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Revisiting border irrigation management: benefits of new in-field sensor-based control compared to conventional cutoff times
No full textInternational audienceSurface irrigation is often described as low performing insofar as its practice is labour intensive and involves the use of large water flows that are difficult to quantify and manage. However, this method remains predominant worldwide, and modernisation towards localised irrigation systems is not always feasible or advisable. To support border irrigation management, we previously developed a low-cost sensor for surface irrigation management, which remotely informs the farmer of water arrival downstream of his or her field and therefore of the moment to stop irrigation. The objectives of this study were: i) to determine the optimal position of this sensor lengthwise in the field throughout the season, and ii) to compare the influence of management scenarios (sensor-based or time-based cutoff) on irrigation performance. To this end, an integrated agro-hydraulic model was developed to simulate surface water flow dynamics throughout the season including variations in infiltration and roughness. The model was fed using monitoring data from the border irrigation of a hay field during a whole season. The results showed that the optimal sensor position can change by 10% over the course of the season, depending on inflow rates, initial soil moisture and Manning’s roughness. Sensor-based irrigation control was found to be more efficient than actual practices, and more effective than an optimised cutoff time in limiting performance gaps induced by variability or uncertainty in the initial conditions. The methods and findings should serve as a basis for larger-scale studies integrating the adoption of sensors and real-time data for surface irrigation management
A social-physical approach to question the scaling of local innovations for improving agricultural water management in the Mediterranean
No full textInternational audienceAgainst a backdrop of increasing scarcity and pressure on water resources in the Mediterranean, technical informational innovations for existing irrigation systems have potential to support farmers and Water User Association in these critical times. The capacity to track water flows and transfers at various spatial and temporal scales is now clearly identified as one avenue to improve irrigation management. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are being developed at an unprecedented rate, but they are still not as widespread as the increasing conflictual situations may require. The objective of this communication is to propose a methodology to overcome barriers to larger uptake of ICT due to technical and organizational specificities. We developed a specific method, cross-referencing spatial information and analyzing innovation processes. It relies on a reflexive and analytical project perspective and a
Digital and precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies: gaps between sheep and goat farmers’ needs and existing solutions
No full textSession 14- Théâtre 9International audienceSm@RT is an EU Horizon 2020 funded project, involving Estonia, France, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Norwayand UK, to encourage uptake of digital and PLF technologies by sheep and goat farmers. In a series of nationaland international workshops in the 8 countries, 166 different needs and challenges regarding technology use wereidentified by sheep and goat farmers. Sixty potential solutions were collated by the project partners, with somesolutions addressing more than one need and production type (meat sheep, dairy sheep and dairy goats). In total,18 needs were not addressed as follows: 3 for reproduction, 4 for health/welfare, 3 for herd monitoring, 2 for feeding/grazing, 4 for milking, and 2 for fattening. During a final international workshop, additional solutions wereidentified by over 80 stakeholders to address those gaps although not all were available on the market or directlyadapted. Only two gaps relating to milking were not addressed. Between existing technologies and upcomingprototypes, most sheep and goats farmers’ needs for technology use on farms can be answered. However, barriersto uptake and cost-benefit analysis, amongst others, should also be considered
Xenopus tropicalis osteoblast-specific open chromatin regions reveal promoters and enhancers involved in human skeletal phenotypes and shed light on early vertebrate evolution
No full textInternational audienceATAC-seq identifies Xenopus tropicalis osteoblast-specific nucleosome-free regions.ChIP-seq and RNA-seq further validate 527 promoters and 6,747 enhancers.Twist, AP1, Tead, Runx2, Nfat, Nfi and Smad display TFBS enrichment. 425 conserved human regions are associated with skeletal phenotypes.Conservation with the elephant shark supports the homology of bone and dentine
Towards a modular, multi-ecosystem monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) framework for soil organic carbon stock change assessment
No full textInternational audienceSoils are the largest terrestrial reservoir of organic carbon, yet they are easily degraded. Consistent and accurate monitoring of changes in soil organic carbon stocks and net greenhouse gas emissions, reporting, and their verification is key to facilitate investment in sustainable land use practices that maintain or increase soil organic carbon stocks, as well as to incorporate soil organic carbon sequestration in national greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. Building up on an initial review of monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) schemes with a focus on croplands, grasslands, and forestlands we develop a framework for a modular, scalable MRV system. We then provide an inventory and classification of selected MRV methodologies and subsequently "score" them against a list of key characteristics. It appears that the main challenge in developing a unified MRV system concerns the monitoring component. Finally, we present a conceptual workflow that shows how a prototype for an operational, modular multi-ecosystem MRV tool could be systematically built.</div
Comment faire co-construire des plans territoriaux faisables et transformatifs ?: Enjeux scientifiques et pratiques d’une ingénierie de la participation décisionnelle
No full textInternational audienceQuels protocoles de recherche intervention mettre en oeuvre avec des acteurs pilotes locaux pour faciliter des processus décisionnels largement inclusifs, transformatifs et enrichissant le cadre institutionnel existant ? Quels outils pour passer de « l’ acceptologie » à une planification engageante en amont
Feline ecology in French Guiana: a Participatory Sciences and molecular non-invasive approach
No full textInternational audienc
3D models related to the publication: Shape diversity in conodont elements, a quantitative study using 3D topography
No full textInternational audienceThe present 3D Dataset contains the 3D models analyzed in Assemat et al. 2023: Shape diversity in conodont elements, a quantitative study using 3D topography. Marine Micropaleontology 184.</p
How fast are viruses spreading in the wild?
No full textAbstract Genomic data collected from viral outbreaks can be exploited to reconstruct the dispersal history of viral lineages in a two-dimensional space using continuous phylogeographic inference. These spatially explicit reconstructions can subsequently be used to estimate dispersal metrics allowing to unveil the dispersal dynamics and evaluate the capacity to spread among hosts. Heterogeneous sampling intensity of genomic sequences can however impact the accuracy of dispersal insights gained through phylogeographic inference. In our study, we implement a simulation framework to evaluate the robustness of three dispersal metrics — a lineage dispersal velocity, a diffusion coefficient, and an isolation-by-distance signal metric — to the sampling effort. Our results reveal that both the diffusion coefficient and isolation-by-distance signal metrics appear to be robust to the number of samples considered for the phylogeographic reconstruction. We then use these two dispersal metrics to compare the dispersal pattern and capacity of various viruses spreading in animal populations. Our comparative analysis reveals a broad range of isolation-by-distance patterns and diffusion coefficients mostly reflecting the dispersal capacity of the main infected host species but also, in some cases, the likely signature of rapid and/or long-distance dispersal events driven by human-mediated movements through animal trade. Overall, our study provides key recommendations for the lineage dispersal metrics to consider in future studies and illustrates their application to compare the spread of viruses in various settings
Mandatory vs. Voluntary? How to Conceive and Implement the ‘Right’ Measures to Fight AMR
No full textInternational audienceDie Bekämpfung antimikrobieller Resistenzen (AMR) umfasst in der Regel eine Reihe an Maßnahmen, wie das Verbot oder die Einschränkung der Verwendung bestimmter Moleküle, die Förderung präventiver Ansätze im Bereich der Tiergesundheit, das Monitoring des Antibiotikaeinsatzes und ‐verschreibungen, die Schulung von Landwirten/−innen und Tierärzten/−innen sowie die Entwicklung von Qualitätssystemen und ‐kennzeichnungen. Diese Maßnahmen können verpflichtend (d. h. Vorschriften) oder freiwillig (d. h. private Standards, Berufsrichtlinien etc.) sein, je nachdem, welcher Politikstil in den einzelnen Ländern verfolgt wird: die Auferlegung eines gleichen Handlungsrahmens für alle oder der Versuch, die Initiativen der Interessengruppen zu fördern. Es ist jedoch schwierig zu sagen, dass eine Option besser als eine andere ist, da ein Rückgang im Einsatz antimikrobieller Mittel in der Tierhaltung in verschiedenen europäischen Ländern mittels unterschiedlicher Optionen erreicht wurde. Anhand einer Querschnittsbetrachtung dreier ROADMAP‐Fallstudien wird in diesem Point de Vu e argumentiert, dass eine effiziente und legitime AMR‐Politik eine Kombination aus freiwilligen und verpflichtenden Maßnahmen erfordert, die sorgfältig durchdacht und an die lokalen Gegebenheiten und Dynamiken angepasst ist.Summary The fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) usually relies on a large set of measures, such as banning or restricting the use of certain molecules, promoting preventive approaches to animal health, monitoring antibiotic use and prescription, training farmers and veterinarians, developing quality schemes and labels, etc. These measures can be mandatory (i.e. regulations) or voluntary (i.e. private standards, professional guidelines, etc.), depending on the policy style adopted in each country: imposing the same framework of action for everyone or trying to stimulate stakeholders’ initiatives. It is however difficult to say that one option is better than another, given that reduction of antimicrobial use in livestock has been achieved in different European countries using different options. Based on a cross‐reflection from three ROADMAP case studies, this Point de Vue argues that an efficient and legitimate AMR policy has to adopt a combination of voluntary and mandatory measures which is carefully thought through and which is adapted to local contexts and dynamics.La lutte contre la résistance aux antimicrobiens (RAM) s'appuie généralement sur un large ensemble de mesures, telles que l'interdiction ou la restriction de l'utilisation de certaines molécules, la promotion d'approches préventives en santé animale, le contrôle de l'usage et de la prescription des antibiotiques, la formation des éleveurs et des vétérinaires ou encore le développement de démarches qualité et de labels. Ces mesures peuvent être obligatoires (c'est‐à‐dire des réglementations) ou volontaires (c'est‐à‐dire des normes privées, des lignes directrices professionnelles, etc.), selon le style d'action publique adopté dans chaque pays: imposer le même cadre d'action pour tout le monde ou tenter de stimuler les initiatives des parties prenantes. Il est cependant difficile de dire qu'une option est meilleure qu'une autre car la réduction de l'utilisation des antimicrobiens dans l’élevage a été obtenue dans différents pays européens en utilisant différentes options. Fondé sur une réflexion croisée de trois études de cas du projet ROADMAP, ce Point de Vue soutient qu'une politique de RAM efficace et légitime doit adopter une combinaison de mesures volontaires et obligatoires soigneusement réfléchies et adaptées aux contextes et dynamiques locaux