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Credible climate policy commitments are needed for keeping long-term climate goals within reach
No full textCredible climate policy commitments are crucial for aligning decision-makers' expectations with policy objectives, thereby catalyzing timely low-carbon investments. However, Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), the primary numerical tools for evaluating solution spaces, policy timing, and investment dynamics in mitigation scenarios, have largely neglected this critical issue. Here, we introduce a framework for addressing credible climate policy commitments with IAMs and conduct a quantitative assessment of their significance for global climate policy effectiveness in achieving long-term goals. We clarify the shortcomings of existing narratives and analytical approaches, proposing a method to integrate a more sophisticated representation of policy credibility in an IAM. Our findings demonstrate that failing to get expectations right can increase cumulative CO2 emissions by 11% compared to scenarios with perfect policy foresight. By 2035, the emissions gap can be as high as 45% in the power sector with regard to the perfect foresight case, under low credibility and limited foresight on policy implementation, highlighting the adverse interplay between capital inertia and low policy credibility. These results underscore the urgent need to explicitly incorporate the credibility of policy commitments into the tools used for climate policy-making
Découverte de plusieurs géophilomorphes en Martinique, avec la description d’une nouvelle espèce du genre Portoricona (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha)
No full textInternational audienceBetween 2016 and 2023, hundreds of centipedeshave been collected in Martinique by the second author, mainly by soil and litter samples and extractingwith Berlese funnels, also by hand collecting. The whole was then identified by the first author overthe years. After the examination of the type material of P. adjunta Chamberlin, 1950, and P. sociaChamberlin, 1950, a new species of Portoricona Chamberlin, 1950 (Geophilidae), collected in Martiniqueisland (Lesser Antilles), is described: P. carbetensis n. sp. It is easily distinguishable by the criteria of itsanterior sternites and its number of legs. A modern diagnosis of the genus Portoricona is given, withalso some morphological complements on the descriptions of P. adjunta and of P. socia after their typicalmaterial, and an identification key of the three species. Ityphilus idanus Crabill, 1960 (Schendylidae) andPiestophilus carribeanus (Chamberlin,1915) (Geophilidae) are recorded for the first time in Martinique.Schizonampa barberi Iorio & Coulis, 2019, has been observed in the mountains of pitons du Carbet.A specimen of Piestophilus carribeanus, from an unpubished locality in Cuba, is documented in thecollection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) of the Harvard University. After the literatureand all our unpublished identifications, eleven geophilomorph centipedes species are recorded inMartinique, taking into account an unknown minute Geophilidae, possibly halophilic. A checklist ofthe Geophilomorpha of this island is proposed. The diagnosis and the key are translated in English.Entre 2016 et 2023, des centaines de chilopodes ont été récoltés en Martinique par le secondauteur, principalement par des prélèvements de sol et de litière suivis d’extraction avec des appareilsde Berlese, ou aussi à l’aide de captures à vue. L’ensemble a ensuite été identifié par le premierauteur au fil des ans. Après examen des matériaux typiques de P. adjunta Chamberlin, 1950, et P. sociaChamberlin, 1950, une nouvelle espèce de Portoricona Chamberlin, 1950 (Geophilidae) est décrite deMartinique (Petites Antilles) : P. carbetensis n. sp. Elle s’en distingue aisément par les structures dessternites antérieurs et ses nombres de pattes. Une nouvelle diagnose du genre Portoricona est fournie,ainsi que quelques compléments morphologiques aux descriptions originales de P. adjunta et deP. socia d’après leurs matériaux typiques, ainsi qu’une clé d’identification des trois espèces. Ityphilusidanus Crabill, 1960 (Schendylidae) et Piestophilus carribeanus (Chamberlin,1915) (Geophilidae) sontcités pour la première fois en Martinique. Schizonampa barberi Iorio & Coulis, 2019, a été observée sur lemassif des pitons du Carbet. Un spécimen de Piestophilus carribeanus, provenant d’une localité inédite àCuba, existe dans la collection du Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ) de l’Université d’Harvard.D’après la bibliographie et toutes nos identifications inédites réalisées jusqu’ici, onze espèces degéophilomorphes sont aujourd’hui recensées en Martinique, en tenant compte d’une espèce minusculeet inconnue de Geophilidae, a priori halophile. Une liste des Geophilomorpha de l’île est proposée
The institutionalisation of bioculturalism through community protocols : the case of Guna Yala
No full textInternational audienceCommunity Biocultural Protocols (CBPs) are environmental governance mechanisms for biodiversity that aim to establish, at the local community level, a normative framework for the central themes discussed in the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity (biodiversity conservation, traditional knowledge, prior and informed access, benefit sharing, agro-biodiversity conservation, etc.). This article aims to shed light on the local implementation of this type of protocol in the Indigenous territory of Guna Yala (Panama). It allows us to place the specific mechanism of the CBPs in the long history of the Gunadulegan with regard to relations with scientific circles and the question of the coupling between biological and cultural diversity. It is also an opportunity to contribute to a reflection on the institutionalisation of the idea of bioculturalism
hubeau: un package pour interroger les APIs du Système d'Information sur l'eau en France
No full textInternational audienceHub'Eau (https://hubeau.eaufrance.fr/) est la plateforme nationale de diffusion des données ouvertes de 12 bases de données nationales sur l'eau en France mise en place en 2018 grâce à une collaboration entre l'Office français de la biodiversité (OFB) et le BRGM. Elle met à disposition des API (Application Programming Interface) web s'appuyant sur une infrastructure et des méthodes adaptées au traitement et au stockage de données massives garantissent de hautes performances en termes de rapidité et de disponibilité (plus de 20 requêtes par seconde). L'utilisateur peut ainsi formuler une requête sur un ou plusieurs paramètres et utiliser n'importe quel outil utilisant un langage de programmation pour collecter les résultats issus de données nationales régulièrement enrichies et mises à jour quotidiennement voire en temps réel pour l'API hydrométrie.L'utilisation de telles API pour se révéler ardue et le package R hubeau (https://cran.r-project.org/package=hubeau) implémente des fonctions qui permettent d'interroger facilement 10 des 12 API mises à disposition sur la plateforme. Le package est fourni avec une documentation complète ainsi que des vignettes proposant des exemples concrets de cartographie ou de statistiques sur l'observation des étiages, le suivi du niveau des nappes ou encore la qualité de l'eau des rivières.Le package hubeau a notamment été adopté par les services de l'OFB pour produire des rapports régionalisés reproductibles au format Rmarkdown valorisant les données de l'Observatoire national des étiages Onde (observation de l'écoulement des petits cours d'eau en période d'étiage) (https://github.com/ofb-bzh/PRR_ONDE/)
The genome and population genomics of allopolyploid Coffea arabica reveal the diversification history of modern coffee cultivars
No full textCoffea arabica, an allotetraploid hybrid of Coffea eugenioides and Coffea canephora, is the source of approximately 60% of coffee products worldwide, and its cultivated accessions have undergone several population bottlenecks. We present chromosome-level assemblies of a di-haploid C. arabica accession and modern representatives of its diploid progenitors, C. eugenioides and C. canephora. The three species exhibit largely conserved genome structures between diploid parents and descendant subgenomes, with no obvious global subgenome dominance. We find evidence for a founding polyploidy event 350,000-610,000 years ago, followed by several pre-domestication bottlenecks, resulting in narrow genetic variation. A split between wild accessions and cultivar progenitors occurred similar to 30.5 thousand years ago, followed by a period of migration between the two populations. Analysis of modern varieties, including lines historically introgressed with C. canephora, highlights their breeding histories and loci that may contribute to pathogen resistance, laying the groundwork for future genomics-based breeding of C. arabica
The Asselian flora of the Lodève Basin, France: diversity and significance of a classical early Permian assemblage
No full textInternational audienc
Down by the water-Aerenchyma in Devonian and early Carboniferous plants
No full textInternational audienceAerenchyma is a specialized plant tissue containing enlarged gas spaces formed either by differential growth and cell separation (schizogeny) or by cell death (lysigeny). Today, aerenchyma is formed constitutively in the roots, shoots, and leaves of aquatic plants, and in response to poor soil aeration in wetland plants. Its presence can thus be used as a proxy for plant adaptation to flooded and aquatic habitats in the fossil record. This talk will review selected occurrences of aerenchyma in Devonian and early Carboniferous plants based on the litterature and on new data to (1) provide a new understanding of the evolution of this tissue, and (2) discuss the anatomical evidence for the oldest aquatic vascular plants.Aerenchyma is present in early Devonian plants, including in the cortex of taxa from the Rhynie chert such as Asteroxylon. It has been reported in several cladoxylopsid s.l. stems, and is particularly well-developed in the central ground tissue of Pietzschia levis. Aerenchyma is also present in an unnamed iridopteridale from the Late Devonian of Australia, where it is located in the inner part of the cortex. One of the best examples of aerenchyma in late Devonian-early Carboniferous plants however is the enigmatic genera Periastron, known from the New Albany Shales in Kentucky, Erin Slate in Alabama (USA), the Russchiefer of Saalfeld (Germany) and the Lydienne Formation (France). Additional specimens from the Lydienne Formation bring new information on the structure of the aerenchyma and on the way it was formed. The extensive presence of aerenchyma in an organ interpreted as a petiole suggests that the parent plant was aquatic. While the plant fossil record is known to have a strong bias towards the preservation of wetland taxa, this is the oldest anatomical evidence of a complex vascular plant adapted to fully aquatic life
Reliant les domaines, créant des solutions : la coproduction d'un robot agricole à faible coût et des valeurs disciplinaires et professionnelles
No full textInternational audienceThis paper presents a research project currently under development, provisionally entitled “Bridging Fields, Building Solutions: The Co-production of a Low-cost Agricultural Robot and Disciplinary and Professional Values.” The paper focuses on an ongoing research project in digital agriculture aimed at creating a low-cost robot for market gardening. It is based on interprofessional and interdisciplinary cooperation between farmers, and researchers from agricultural science, agricultural information technology, and robotics. The research project, ‘Bridging Fields, Building Solutions,’ intends to analyze how involvement in the co- conception leads participants to re-evaluate their work. Thus, it highlights that the co-creation of the agricultural robot requires not only a simple co-design of the robot but also a rearrangement — a co-production — of values, knowledge, and practices within the project. For this purpose, we draw upon qualitative methods, including documentary analysis, interviews, and observations.Cet article présente un projet de recherche en développement, intitulé « Reliant les domaines, créant des solutions: La coproduction d'un robot agricole à faible coût et des valeurs disciplinaires et professionnelles ». Cette recherche porte sur un projet de recherche en cours, visant à créer un robot à faible coût pour le maraîchage. Il repose sur une coopération inter- expert entre des agriculteurs, ainsi que des chercheurs en sciences agricoles, en technologie de l'information agricole et en robotique. Le projet de recherche « Reliant les domaines, créant des solutions » vise à analyser comment la participation à ce projet amène les participants à réévaluer leur travail. Ainsi, il souligne que la co-création du robot agricole nécessite un réaménagement — une coproduction — des valeurs, des connaissances et des pratiques au sein du projet. À cette fin, nous nous appuyons sur des méthodes qualitatives, incluant l'analyse documentaire, les entretiens et les observations
Will the European Regulation for water reuse for agricultural irrigation foster this practice in the European Union?
No full textInternational audienceThe development of the water reuse sector within the European Union (EU) varies considerably. In 2020, Portugal, Spain, Italy, Greece, France and Cyprus had the most comprehensive regulations for the reuse of reclaimed water for agriculture. The approval of a common regulation by the EU Parliament and the Council in May 2020 (which came into effect in June 2023) elicits the question of how each country will comply with it. This review compares (i) national regulations to the 2020 European Regulation, (ii) existing projects with respect to their performance in terms of water quality and (iii) raises a debate about the role of the EU Regulation in fostering water reuse at the EU level. The European Regulation will probably strengthen consumer confidence as common minimum requirements are now required. However, the issues related to micropollutants, disinfection by-products or possible changes in the water quality downstream of the compliance point are not fully considered by the EU Regulation. Moreover, other techno-economic obstacles to be overcome include the distance between the production of treated water and agricultural needs, the low economic competitiveness of reclaimed water and the implementation of the multi-barrier approach