Repository of Croatian Defence Academy "Dr. Franjo Tuđman"
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Tactics, techniques, and procedures of mechanized units in an urban environment
No full textOperacije u urbanom okruženju su jedne od najzahtjevnijih zadaća koje postrojba može provoditi. Tome pridonosi zahtjevna konfiguracija i sadržaj prostora, brojna civilna populacija, te asimetrično ratovanje koje branitelj može provoditi. Literatura na ovu temu je detaljno i dobro razrađena te prikazuje sve izazove i njihova rješenja na jasan način. Obuka postrojbi za urbano ratovanje je kompleksan proces koji mora krenuti od najniže razine, pojedinca, te uvrstiti naučeno na veće razine. Povijest je puna primjera urbanih operacija, uspješnih i neuspješnih. Uspješnost naših snaga ovisi u potpunosti o tome koliko se dobro pripremimo za borbu. Prva bitka za Faludžu je potpuno drugačija od Druge, isključivo zbog bolje pripreme prije Druge bitke. Obavještajna priprema i djelovanje su osobito važni zbog gustoće naseljenosti civilnog stanovništva unutar urbanih središta kao i njihove periferije.Operations in urban environments are among the most demanding tasks a unit can undertake. Contributing factors include the challenging configuration and contents of the area, the numerous civilian population, and the asymmetric warfare that the defender can conduct. Literature on this topic is detailed and well-developed, clearly presenting all challenges and their solutions. Training units for urban warfare is a complex process that must start at the lowest level, the individual, and incorporate learned skills into higher levels. History is full of examples of urban operations, both successful and unsuccessful. The success of our forces depends entirely on how well they prepare for combat. The First Battle of Fallujah is completely different from the Second, solely due to better preparation before the Second Battle. Intelligence preparation is particularly important due to the density of the civilian population within urban centers and their peripheries
The applicability of contemporary operational environment analysis on the example of operation Una
No full textRad se bavi istraživanjem kako se kombinacijama raščlambi operativnog i sigurnosnog okruženja mogu identificirati važni uzroci i načela bitna za planiranje vojnih operacija. Predmet istraživanja su suvremene raščlambe okruženja u kojima se izvode vojne operacije i njihova primjenjivost na primjeru neuspjele operacije Una u rujnu 1995. godine. Hipoteza je da se odabirom i kombinacijom raščlambi operativnog i sigurnosnog okruženja može podići kvaliteta dedukcije o operativnim faktorima - prostoru, vremenu i snagama. Svrha istraživanja je ispitivanje primjenjivosti suvremenih alata menadžmenta u planiranju vojnih operacija. Istraživanje je kvalitativno, pristupljeno mu je metodološkim, odnosno induktivnim pristupom, a koje se temelji na retrospektivnosti. Rad je popraćen referentnim i pravnim teorijskim okvirom kao i povijesnom postavkom.
Očekivani rezultat (cilj) istraživanja je afirmacija prilagodbe tehnika i procedura u planiranju vojnih operacija konkretnoj situaciji.The paper explores how combinations of operational and security environment analyses can identify key causes and principles essential for planning military operations. The subject of the research is the applicability of modern environment analyses in which military operations are conducted, exemplified by the failed Una operation in September 1995. The hypothesis is that by selecting and combining analyses of operational and security environments, the quality of deductions about operational factors—space, time, and forces—can be enhanced. The purpose of the research is to examine the applicability of modern management tools in planning military operations. The research is qualitative, approached with a methodological, inductive approach based on retrospection. The paper is accompanied by a referential and legal theoretical framework as well as a historical context. The expected outcome (goal) of the research is to affirm the adaptation of techniques and procedures in planning military operations to specific situations
A main battle tank in an urban environment
No full textUrbano okružje sve je učestaliji prizor ratnih sukoba. Tenkovi neizbježno moraju pristupiti naseljenim područjima gdje su smatrani neprikladnim. Ovaj rad odgovara na pitanje imaju li tenkovi budućnost u urbanim operacijama. Na početku su se razmotrile značajke urbanog okružja i operacija koje se u njima odvijaju. Nakon toga se prešlo na identificiranje prijetnji i ograničenja koja pruža urbano okružje, kroz elemente tenkovskog trokuta. Sagledani su tehnički nedostatci i navesti moguća poboljšanja. Navedena razmatranja su potom uspoređena s predmetnim tenkom M-84. Na samom kraju predstavljene su dosadašnje taktike korištenja tenkova u urbanim operacijama te je dan pregled dvije bitke koje su označile prekretnice u cjelokupnom shvaćanju tog pitanja.Urban environments are increasingly becoming scenes of military conflicts. Tanks inevitably need to operate in populated areas where they have often been considered unsuitable. This paper addresses the question of whether tanks have future in urban operations. It begins by examining characteristics of urban environment and the nature of operations conducted within them. Following this, the paper identifies the threats and constraints posed by urban settings, analyzed through the framework of the tank's armour protection, firepower and mobility. The technical shortcomings of tanks in urban environment are evaluated, and possible improvements are suggested. These considerations are then compared with the characteristics of the M-84 tank. Finally, the paper presents the existing tactics for using tanks in urban operations and provides a review of two battles that marked turning points in the understanding of this issue
Application of augmented reality technology solutions in military logistics processes at the platoon/company level
No full textOvaj rad proučava tehnologije proširene stvarnosti odnosno njihov razvoj i primjene u svakodnevnici. Rad je podijeljen u 4 glavna dijela. U prvom dijelu opisana je sama povijest nastanka spomenutih tehnologija te njihova kategorizacija i pojedinačni opisi. U drugom dijelu prikazat ću tradicionalne sustave logistike i moderne koji koriste proširenu stvarnost. U trećem dijelu rad proučava vojsku, industriju i gospodarstvo te daje već poznate primjere primjene proširene stvarnosti u skladištenju. U zadnjem dijelu bit će ponuđena moguća rješenja za poboljšanje tradicionalnih sustava logistike preko tehnologije proširene stvarnosti i iznijeti izazove koje nam takva tehnologija donosi.This work studies augmented reality technologies, i.e. their development and applications in everyday life. The work is divided into 4 main parts. In the first part, the very history of the creation of the mentioned technologies is described, as well as their categorization and individual descriptions. In the second part, I will present traditional logistics systems and modern ones that use augmented reality. In the third part, the paper studies the army, industry and economy and gives already known examples of the application of augmented reality in storage. In the last part, possible solutions for improving traditional logistics systems through augmented reality technology will be offered and the challenges that such technology brings to us will be presented
Deception radar jamming
No full textOmetanje radara obmanjivanjem je sofisticirana tehnika koja se koristi u vojnim operacijama za zaštitu aviona, brodova i drugih sredstava od neprijateljskih radarskih sustava. Ova tehnika funkcionira tako da zbunjuje radarski sustav, otežavajući mu točno otkrivanje, praćenje ili identificiranje stvarnih objekata. Emitiranjem lažnih signala koji oponašaju stvarne ciljeve, radarskim operaterima se prikazuje slika koja nije vjerodostojna, stvarajući iluziju prisutnosti više ciljeva ili promijenjenih položaja stvarnih objekata. Ponavljanje i modifikacija radarskog signala dodatno kompliciraju situaciju, jer se radaru vraća signal koji je izmijenjen tako da stvori pogrešne podatke o udaljenosti, brzini i smjeru kretanja cilja. Cilj ovih metoda je obmanjivanje neprijateljskih sustava, čime se povećava šansa za izbjegavanje detekcije i napada, omogućujući sigurniji prolaz kroz neprijateljski prostor i zaštitu vojnih resursa. Ometanje radara obmanjivanjem ključni je element u modernom ratovanju, koji se neprestano razvija kako bi odgovorio na sve sofisticiranije radarske tehnologije.Radar jamming and deception is a sophisticated technique used in military operations to protect aircraft, ships and other assets from enemy radar systems. This technique works by confusing the radar system, making it difficult for it to accurately detect, track, or identify real objects. By emitting false signals that mimic real targets, radar operators are presented with an image that is not credible, creating the illusion of the presence of multiple targets or changed positions of real objects. Repetition and modification of the radar signal further complicates the situation, because the signal returned to the radar has been modified in such a way as to create erroneous data on the distance, speed and direction of the target. The goal of these methods is to deceive enemy systems, thereby increasing the chance of avoiding detection and attack, enabling safer passage through enemy space and protection of military resources. Radar jamming through deception is a key element in modern warfare, which is constantly evolving to respond to increasingly sophisticated radar technologies
Escalation of the Cold War in the early 1960s: The Berlin Crisis and the Cuban Missile Crisis
No full textZavršni rad analizira dva hladnoratovska događaja početkom 1960-ih od kojih je jedan prethodio drugomu, a riječ je o Berlinskoj i Kubanskoj krizi. Berlinsku krizu karakterizira nastojanja Sovjetskog Saveza da izbaci snage zapada iz podijeljenog, odnosno zapadnog Berlina. Kubanska raketna kriza označava vrhunac Hladnoga rata koji je zauvijek promijenio tijek povijesti. Upravo je politička važnost ovih događaja polazište za njihovo analiziranje u radu u kojem će se kroz kronološke presjeke objasniti kako je došlo do eskalacije, kako se ona razvijala i kako je to utjecalo na ključne aktere na suprotstavljenim stranama. Rad raščlanjuje kako je niz odluka doveo do nastanka navedenih kriza te kako su se razriješile kroz određene političke odluke. Rad se temelji na metodi prikupljanja podataka iz literature koja razrađuje događaje kroz analizu političkih odluka i strateških poteza suprotstavljenih subjekata.The final paper analyzes two Cold War events in the early 1960s, one of which preceded the other, namely the Berlin and Cuban crises. The Berlin crisis is characterized by the efforts of the Soviet Union to expel the forces of the West from the divided, that is, West Berlin. The Cuban Missile Crisis marks the climax of the Cold War, which changed the course of history forever. The political importance of these events is the starting point for their analysis in a paper in which, through chronological sections, it will be explained how the escalation occurred, how it developed and how it affected the key actors on the opposing sides. The paper analyzes how a series of decisions led to the emergence of the aforementioned crises and how they were resolved through certain political decisions. The work is based on the method of data collection from the literature that elaborates the events through the analysis of political decisions and strategic moves of opposing subjects
Dayton Agreement: Analysis of its origin, implementation and impact on the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textOvaj rad se bavi nastankom Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma koji je obilježio razvoj Bosne i Hercegovine u njenom poslijeratnom razdoblju. Gotovo trideset godina nakon izrade Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma Bosna i Hercegovina ima slabu, korumpiranu i može se reći nedemokratsku vlast koja je karakteristična za poslijeratno razdoblje, a rezultat toga je nemogućnost izgradnje demokratske države u kojoj političke elite u miru slijede isti cilj kao i u ratu. Iako je nacionalizam odigrao veliku ulogu u izbijanju jugoslavenske krize, a posebice u izbijanju rata u Bosni i Hercegovini, različiti autori ukazuju i na međunarodne, ekonomske i povijesne razloge za izbijanje rata. Manipulativni etnički i politički lideri i danas oživljavaju animozitete među narodima u Bosni i Hercegovini, a ti animoziteti, pojačani od strane medija, predstavljaju stalnu prijetnju miru u Bosni i Hercegovini što predstavlja veliku prepreku za prosperitet Bosne i Hercegovine kao neovisne države. Čini se da je nacionalizam prožeo svaki aspekt političkog života u Bosni i Hercegovini te da među liderima postoji vrlo malo volje za fokusom na zajedničke interese i uklanjanje diskriminacije među građanima. Neodrživ pristup međunarodne zajednice prema BiH za vrijeme sukoba i nakon njega te produženi sukobi koji su bili izravna posljedica ovog pristupa i inzistiranje da lideri Bosne i Hercegovine postignu dogovor o nužnim ustavnim reformama unutar okvira Daytonskog mirovnog sporazuma pokazali su se kao nemoguća misija. Glavni način rješavanja ovih problema u poslijeratnim društvima je usavršavanje mirovnih sporazuma koji okončavaju ovakve sukobe. Važno je brzo zaustaviti nasilje i humanitarnu katastrofu, ali također je nužno pregovarati o sporazumima koji promoviraju pravdu i učinkovitost u pravnom i političkom sustavu zemlje. Također je važno stvoriti program provedbe koji bi uključivao prioritete rješavanja problema i vremenski okvir te jasno definiranu ulogu međunarodnih aktera u provođenju ključnih odredbi sporazuma.This paper focuses on the creation of the Dayton Peace Agreement, which has significantly shaped the development of Bosnia and Herzegovina in its post-war period. Nearly thirty years after the drafting of the Dayton Peace Agreement, Bosnia and Herzegovina is characterized by weak, corrupt, and arguably undemocratic governance typical of the post-war period. This has resulted in the inability to build a democratic state where political elites pursue the same goals in peace as they did during the war. While nationalism played a major role in the outbreak of the Yugoslav crisis, particularly in the onset of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, various authors also point to international, economic, and historical reasons for the war's eruption. Ethnic and political leaders with manipulative intentions persist in renewing tensions among the people of Bosnia and Herzegovina. These tensions, further intensified by the media, continually jeopardize peace and significantly hinder the country's progress as an independent state. Nationalism appears to have infiltrated every facet of Bosnia and Herzegovina's political landscape, leaving little room for leaders to prioritize shared interests and work towards eliminating discrimination among citizens. The unsustainable approach of the international community towards Bosnia and Herzegovina during and after the conflict, the prolonged conflicts that were a direct result of this approach, and the insistence that Bosnia and Herzegovina's leaders reach an agreement on necessary constitutional reforms within the framework of the Dayton Peace Agreement have proven to be a mission impossible. The primary way to resolve these issues in post-war societies is to perfect the peace agreements that end such conflicts. It is important to swiftly stop violence and humanitarian disasters, but it is also crucial to negotiate agreements that promote justice and efficiency within a country's legal and political system. Additionally, it is important to create an implementation program that includes priorities for addressing issues, a timeline, and a clearly defined role for international actors in enforcing the key provisions of the agreement
Satellite Internet
No full textU ovom radu će se najprije razmotriti sami počeci satelitskih sustava koji su započeli svoj razvoj 1950-ih godina kada su počela prva eksperimentalna istraživanja i od tada je sama uporaba satelita značajno porasla. Definirat će se razlike u orbitama koje su važne radi same funkcije satelita. Opisati će se najvažniji Internet protokoli i njihove karakteristike te će se spomenuti vrste satelitskih komunikacija. Nadalje, usporedit će se satelitske i zemaljske komunikacije, njihove prednosti i nedostatci, te će se spomenuti satelitski Internet u Hrvatskoj. Na kraju rada će se praktično provjeriti uspostava veze između satelita i izoliranog područja na Zemlji kako bi se dobio bolji uvid u važne parametre pri proračunu veze.This paper will first consider the very beginnings of satellite systems that began their development in the 1950s when the first experimental research began and since then the use of satellites has grown significantly. Differences in orbits that are important for the same satellite function will be defined. The most important Internet protocols and their characteristics will be described, and the types of satellite communications will be mentioned. Furthermore, satellite and terrestrial communications will be compared, their advantages and disadvantages, and satellite Internet in Croatia will be mentioned. At the end of the work, the practical establishment of the connection between the satellite and the isolated area on Earth will be verified in order to gain a better insight into the important parameters when calculating the connection
The Role of Reconnaissance in Joint Operations
No full textKroz rad će se obraditi tema izvidnika i združenih operacija te koja je uloga izvidnika u združenim operacijama. Prvi dio bazirati će se na povijesno pregledu i razvoju izvidnika i izviđanja, temeljima izviđanja te zadaćama izvidnika koje će biti objašnjene. Drugi dio rada baviti će se združenim operacijama, pojedinostima kao što su operativno umijeće i operativni okvir te će se prikazati uloga obavještajnog osoblja i izvidnika u procesu združene obavještajne pripreme operativnog okružja. Naposljetku, biti će prikazano izvidničko djelovanje u združenim operacijama na primjeru vojno-redarstvene akcije „Maslenica“.The paper will deal with the topic of scouts and joint operations and the role of scouts in joint operations. The first part will be based on the historical review and development of scouts and reconnaissance, the basics of scouting and the tasks of scouts, which will be explained. The second part of the paper will deal with joint operations, details such as operational skill and operational framework, and will show the role of intelligence personnel and scouts in the process of joint intelligence preparation of the operational environment. Finally, reconnaissance activities in joint operations will be shown on the example of the "Maslenica" military police action
The role of special forces in supporting conventional forces in urban environments
No full textOvaj završni rad prikazuje razlike i zadaće specijalnih i konvencionalnih snaga, zakonska uporišta njihovog djelovanja te specifičnosti urbanih okruženja i hibridnog ratovanja. Specijalne snage izvode složene operacije poput protuterorističkih akcija, a konvencionalne snage im tijekom provedbe operacija pružaju potporu i osiguravaju područje operacije. Operacije u urbanom okruženju su dosta zahtjevnije zbog prisutnosti civila i guste naseljenosti. S druge strane, asimetrično i hibridno ratovanje uključuju brojne nekonvencionalne taktike i kibernetičke napade. Studija slučaja, poput Drugog Zaljevskog rata te operacija „Iračka Sloboda“ mogu prikazati kako združena djelovanja specijalnih i konvencionalnih snaga mogu dovesti do pozitivnih rezultata.This final paper presents the differences and tasks of special and conventional forces, the legal foundations of their operations, and the specifics of urban environments and hybrid warfare. Special forces carry out complex operations such as counter-terrorist operations, and conventional forces provide them with support and secure the operation area during the implementation of operations. Operations in an urban environment are much more demanding due to the presence of civilians and dense population. On the other hand, asymmetric and hybrid warfare involve numerous unconventional tactics and cyber-attacks. Case studies, such as the Second Gulf War and Operation Iraqi Freedom, can show how the combined actions of special and conventional forces can lead to positive results