behaviors. In our case, we represent these behaviors as either maintaining existing agroecological practices or changing farming practices towards more sustainable ones.This presentation aims to evaluate the effectiveness of these incentive mechanisms for rice production through a comparative analysis. Our objectives are twofold:1.To build a framework to analyze incentives to agroecological practices.2.To test this framework in the case of the rice sector in Cambodia.We analyzed actors-network involved in designing and implementing incentive mechanisms. Drawing on actor-network theory, we used a broad definition of incentive networks and mechanisms, including both human and non-human entities, such as guidelines and farming practices. The incentives function as hubs (or negotiation/adaptation spaces) where social processes and political dynamics take place. Prioritizing connections over individual and isolated factors allowed to better understand power dynamics, which are not inherent to the properties of actors but rather to the relationships established among them. In total, we studied 12 incentives through 17 semi-structured interviews, using an interactive system of actor mapping. Several actors involved in research and development projects, national and international organizations, rice-millers, union of agricultural cooperatives, farmers organizations were interviewed. The comparative analysis of the incentives highlights the differences and similarities of the mechanisms, characterizes their evolution in time and institutional trajectories, turning points in the implementation and the indicators that players use to define their successes or failures.Our findings suggest that the existing economic incentives, in their current shape, are not influencing significant changes in farmers' practices towards agroecology. We posit that incentives should extend beyond economic values to include others intrinsic values of rice farming, such as cultural value, farmers’ wellbeing, food safety, etc. Value-based incentives should be discussed among stakeholders in dedicated adaptation spaces before they are implemented, otherwise they face the risk of not being implemented by so-called beneficiaries on the ground. These findings will feed future research about the future of rice farming in Cambodia as a stepping stone to co-design relevant incentive and intervention mechanisms towards sustainable rice practices