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An integrative approach to reviewing the literature on judicial efficiency in Europe
No full textInternational audienceThe law exists to regulate the behaviour of the members of its community. Economics exists to study the behaviour of individual or group economic agents in allocating resources for production, distribution, and consumption. Together, law and economics concern the application of economics to the practice of law, seeing the law as an economic efficiency-promoting tool for social purposes. Indeed, economic development and litigation have evolved hand in hand, which led to a growing difference between supply and demand with a direct impact on judicial efficiency. However, evaluating the functioning of judicial machinery has been addressed superficially in the literature. Furthermore, grasping the big picture of judicial efficiency in a structured way has never been attempted. Therefore, this integrative literature review investigates judicial efficiency within the European context by synthesising law and economics research. From over 6,500 articles, 50 were critically analysed, offering new perspectives for future research and policy implications on enhancing European judicial systems. This analysis concerned bibliographic data (e.g., 80% of the studies have been published over the last decade), application context (e.g., Italian courts are the most studied entities), model structure (e.g., Data Envelopment Analysis-based methods are the most used ones to measure judicial efficiency), and key findings (e.g., courts across Europe are very heterogeneous). In the end, we provide several renewed perspectives on judicial efficiency that can pave the way for the future of this topic
Salient monetary policy decisions and non-experts’ trust in central banks
No full textInternational audienceObjective: The objective of the article is to shed new light on the relationship between central bank communication and the trust monetary institutions can obtain from ordinary citizens via a comparison of the European Central Bank (ECB) with the Federal Reserve (the Fed).Research Design & Methods: We used the Eurobarometer and Booth Chicago/Kellogg School Financial Trust Index to study the evolutions of trust by non-experts in the Fed and the ECB during two episodes of salient monetary policy decisions: 2012-2013 and 2020-2021. Utilizing logistic regressions on representative samples of American and EU citizens, we show which among the recent key decisions in monetary policy by the two major central banks significantly affected the levels of trust (and in which directions).Findings: Our findings suggest that the ‘taper tantrum’ speech by Ben Bernanke negatively impacted the trust in the Fed, whereas the ‘whatever it takes’ speech by Mario Draghi significantly increased the trust in the ECB. On the other hand, significant policy reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic did not affect trust in central banks as could have been expected neither for the ECB nor the Fed. Our inference is based on the estimates considering the standard control variables and for both central banks are robust to a relevant placebo test.Implications & Recommendations: Our results suggest that well-communicated salient monetary policy decisions can boost public trust in central banks, notably in the contexts where the central banks are perceived as the key actors.Contribution & Value Added: Thus, our analysis contributes to the literature, by focusing on how salient decisions can influence the degree of trust in the central bank by non-experts
L’impact de l’inflation sur la distribution des gains de productivité de l’agriculture française
No full textInternational audienceInflation significantly influences the distribution of productivity gains through variations in the prices of inputs and outputs in the agricultural sector. Relying on the analytical framework of productivity surplus accounts, the authors examine the effects of monetary erosion on the distribution of price advantages among the different stakeholders involved in production activities. In a context characterized by high inflation and a reversal in food price trends, they provide an estimate of the productivity gains in French agriculture over the period 1959-2022 and assess the impact of inflation on the allocation of these gains among stakeholders (customers, farmers, suppliers, the State, landowners, etc.). (JEL: D24, Q11, Q18).L’inflation influence de manière significative la répartition des gains de productivité à travers les variations des prix des facteurs de production et des produits dans le secteur agricole. En mobilisant le cadre analytique des comptes de surplus de productivité, les auteurs examinent les effets de l’érosion monétaire sur la répartition des avantages prix entre les différents acteurs d’une activité de production. Dans un contexte marqué par une forte inflation et un renversement des tendances des prix alimentaires, ils présentent une estimation des gains de productivité de l’agriculture française sur la période 1959-2022, et évaluent l’impact de l’inflation sur la distribution de ces gains parmi les parties prenantes (clients, agriculteurs, fournisseurs, État, propriétaires fonciers…)
Self-assembly synthesis of Cu-modified urchin flower-like graphitic carbon nitride for efficient nitrophenol reduction
No full textInternational audienceA novel copper-modified graphitic carbon nitride catalyst (CuNC) with a hierarchical, urchin-like flower morphology was developed for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method, the CuNC catalyst with 32 wt% copper loading exhibited exceptional activity, achieving complete conversion of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) within 14 s at a concentration of 0.11 mM in both river water and tap water. This performance surpasses that of conventional catalysts, highlighting the significant impact of the unique urchin-like flower morphology on catalytic efficiency. The enhanced activity is attributed to the synergistic effects of high copper dispersion, nitrogen doping, and efficient mass transfer facilitated by the hierarchical structure. This study demonstrates the potential of CuNC as an eco-friendly and cost-effective catalyst for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds in real water samples, paving the way for its integration into sustainable catalytic systems for environmental remediation
Biobased styrene copolymers prepared from mixtures of molecules fromlignin depolymerization
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Energy transition: an approach from scientific features to societal issues
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents the experience conducted by researchers at the University of Lille on the technical, scientific and societal issues of the energy transition. Thanks to an academic chair on Energy Transition and an «open laboratory», cross-disciplinary views from the academic world, industry, civil society, local authorities and associations were raised and encouraged. The objective is to identify methods for implementing the energy transition that take into account citizens' aspirations, environmental constraints and technological limitation altogether
Modelling the finite deformation of thermoplastic polymers via hyperinelasticity. Part I: A semi-crystalline polymer under varying crystallinity ratios and deformation rates
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Alexandre Ribot. Une vie en politique
No full textInternational audiencePersonnage majeur de la IIIe République et illustre représentant du Pas-de-Calais, Alexandre Ribot (1842-1923) demeure dans l'ombre de la mémoire collective. Cent ans après sa disparition, l’examen des multiples facettes de son parcours par une vingtaine d’historiens permet de saisir toute l’importance de cet homme d’État.Parlementaire influent, il a pesé sur les grands débats législatifs de son temps (protectionnisme, enseignement, Séparation des Églises et de l’État, accession à la petite propriété, retraites ouvrières et paysannes). Cinq fois président du Conseil, ministre des Affaires étrangères, de l’Intérieur, des Finances, de la Justice, il gouverna à des moments difficiles (Panama, Grande Guerre), fut l’un des artisans de l’alliance franco-russe (1893), puis réussit à financer l’effort de guerre et à surmonter les différents chocs de l’année 1917. La richesse de son action fut donc considérable dans tous les domaines de la politique et contribua à l’enracinement du régime