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Large infrastructures and developments in socio-ecosystems : An insight from OHMs
No full textInternational audienc
Assessing the performance of a national participatory scheme for the co-management of the mangrove crab fishery in Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceIn the context of the FAO's Small-Scale Fisheries (SSF) Voluntary Guidelines, inclusive management and participatory research approaches to SSF have been encouraged. To date such initiatives have been limited at the sub-national and national levels. The CORECRABE action research project (2019-2023) addressed that challenge in mangrove crab export-fisheries in Madagascar. Our research aimed at assessing local stakeholders’ learning and participation in the processes of collaborative management of these fisheries through this transdisciplinary case study. We first evaluated the technical, normative and relational learnings of 52 stakeholders who have participated in the project’s regional working groups and/or the national workshop organized from 2020 to 2022. Then, in 2023, we interviewed 300 local SSF actors (fishers, buyers, and community leaders) within 77 focus groups (separated by occupation, age, and gender) in 12 coastal villages involved or not in the project activities. Their fishery knowledge, project participation, social network construction, and management perceptions were collected. The actors’ participation and representation in the project workshops were compared across two intervention regions, as well as the transfer of knowledge to and from the local communities at the regional and national levels. The study highlights the challenges and opportunities of transdisciplinary approach associated with learning mechanisms at varying scales for operationalizing SSF co-management
The effect of a political crisis on performance of community forests and protected areas in Madagascar
No full textInternational audienceUnderstanding the effectiveness of conservation interventions during times of political instability is important given how much of the world’s biodiversity is concentrated in politically fragile nations. Here, we investigate the effect of a political crisis on the relative performance of community managed forests versus protected areas in terms of reducing deforestation in Madagascar, a biodiversity hotspot. We use remotely sensed data and statistical matching within an event study design to isolate the effect of the crisis and post-crisis period on performance. Annual rates of deforestation accelerated at the end of the crisis and were higher in community forests than in protected areas. After controlling for differences in location and other confounding variables, we find no difference in performance during the crisis, but community-managed forests performed worse in post-crisis years. These findings suggest that, as a political crisis subsides and deforestation pressures intensify, community-based conservation may be less resilient than state protection
The root of plant-plant interactions: Belowground special cocktails
No full textInternational audiencePlants interact with each other via a multitude of processes among which belowground communication facilitated by specialized metabolites plays an important but overlooked role. Until now, the exact targets, modes of action, and resulting phenotypes that these metabolites induce in neighboring plants have remained largely unknown. Moreover, positive interactions driven by the release of root exudates are prevalent in both natural field conditions and controlled laboratory environments. In particular, intraspecific positive interactions suggest a genotypic recognition mechanism in addition to non-self perception in plant roots. This review concentrates on recent discoveries regarding how plants interact with one another through belowground signals in intra- and interspecific mixtures. Furthermore, we elaborate on how an enhanced understanding of these interactions can propel the field of agroecology forward
La transition alimentaire dans le Ferlo (Sénégal)
No full textInternational audienceSince the 1970s, years of severe drought in the Sahel, the village of Widou Thiengoly has been undergoing a food transition. This is characterised by a shift from self-sufficiency in food to dependence on markets. In the past, people ate food produced from livestock, rain-fed farming, hunting and gathering. In those days, food was not very varied and was adapted to what the land had to offer. Today, access to food via markets offers greater diversity, in terms of foodstuffs, recipes, places of processing and purchase (bakeries, butchers) and places of consumption (gargotes, dibiteries). These dietary changes are concomitant with changes in pastoral practices, lifestyles and the gradual opening up of the region. Through this study, we aim to describe and understand the dynamics of dietary change at Widou Thiengoly in the context of more general changes in Fulani society in this area. We will highlight the forms of societal compromise and adaptation at work among the Fulani of Widou Thiengoly, by placing our analysis at the crossroads of two worlds: that of the globalisation of food systems and that of Fulani identity in transformation.Depuis les années 1970, années de grande sécheresse dans le Sahel, le village de Widou Thiengoly amorce une transition alimentaire. Cette dernière se caractérise par le passage d'une autosubsistance alimentaire à la dépendance des marchés. Autrefois étaient consommés les aliments issus de l'élevage, de l'agriculture pluviale, de la chasse et de la cueillette. L'alimentation était alors peu variée et ajustée à ce que pouvait offrir le territoire. Aujourd'hui l’accès à l’alimentation par les marchés propose une plus grande diversité, qui concerne les aliments, les recettes, les lieux de transformation et d’achat (boulangerie, boucherie) et les lieux de consommation (gargotes, dibiteries). Ces changements alimentaires sont concomitants à l’évolution des pratiques pastorales, des modes de vie et à un désenclavement progressif du territoire. À travers cette étude, nous cherchons à décrire et comprendre les dynamiques de changement alimentaire à Widou Thiengoly dans le contexte de mutation plus globale de la société peule de ce territoire. Nous mettrons en avant les formes de compromis et d’adaptation sociétales qui se sont à l'œuvre chez les Peuls de Widou Thiengoly, en posant notre regard et notre analyse au croisement de deux mondes : celui de la globalisation des systèmes alimentaires et celui de l’identité peule en transformation
Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for fast germplasm analysis and classification in multi-environment using intact-seed peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
No full textInternational audiencePeanut is a worldwide oilseed crop and the need to assess germplasm in a non-destructive manner is important for seed nutritional breeding. In this study, Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) was applied to rapidly assess germplasm variability from whole seed of 699 samples, field-collected and assembled in four genetic and environment-based sets: one set of 300 varieties of a core-collection and three sets of 133 genotypes of an interspecific population, evaluated in three environments in a large spatial scale of two countries, Mbalmayo and Bafia in Cameroon and Nioro in Senegal, under rainfed conditions. NIR elemental spectra were gathered on six subsets of seeds of each sample, after three rotation scans, with a spectral resolution of 16 cm-1 over the spectral range of 867 nm to 2530 nm. Spectra were then processed by principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). As results, a huge variability was found between varieties and genotypes for all NIR wavelength within and between environments. The magnitude of genetic variation was particularly observed at 11 relevant wavelengths such as 1723 nm, usually related to oil content and fatty acid composition. PCA yielded the most chemical attributes in three significant PCs (i.e., eigenvalues >10), which together captured 93% of the total variation, revealing genetic and environment structure of varieties and genotypes into four clusters, corresponding to the four samples sets. The pattern of genetic variability of the interspecific population covers, remarkably half of spectrum of the core-collection, turning out to be the largest. Interestingly, a PLS-DA model was developed and a strong accuracy of 99.6% was achieved for the four sets, aiming to classify each seed sample according to environment origin. The confusion matrix achieved for the two sets of Bafia and Nioro showed 100% of instances classified correctly with 100% at both sensitivity and specificity, confirming that their seed quality was different from each other and all other samples. Overall, NIRS chemometrics is useful to assess and distinguish seeds from different environments and highlights the value of the interspecific population and core-collection, as a source of nutritional diversity, to support the breeding efforts
A new freshwater gobioid from the Lower Miocene of Turkey in a significantly amended total evidence phylogenetic framework
No full textInternational audienceThe extant gobioid fishes form a highly diverse group comprised of eight families and over 2000 species. They pose many taxonomic and phylogenetic challenges, particularly when working with fossils. Here we introduce †Simpsonigobius gen. nov., a new freshwater gobioid of small size (≤ 34 mm) from the Lower Miocene of Turkey, and analyse its relationships using a total evidence phylogenetic framework from a previous study that we have significantly improved and expanded upon. †Simpsonigobius gen. nov. exhibits a unique combination of characters, including five branchiostegal rays, a palatine with a weakly ‘T’-shaped head, an additional ray in the anal fin relative to the second dorsal fin, and rounded-to-quadrangular otoliths with a pronounced posterodorsal projection. Undated and tip-dated analyses in a total evidence Bayesian framework, utilizing our updated and expanded data set (48 extant in-group species, 10 fossil species, 48 morphological characters, data from five genes), indicate its relationship with the Oxudercidae, which is reinforced by our comparative morphological analysis. Our results reveal †Simpsonigobius gen. nov. as the oldest skeleton-based member of the Oxudercidae and the oldest freshwater species of the clade Gobiidae + Oxudercidae. The tip-dating analysis estimates divergence ages for Gobiidae (34.13 Ma) and Oxudercidae (34.83 Ma), which are in accordance with previous node-dating analyses. Additionally, based on our time-calibrated tree, we conduct the first reconstruction of ancestral habitat types employing stochastic character mapping and incorporating fossil taxa. The outcome reveals that the ancestor of the Gobioidei likely did not exclusively inhabit freshwater environments, challenging previous assumptions and emphasizing the importance of considering combined habitat types among early-splitting extant taxa. Our study represents the first simultaneous analysis of fossil and extant gobioid species, along with dating of the tree, and our data emphasize the ability of this approach to place gobioid fossils within a reliable chronological and phylogenetic context
Water use scenarios versus climate change: Investigating future water management of the French part of the Moselle
No full textInternational audienceStudy region: French part of the Moselle catchmentStudy focus: By relying on hydrological simulations forced by climate change scenarios, stakeholders can assess the magnitude of future changes in the rainfall–runoff relationship. The inclusion of human influences in water resources modelling in a non-stationary context is a way to improve the accuracy and usefulness of climate change impact studies. Here, we propose a modelling approach that explicitly considers water uses to evaluate adaptation measures for water management at the French Moselle catchment scale.New hydrological insights for the region: The results highlight the decrease in future low flows but also the change in the balance between demand and supply. Over the Moselle catchment, whatever the water use scenario considered, climate change induces lower water availability both for environmental flows and for human uses. This leads to a potential increase in the duration of water restriction of up to 8 weeks for RCP 8.5 in the long term (2070–2099) compared to 1976–2005. This study could provide water managers with more appropriate climate impact results and potentially help them to design adequate adaptation measures
Vers une reconnaissance du pouvoir d'agir des intervenantes dans la branche de l'aide à domicile ?
No full textLa branche de l’aide, de l’accompagnement, des soins et des services à domicile, dite « BAD », est le résultat, à la suite d’une injonction de l’État, du rapprochement de trois conventions collectives ayant vu le jour dans les années 1980 et 1990. Elle est également le fruit d’une histoire remontant à la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale qui a vu émerger et s’imposer quatre fédérations d’employeurs. Cette étude réalisée dans le cadre de l’ANR Squapin revient sur cette histoire et sur le rôle des pouvoirs publics.Cette branche, qui regroupe plus de 4 600 structures prestataires à but non lucratif, souffre structurellement de problèmes d’attractivité et de fidélisation, problèmes qui ne sont pas sans lien avec la faiblesse relative des financements publics, mais qui ne s’y résument pas. Le métier d’aide à domicile, presque exclusivement exercé par des femmes, est en effet pénible – physiquement, mais aussi psychologiquement et émotionnellement –, mal payé et invisibilisé, quand il n’est pas carrément déconsidéré. Les emplois demeurent, pour la plupart, faiblement qualifiés. L’invisibilité des compétences, parfois jugées «naturelles», est souvent associée à l’identité féminine des intervenantes. Elle est renforcée par l’éloignement de l’employeur, le travail se faisant au domicile des usagers, dans des conditions à chaque fois spécifiques. Les intervenantes font donc preuve d’une large autonomie et d’initiative dans leur travail quotidien sans que les compétences techniques, mais aussi relationnelles et sociales qu’elles mettent en œuvre soient pleinement reconnues
