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    Private Military Companies and International Security

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    Privatne vojne kompanije predstavljaju legitimne korporacije koje pružaju šarolik spektar sigurnosnih i/ili vojnih usluga uključujući sudjelovanje u sukobima, obučavanje te druge potporne funkcije. Stoga je angažiranje privatnih vojnih kompanija danas rastući trend. Države i međunarodne organizacije u predstavljaju glavne korisnike usluga privatnih vojnih kompanija te istima daju kontrolu pri oblikovanju njihove sigurnosti. Ne čudi, dakle, kako su najveće privatne vojne kompanije razvile kvalitetnije i učinkovitije načine rješavanja problema zajedno s adekvatnom opremom i osobljem, u odnosu na državne sigurnosne agencije i regularne oružane snage. Izvanredni rast privatnog sigurnosnog sektora pokrenuo je promjenu samog poimanja sigurnosti. kao i kako se ta sigurnost postiže putem rada privatnih vojnih kompanija. Koristeći se pragmatizmom kao teorijskom osnovom, autor je objasnio učinkovitost privatnih vojnih kompanija kroz prizmu vremena, vještina i troška. Nadalje, kroz ta gledišta napravljena je usporedba na primjeru snaga Ujedinjenih Nacija i privatne vojne kompanije Executive Outcomes, točnije na primjeru sudjelovanja u sukobima u Sierra Leoneu 90.-ih godina prošlog stoljeća. Navedena usporedba naglašava učinkovitost privatnih vojnih kompanija u odrađivanju zadaća. Također, prikazan je i kratki povijesni pregled koji prikazuje nastanak privatnih vojnih kompanije te njihovo trenutno stanje. Obrađen je problem klasifikacije privatnih vojnih kompanija gdje je kroz presjek dvojice autora, Singera(2008) i Kinseya(2006), objašnjena najčešća podjela privatnih vojnih kompanija. Autor je predložio i vlastitu klasifikaciju u kojoj se dotiče aktualnog problema nastanka i dinamike razvoja privatnih vojnih kompanija do današnjih dana. Prikazani su pozitivni primjeri kroz rad Executive Outcomes-a u Sierra Leoneu i Angoli koji jasno naglašavaju kako jedna privatna vojna kompanija može aktivno sudjelovati u obnovi države potičući politički i ekonomski razvoj. Kao negativni primjeri, prikazana je dijametralna suprotnost Executive Outcomes-u koju predstavlja Blackwater koji je svojim incidentima u Iraku i Afganistanu bacio ljagu na privatne vojne kompanije kao i nekoliko drugih privatnih vojnih kompanija koje se ističu negativnim primjerima djelovanja. Ivan Latinčić Završni rad Preddiplomski sveučilišni studijski program Vojno vođenje i upravljanje VII Privatne vojne kompanije, osim taktičke uloge na bojištu, posjeduju i mogućnost djelovanja politički kroz moć širenja ciljeva i programa, moć lobiranja te moć upravljanja sigurnosti. Svojim djelovanjem kroz prizmu moći, privatne vojne kompanije uspjele su kao akteri iz sjene oblikovati scenu međunarodne sigurnosti kako njima odgovara, uz vidljive aktivnosti bliske velikim silama, posebno njihovim sigurnosnim agencijama.Private military companies are legitimate corporations that provide a diverse range of security and / or military services including conflict participation, training, and other support functions. Therefore, hiring private military companies is a growing trend today. States and international organizations represent the main users of the services of private military companies and give them control in shaping their security. It is not surprising, therefore, how the largest private military companies have developed better and more efficient ways of solving problems together with adequate equipment and personnel, compared to state security agencies and regular armed forces. The extraordinary growth of the private security sector has triggered a change in the very notion of security as well as how that security is achieved through the work of private military companies. Using pragmatism as a theoretical basis, the author explained the effectiveness of private military companies through the prism of time, skills and cost. Furthermore, through these views, a comparison was made on the example of the United Nations forces and the private military company Executive Outcomes, more precisely on the example of participation in the conflicts in Sierra Leone in the 1990s. This comparison highlights the effectiveness of private military companies in carrying out their tasks. Also, a brief historical overview showing the emergence of private military companies and their current state is presented. The problem of classification of private military companies is discussed, where the most common division of private military companies is explained through a cross - section of two authors, Singer (2008) and Kinsey (2006). The author also proposed his own classification in which he touches on the current problem of the emergence and dynamics of development of private military companies to date. Examples of the work of the Executive Outcomes in Sierra Leone and Angola are presented, which clearly emphasize how a private military company can actively participate in the reconstruction of the state by encouraging political and economic development. As negative examples, the diametrical contrast to the Executive Outcomes represented by Blackwater is shown, which in its incidents in Iraq and Afghanistan has tarnished private military companies as well as several other private military companies that stand out with negative examples of action. Ivan Latinčić Završni rad Preddiplomski sveučilišni studijski program Vojno vođenje i upravljanje IX In addition to their tactical role on the battlefield, private military companies also have the ability to act politically through the power to spread goals and programs, the power to lobby, and the power to manage security. By acting through the prism of power, private military companies have succeeded as shadow actors in shaping the international security scene to suit them, with visible activities close to the great powers, especially their security agencies

    A Comparative Analysis of the Reasons for the Disintegration of the Iraqi Army in 2014 and the Afghan Army in 2021

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    Sjedinjene Američke Države su nakon intervencije u Iraku i Afganistanu pokrenule proces izgradnje potpuno novog državnog uređenja temeljenog na demokraciji i građanskim pravima. Za zaštitu tih država ustrojene su nove oružane snage navedenih država u koje su SAD i saveznici uložili milijarde dolara i velik trud nebrojenih instruktora i savjetnika. Usprkos svemu ovome te su se organizacije raspale prilikom prvog značajnog sučeljavanja s ozbiljnim protivnikom. Iračka vojska doživjela je kolaps 2014. u naletu ISIL-a, a afganistanska vojska u talibanskoj ljetnoj ofenzivi 2021. godine. Cilj ovog rada je razjasniti čimbenike koji su utjecali na njihov poraz. Hipoteza koja se u njemu brani govori da je manjak motivacije vladinih snaga ključan za njihov neuspjeh. ISIL i talibani iskoristili su nefunkcionalnost države i duboke podjele u društvu, kako bi uz manji broj visokomotiviranih boraca nadjačali veće, bolje opremljene ali slabije motivirane vladine snage. Manjak motivacije vladinih snaga uzrokovan je slabom vjerom u nefunkcionalnu i korumpiranu državu kao i u vrijednosti koje je ona predstavljala.After the intervention in Iraq and Afghanistan, the United States started the process of building a completely new states based on democracy and civil rights. New armed forces of these states have been formed to protect these countries, in which the United States have investedbillions of dollars with its Allies, and the great efforts of countless instructors and advisers. Despite all this, these organizations disintegrated on their first contact with a serious adversary. The Iraqi army experienced a collapse in 2014 in war against ISIL, and the Afghan army in the Taliban summer offensive in 2021. The aim of this paper is to clarify the factors that influenced their defeat. The hypothesis defended in it says that the lack of motivation of government forces is key to their failure. ISIL and the Taliban took advantage of state dysfunction and deep divisions in society to overpower larger, better-equipped but less motivated government forces with a small number of highly motivated fighters. The lack of motivation of government forces was caused by a weak faith in a dysfunctional and corrupt state as well as in the values it represented

    Development of a Blue Force Tracking System

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    Sustavi za praćenje u današnjoj su tehnologiji iznimno popularni te je sve veća težnja ka razvoju i nadogradnji istih. Praćenje uvelike doprinosi razvoju svih spektara društva i tehnologije jer omogućuje pravovremenu i točnu informaciju o lokaciji osobe, vozila, grupe, uređaja ili bilo čega za što postoji mogućnost lociranja. Postojeći sustavi za praćenje razvijeni su u tolikoj mjeri da je moguće pratiti osobu, uređaj ili vozilo u realnom vremenu s točnošću lociranja u svega 1 metar. Cilj mojega diplomskog rada je izraditi Sustav za praćenje snaga koji bi se mogao koristiti u vojsci za praćenje ljudstva, tehnike i uređaja. Sustav mora imati mogućnost lociranja više uređaja ili osoba istovremeno, mora imati mogućnost spajanja uređaja sa različitih internetskih mreža te mora imati mogućnost slanja poruke o tome koji se točno uređaj locira u kojem trenutku. Praćeni se uređaji na karti prostora s geopodacima moraju prikazivati u različitim bojama kako bi se moglo raspoznati o kojem se uređaju u kojem trenutku radi. Ukoliko je Sustav za praćenje uspješno izrađen, eksperimentalnom provjerom mora biti dokazana njegova uspješnost na samom kraju diplomskog rada.Monitoring systems are extremely popular in today's technology and there is a growing tendency to develop and upgrade them. Monitoring greatly contributes to the development of all spectrums of society and development because it provides timely and accurate information about the location of a person, vehicle, group, device or anything for which there is a possibility of locating. Existing tracking systems have been developed to such an extent that it is possible to track a person, device or vehicle in real time with a location accuracy of just 1 meter. The aim of my dissertation is to develop a Force Tracking System that could be used in the military to track personnel, equipment and devices. The system must be able to locate multiple devices or people at the same time, must be able to connect devices from different Internet networks, and must be able to send a message about exactly which device is located at what time. The monitored devices on the geodata space map must be displayed in different colors in order to be able to identify which device is in question at which time. If the Monitoring System has been successfully developed, its success must be proven by experimental verification at the very end of the diploma thesis

    Investigation of Physico-Chemical Properties of Used Motor Oils

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    U okviru diplomskog rada ispitana su fizikalno-kemijska svojstva rabljenog motornog ulja iz različitih vozila tipa MRAP nakon određenog broja prijeđenih kilometara u određenom vremenskom periodu nakon zadnje izmjene ulja. Određena je kinematička viskoznost, temperatura plamišta, količina vode u uzorcima rabljenog motornog ulja te njihov kemijski sastav FTIR spektroskopijom i rendgenskom difrakcijom. Dobiveni rezultati uspoređivani su s vrijednostima dobivenima za uzorak nekorištenog ulja INA Super Turbo SAE 15W-40. Svojstva rabljenih mazivih ulja su određena sukladno normiranim metodama temeljenih na EN/ISO/ASTM postupcima uključujući standardnu metodu za točku plamišta ASTM D92-05, standardnu metodu za kinematičku viskoznost ASTM D445 i standardne metode za kemijski sastav ASTM D1744-92 (Karl-Fischer), ASTM E2412 (FTIR spektroskopija) i ASTM D 6443- 04 (rendgenska difrakcija). Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se zaključiti da ispitani uzorci rabljenih motornih ulja u ovisnosti o vremenu eksploatacije u motornim vozilima tipa MRAP zadovoljavaju propisane kriterije.As part of the thesis, the physico-chemical properties of used engine oil from different MRAP vehicles were examined after a certain number of kilometers traveled in a certain period of time after the last oil change. Kinematic viscosity, flashpoint temperature, amount of water in used motor oil samples and their chemical composition were determined by FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The obtained results were compared with the values obtained for a sample of unused INA Super Turbo SAE 15W-40 oil. The properties of used lubricating oils are determined according to standardized methods based on EN/ISO/ASTM procedures, including the standard method for flash point ASTM D92-05, the standard method for kinematic viscosity ASTM D445 and the standard method for chemical composition ASTM D1744-92 (KarlFischer). , ASTM E2412 (FTIR spectroscopy) and ASTM D 6443-04 (X-ray diffraction). Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that the tested samples of used motor oils meet the prescribed criteria depending on the time of exploitation in MRAP vehicles

    Intelligence in Cyberspace and Electromagnetic Environment

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    Kibernetički prostor, kao nova i jedina ljudski stvorena domena ratovanja, nezaobilazna je komponenta suvremenih vojnih operacija. U vojnoj primjeni mnoštvo je umreženih elektroničkih uređaja te pripadajućih im informacijsko-komunikacijskih sustava. Njihova je uporaba ključ za stjecanje nadmoći nad protivnikom, ali i za obavljanje svakodnevnih vojnih aktivnosti. Uz njih, kvalitetno obavještajno djelovanje, čije su sposobnosti uvelike proširene kibernetičkim prostorom, pridonosi jačanju sustava obrane, kao i ostvarivanja strateške nadmoći u svim domenama. Cilj rada je prikazati važnost obavještajnog djelovanja za planiranje, pripremu i provođenje vojnih operacija. Nadalje, kibernetički prostor i elektromagnetski spektar prikazani su kao domene ratovanja, s pripadajućim im obilježjima, podjelama operacija i aktivnostima. Konačno, prikazana je važnost obavještajnog djelovanja u suvremenom okruženju kao sredstvo za ostvarivanje premoći u elektromagnetskom, odnosno kibernetičkom prostoru.Cyberspace, as a new and only man-made domain of war, is an unavoidable component of contemporary military operations. In military applications there are many networked electronic devices and accompanying information and communication systems. Their usage is the key component in gaining advantage over the opponent, as well as completing every day military activities. Furthermore, high quality intelligence – whose capabilities are spread throughout cybernetic space – contributes to strengthening of defence systems, as well as attaining strategic advantages over all domains. The aim of this work is to present the importance of intelligence for planning, preparation and execution of military operations. Furthermore, cyberspace and the electromagnetic spectrum are explained as domains of war with their characteristics, accompanying operations, and activities. Finally, the importance of intelligence in modern day surroundings as means for establishing dominance in electromagnetic or cybernetic space is presented

    Operations in the Urban Area - Comparison of the Sieges of the Cities of Leningrad and Vukovar

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    Ovaj rad prikazuje važnost pripreme i planiranja za provedbu urbanih operacija. Kroz rad je objašnjeno što sve spada u urbano područje, karakteristike, vrste uzorka te što svaki urbani model posjeduje. Također, obrađene su napadne i obrambene operacije u urbanom području, te njihove glavne karakteristike i razmatranja. Naglasak je na dva studija slučaja: opsada Lenjingrada i bitku za Vukovar, koje pokazuju koliko je bitno razumijevanje urbanog područja i njegovih karakteristika. Kroz analizu studija slučaja dobiva se šira slika koliko odnos snaga, njihovo pravodobno i pravovremeno korištenje, u krajnjem slučaju može biti presudan.This paper shows the importance of preparation and planning for the implementation of urban operations. The paper explains what belongs to the Urban area, characteristics, types of samples and what each urban model has. Also, offensive and defensive operations in the urban area are discussed, as well as their main characteristics and considerations. Emphasis is placed on two case studies of the siege of Leningrad and the Battle of Vukovar, which show how important it is to understand the urban area and its characteristics. Through the analysis of case studies, a broader picture is obtained of how crucial the balance of power, their timely and prompt use, can ultimately be

    Application of Linear Shaped Charges for Dismantling and Destruction of Artillery Ammunition

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    U okviru ovog diplomskog rada opisan je razvoj kumulativnih naboja kroz povijest, sistematizirane su vrste i značajke kumulativnih naboja, kao i njihova primjena u različitim granama industrije. Naglasak je stavljen na linijske kumulativne rezače koji će se kasnije koristiti za eksperimentalna ispitivanja. Detaljno je opisana građa i podjela topničkog streljiva te način na koji se vrši proces delaboracije istog. Za potrebe eksperimentalnog istraživanja izrađeni su funkcionalni linijski kumulativni rezači čija je učinkovitost najprije ispitivana na čeličnim pločama, kako bi se odredio optimalan odmak rezača od mete. Na osnovu rezultata mjerenja, određen je optimalan odmak koji je korišten za testiranja funkcije linijskih kumulativnih rezača na košuljicama topničkog streljiva. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose boljem razumijevanju djelovanja linijskih kumulativnih rezača te njihove moguće primjene za potrebe provođenja procesa delaboracije topničkog streljiva.This thesis describes the development of shaped charges throughout history, systematizes the types and characteristics of shaped charges, as well as their application in various industries. Emphasis is placed on linear shaped charges that will later be used for experimental tests. The structure and classification of artillery ammunition as well as the way in which the process of delaboration of the same is performed are described in detail. For the purposes of experimental research, functional linear shaped charges were developed, the efficiency of which was first tested on steel plates, in order to determine the optimal distance from the liner to the target. Based on the measurement results, the optimal distance was determined which was used to test the function of the linear shaped charges on the artillery ammunition. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the operation of linear shaped charges and their possible application for the needs of the process of delaboration of artillery ammunition

    Basic Features of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for Military Application

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    Cilj ovog rada je pobliže objasniti tehnologiju privremenih mobilnih mreža, opisati njihov rad te značaj za civilnu i vojnu primjenu. Kao jedan važan dio komunikacije, privremene mobilne mreže su već desetljećima jedan od glavnih ciljeva u istraživanju modernih tehnologija. Najveći problem kod korištenja tehnologija za komunikaciju i razmjenu informacije je zaštita mreža i naravno brzina i kvaliteta usluge. Stručnjaci za komunikaciju i privremene mobilne mreže rade na sigurnosti ovakvih mreža od samih njezinih početaka. Također, za korisnike ovih mreža vrlo je bitna i kvaliteta usluge kao i brzina prijenosa podataka kroz mrežu. Stoga, znanstvenici i stručnjaci ulažu većinu svojih napora u otkrivanje novih načina korištenja ovakvih i sličnih mreža kako bi njezini korisnici bili još zadovoljniji.The aim of this paper is to explain in detail the technology of temporary mobile networks, to describe their operation and significance for civil and military applications. As an important part of communication, temporary mobile networks have been one of the main goals in modern technology research for decades. The biggest problem when using technologies for communication and information exchange is the protection of networks and, of course, the speed and quality of service. Experts in communication and temporary mobile networks have been working on the security of such networks since their very beginnings. Also, for the users of these networks, the quality of the service as well as the speed of data transmission through the network is very important. Therefore, scientists and experts invest most of their efforts in discovering new ways of using these and similar networks in order to make its users even more satisfied

    War in Afghanistan in the Context of War on Terror War

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    Događaji u Afganistanu početkom 21. stoljeća obilježile su čitavi svijet te su ratovanju dali novu dimenziju. Terorističkim napadom na Sjedinjene Američke Države, 11. rujna 2001. godine, američki predsjednik krenuo je u rat protiv terorizam usmjeren na svrgavanje glavnog krivca za teroristički napad, vođu Osamu bin Ladena i terorističku organizaciju Al Qaidu. Svoje saveznike pozvao je na zajedničku borbu protiv terorista koji su svoje utočište pronašli u Afganistanu pod talibanskim režimom. Rat u Afganistanu, od početka 2001. godine, poznat je u cijelom svijetu iz razloga što su NATO snage imale jednu od ključnih uloga. Borba protiv terorizma nije utjecala samo Afganistan te je imala širok spektar akcija u cilju svladavana neprijatelja. Cilj rada jest prikazati kako je borba protiv terorizma utjecala na tijek događanja u Afganistanu od 2001. godine.Events in Afghanistan at the beginning of the 21st century impacted the whole world and gave warfare a new dimension. With the terrorist attack on the United States on September 11, 2001, the American president launched a war on terrorism aimed at overthrowing the main culprit for the terrorist attack, leader Osama bin Laden and the terrorist organization Al Qaeda. He called on his allies to fight together against terrorists who found refuge in Afghanistan under the Taliban regime. The war in Afghanistan which started in 2001, is known worldwide because NATO played one of the key parts in it. The fight against terrorism included more than just Afghanistan and had a wide range of actions aimed at defeating the enemy. The aim of this paper is to present how the fight against terrorism has affected the course of events in Afghanistan since 2001

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