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    Numeričko modeliranje strujanja nenjutnovskog fluida tijekom punjenja baterijskog modula

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    During operation, electric vehicle components experience shocks and vibrations that can potentially damage cells within the battery pack. Foam encapsulation enhances the structural integrity of battery pack by securing cells in place, shielding them from potential damage. Structural foams undergo several distinct stages, including the flow of non-Newtonian fluid, curing and foaming before reaching a final stable stage. The main aim of this thesis was to develop a method for numerically modeling the pouring of non-Newtonian fluid into the battery pack. The flow is laminar, transient and the Volume of Fluid (VoF) method is employed to model a multiphase flow and free surface between phases. Three models were analyzed: model with two dispensers, model with one dispenser, and model with different gap size between cells and other components. The detailed investigation of non-Newtonian fluid flow during the filling of the battery pack is performed to determine the fluid distribution within the domain, which is prerequisite for uniform foam encapsulation. All numerical calculations were conducted using the computational fluid dynamics software ANSYS Fluent.Prilikom vožnje, komponente električnih vozila izložene su udarcima i vibracijama koje mogu oštetiti ćelije unutar baterijskog paketa. Enkaspulacija pjenom povećava čvrstoću baterijskog paketa tako što osigurava ćelije na mjestu i štiti ih od mogućih oštećenja. Strukturne pjene prije formiranja stabilne faze moraju proći kroz nekoliko različith faza kao što su stvrdnjavanje i formiranje pjene uključujući i strujanje nenjutnovskog fluida. Glavni cilj ovog rada je razviti metodu za numeričko modeliranje ulijevanja nenjutnovskog fluida u baterijskom paketu. Strujanje je laminarno, nestacionarno i korištena je Volume of Fluid (VoF) metoda za modeliranje višefaznog strujanja i slobodne površine između različith faza. Analizirana su tri modela: model s dva dozatora, model s jednim dozatorom i model s različitim veličinama zazora između ćelija i ostalih komponenti. Detaljno istraživanje protoka nenjutnovkse tekućine tijekom punjenja baterijskog paketa provodi se kako bi se odredila distribucija tekućine unutar domene, što je preduvjet za jednoliku enkapsulaciju pjenom. Svi numerički proračuni provedeni su u programskom paketu za računalnu dinamiku fluida, ANSYS Fluent

    Improving the production process of the equipment for transmission and distribution of electricity

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    U ovom radu objašnjen je pristup unaprjeđenju procesa, predstavljeni su najčešći pristupi unaprjeđenju proizvodnje i predstavljeni su digitalni alati koje se koriste za prikupljanje i vizualizaciju podataka u proizvodnji. Stečena teorijska znanja iskorištena su za unaprjeđenje proizvodnog procesa jedne Hrvatske tvrtke. Unaprjeđenje procesa predstavljeno je u tri faze: mapiranje procesa, analiza procesa i unaprjeđenje procesa. Za svaku fazu objašnjeni su alati koji se koriste u toj fazi i kako se uvidi stečeni u toj fazi vežu za sljedeću fazu. Kod pristupa unaprjeđenju proizvodnje objašnjeno je šest najčešćih pristupa: vitka proizvodnja ili Toyotin proizvodni sustav, agilna proizvodnja, teorija ograničenja, potpuno upravljanje kvalitetom, , Six Sigma i Lean Six Sigma. Kod digitalnih alata za prikupljanje i vizualizaciju detaljnije su objašnjeni SCADA i ERP sustavi, MES i Internet stvari.In this paper, the approach to process improvement is explained, the most common approaches to production improvement are presented, as well as digital tools used to collect and visualize data in production. The acquired theoretical knowledge is used to improve the production process in one Croatian company. Process improvement is presented in three phases: process mapping, process analysis, and process improvement. For each phase, the tools used in that phase and how to apply the insights gained in that phase to the next phase are explained. In the approach to production improvement, the six most common approaches are explained: lean production or the Toyota production system, agile production, theory of constraints, total quality management, Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. When it comes to digital tools for collection and visualization, SCADA and ERP systems, MES and the Internet of Things are explained in more detail

    Simulation of collinear fatigue crack growth in thin plates

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    U ovom su radu predstavljene neke od uobičajenih metoda analize napredovanja zamornih pukotina bazirane na principima mehanike loma prilikom cikličkog opterećenja. Također je i dan općeniti pregled mehanike loma, kao i njena primjena na propagaciju pukotina. Iz literature su dani eksperimentalni rezultati rasta zamornih pukotina za uzorak ploče sa središnjom pukotinom i tri pukotine u nizu. Primjenjujući postupak numeričke integracije Parisove jednadžbe, simuliran je životni vijek središnje te triju kolinearnih zamornih pukotina u nizu za promatrani uzorak tanke ploče, pri čemu je uzeta u obzir njihova međusobna interakcija. Procedura je provedena uz pomoć numeričkog programa MATLAB. Koeficijenti intenzivnosti naprezanja su izračunati primjenom metode konačnih elemenata, gdje se područje oko vrha pukotine modelira mrežom singularnim konačnim elementima. Dobivene rezultate naposljetku uspoređujemo s eksperimentalnim podacima rasta središnje i kolinearnih pukotina u pločama opterećenim cikličkim vlačnim naprezanjima preuzetim iz literature. Dodatno je prikazana ovisnost između vrijednosti koeficijenata naprezanja u odnosu na duljine pukotina.In this work some of the common methods that are used for fatigue crack propagation analysis based on fracture mechanics principles are introduced. Also, an overview of fracture mechanics, same as its application on crack propagation is given. For a plate specimen containing one central crack, and also an array of three cracks, experimental results of fatigue crack grow are given from the literature. By applying the procedure of numerical integration of Paris equation, fatigue life for a central crack and for three collinear cracks in a thin plate specimen simulated for thin-plate specimen, where the interaction of multiple propagating crack tips is taken into account. Procedure is implemented by means of MATLAB package. Stress intensity factors are calculated by usage of finite element method, where the crack tip region was meshed by using singular elements. Eventually, simulatin results are compared with experimental results taken from the literature. In addition, dependence between stress intensity factor values with respect to various crack lengths are also presented

    Statistical analysis of data in retail

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    Fokus rada je analiza maloprodajnih podataka online platformi kako bi se utvrdila opća kretanja i korelacije zavisne varijable, predvidjela buduća potražnja te predložila optimalna lokacija skladišta tvrtke. Korišteni su stvarni podaci poslovanja maloprodajne platforme Plac.hr, ali i komplementarne baze podataka za koronavirus (Hrvatski zavod za javno zdravstvo), demografiju stanovništva (Državni zavod za statistiku, GeoPortal Zagrebačke infrastrukture prostornih podataka i dr.) i poslovanje pravnih subjekata (Financijska agencija i Poslovna Hrvatska). Podaci su u obliku vremenskih nizova (eng. time series) od 2020. do 2023. godine, a metodologija uključuje korištenje alata Google Colab za analizu i vizualizaciju podataka u programskom jeziku Python. Cilj rada je pružiti dubinsku analizu vremenskih nizova maloprodajne tvrtke, identificirati trendove, sezonalnosti i korelacije, te primijeniti modele za poboljšanje operativne učinkovitosti e-trgovine. Poseban je osvrt dan utjecaju pandemije COVID-19 na potrošačke navike.The focus of the work is the analysis of retail data from online platforms to determine general trends and correlations of the dependent variable, predict future demand, and propose the optimal location of a company's warehouse. The main dataset relied on real-life business data of the retail platform Plac.hr, as well as complimentary databases on the coronavirus pandemic (Croatian Institute of Public Health), population demography (State Statistical Office, GeoPortal of the Zagreb Spatial Data Infrastructure, etc.), business operations of legal entities (Financial Agency and Poslovna Hrvatska). The data are in the form of time series from 2020 to 2023, and the methodology includes the use of Google Colab for data analysis and visualization in the Python programming language. The work aims to provide an in-depth analysis of time series data of a retail company, identify trends, seasonality and correlations, and apply models to improve the operational efficiency of e-commerce. A special review is given to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer habits

    Design of a refrigeration system in supermarket with CO2 as refrigerant

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    U ovom radu napravljen je cjelokupan projekt izvedbe rashladnog sustava supermarketa s ugljik dioksidom kao radnom tvari. U uvodu je opisan ugljik dioksid kao radna tvar te vrste rashladnih procesa sa ugljik dioksidom. Izračunat je potreban toplinski kapacitet za hlađenje prehrambenih proizvoda u komorama i u vitrinama na primjeru supermarketa na području sjeverozapadne Hrvatske. Na temelju izračunatog potrebnog toplinskog kapaciteta, dimenzionirane su komponente rashladnog sustava – isparivača, kompresora i hladnjaka plina. Određen je rashladnih proces sa dva seta kompresora, jedan set za plus režim te jedan za minus režim. Dimenzioniran je cjevovod cijelog rashladnog sustava. Odabrane su potrebne komponente sustava – isparivači, rashladne vitrine, setovi kompresora i hladnjak plina. Cjelokupni rashladni proces je opisan, te su određene točke procesa. Opisan je rad automatske regulacije. Također je opisana izvedba projekta po fazama, od početka do kraja te su navedeni sigurnosni zahtjevi radi korištenja ugljik dioksida kao radne tvari.This thesis presents a thorough project that implements a supermarket cooling system with carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Introduction describes carbon dioxide as a refrigerant and types of cooling processes with carbon dioxide. Cooling capacity needed for cooling food in cold rooms and refrigerated cabinets is calculated on an example of a supermarket in northwest Croatia. Based on this calculation, components of a cooling system are dimensioned - evaporator, compressor, and gas cooler. Cooling process with two sets of compressors is specified, one set of compressors for the plus regime, one for the minus regime. Pipeline of the whole cooling system is dimensioned. Necessary system components are chosen - evaporators, refrigerated cabinets, compressor sets, and gas cooler. Complete cooling process is described and points of the cooling process are determined. Automatic regulation is described. Likewise, project implementation is described in phases, from beginning to end, and safety requirements are listed, due to using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant

    Permeability control of die-cast aluminium alloy castings

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    Tlačno lijevani odljevci nemaju sasvim homogenu strukturu. Legure u rastaljenom stanju sadrže plinove i oksidne uključke koji mogu izazivati mikropukotine te poroznost kod gotovih odljevaka. Ako se od neke komponente očekuje sposobnost zadržavanja nekog medija (vode, zraka, ulja i sl.), zahtijeva se kontrola propusnosti medija kroz stijenke. Za kontrolu propusnosti tlačno lijevanih odljevaka izrađuju se posebni namjenski uređaji. U okviru rada opisan je proces tlačnog lijevanja i konstrukcija kalupa za tlačno lijevanje aluminijevih legura. Opisano je kako parametri lijevanja utječu na pojavu propusnosti i koje se još greške na odljevcima mogu pojaviti. Navedene su metode pomoću kojih se ispituje poroznost odljevaka, a na kraju je dan osvrt na ukupne troškove proizvodnje. Teorijska analiza potkrijepljena je primjerom iz industrije. U zaključku je ukratko objašnjeno koje teme su se obradile u radu i dodani su prijedlozi kako se optimizirao promatrani postupak lijevanja.Die castings do not have a completely homogeneous structure. Alloys, while in a molten state, contain gas bubbles and inclusions that can cause microcracks and porosity in finished castings. If a component is expected to retain a medium (like water, air, oil, etc.) its leak tightness control through the walls is required. Special devices are built to control the leak tightness of die castings. The thesis describes the process of die casting and the design of molds for die casting of aluminium alloys. It was described how the casting parametres affect the leak tightness and which other defects can occur in castings. The methods used to analyze the porosity of castings were listed and at the end, an overview of the total production costs was given. Theoretical analysis was supported by an example from industry. In the conclusion, it is briefly explained which topics were covered in the paper and suggestions were added to optimize the observed casting process

    Application of Lean principles and tools in product development

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    Kroz ovaj rad bit će opisan životni ciklus proizvoda s posebnim naglaskom na prvu fazu - razvoj proizvoda. Detaljno će se prikazati primjena Vitkog upravljanja na proces razvoja proizvoda putem opisa principa, sistematizacije primjenjivih alata i identifikacije vrsta gubitaka koji se javljaju tijekom procesa. U praktičnom dijelu rada prikazat će se plan razvojnog procesa zajedno s opisom ključnih prekretnica i sustavom kontrole u realnom vremenu, s ciljem sprječavanja nastanka naknadnih gubitaka i iteracija u kasnijim fazama razvoja uzrokovanih greškama.This paper will describe the product life cycle with a specific focus on the first phase - product development. The application of Lean Management to the product development process will be extensively presented through the description of principles, systematization of applicable tools, and identification of types of losses that occur during the process. The practical part of the paper will present a development process plan, along with a description of key milestones and a real-time control system, aiming to prevent the occurrence of subsequent losses and iterations in later stages of development caused by discrepancie

    Improving productivity through automation of the manufacturing process

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    Industrija 4.0 predstavlja nove mogućnosti, ali i nove izazove za kompanije orijentirane na proizvodnju. Tehnološki napredak donio je sa sobom velik broj noviteta koji mogu biti implementirani u proizvodne sustave s namjerom da ih se modernizira, ubrza te optimizira kako bi mogli polučiti bolje rezultate i tako zadovoljiti sve zahtjevnije tržište. Stoga, kako bi povećale svoju produktivnost mnoge kompanije žele držati korak s trendovima u industriji i tako pokušati ostvariti konkurentsku prednost. Ključ u tome je uvođenje automatizacije u proizvodnju, usporedno s digitalizacijom. Ovaj rad prezentira najvažnije suvremene tehnologije Industrije 4.0 te pobliže prikazuje pristup i strategije uvođenja automatizacije na primjeru iz prakse.Industry 4.0 represents new opportunities, but also new challenges for production-oriented companies. Technological progress has brought with it many novelties that can be implemented in production systems with the intention of modernizing, speeding up and optimizing them so that they could obtain better results and thus satisfy the increasingly demanding market. Therefore, in order to increase their productivity, many companies want to keep up with the trends in the industry and consequently try to achieve a competitive advantage. The key to this is the introduction of automation in production, along with digitalization. This paper presents the most important modern technologies of Industry 4.0 and shows in more detail the approach and strategies of implementing automation on a real example

    Improvement of assembly of floor convectors for large spaces

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    Radom se analizira proizvodnja podnih konvektora, posebno sa stanovišta montaže, pri čemu se istražuje mogućnost robotske montaže. Na osnovi rezultata provedenih analiza metodom DFA, ustanovljeno je da, unatoč značajnom skraćenju vremena montaže, robotska montaža ipak nije trenutačno primjenjiva, zbog premalenih proizvodnih količina i visokih troškova povezanih s i investicijama. Predloženo je idejno rješenje s robotom FANUC R-2000iC/125L koji zadovoljava tehničke zahtjeve za nosivost i radni doseg, a za izvođenje dijela montaže podnog konvektora.The paper analyzes the production of floor convectors, particularly from the assembly perspective, with a focus on exploring the possibility of robotic assembly. Based on the results of analyses conducted using the DFA method, it has been determined that, despite a significant reduction in assembly time, robotic assembly is not currently feasible due to low production quantities and high costs associated with investments. A conceptual solution has been proposed with the FANUC R-2000iC/125L robot, which meets the technical requirements for load capacity and reach, specifically for carrying out a portion of the floor convector assembly

    Influence of laser welding parameters on mechanical properties and microstructure in Hilumin / aluminium series 1050 joint

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    U ovom radu analizirana je problematika zavarivanja raznorodnih materijala s obzirom na fizikalna svojstva i metaluršku kompatibilnost koja za aluminij i čelik rezultira krhkim i tvrdim intermetalnim spojevima. Karakterizirali su se režimi i načini rada laserskog zavarivanja, fizikalni fenomeni kolapsa i stvaranja ključanice te utjecaj parametara na svojstva zavara. Sagledavanjem lasera kao tehnologije spajanja, približena su osnovna svojstva laserske zrake, vrste lasera i fizikalna interakcija zrake s različitim materijalima. Završno, prikazan je način vođenja svjetla u optičkom kablu, način rada i osnovni dijelovi fiber lasera. U eksperimentalnom dijelu primijenjene su različite kombinacije parametara fiber lasera za zavarivanje aluminija 1050 na Hilumin. Osiguranjem prikladne konfiguracije oblika spoja, provedeno je ispitivanje smične sile, penetracije zavara i mikrotvrdoće. Zaključilo se je da je snaga lasera najutjecajniji parametar za povećanje penetracije. Najveći iznos smične sile dobiven je prilikom najveće penetracije, no također i najveći iznos poroznosti. Mjerenjem mikrotvrdoće identificirali su se svi najčešći intermetalni spojevi.In this study, the issues related to welding dissimilar materials were analysed concerning their physical properties and metallurgical compatibility, resulting in brittle and hard intermetallic compounds between aluminium and steel. The modes and types of laser welding were characterized, including the physical phenomena of collapse and keyhole formation, along with the influence of parameters on weld properties. By considering the laser as a joining technology, the fundamental properties of the laser beam, types of lasers, and the physical interaction of the beam with different materials were outlined. Finally, the mechanism of light guidance in an optical cable, its operation, and the basic components of fiber lasers were presented. In the experimental section, various combinations of fiber laser parameters were applied for welding aluminium 1050 to Hilumin. By ensuring an appropriate joint configuration, examinations were conducted on shear force, weld penetration, and microhardness. It was concluded that laser power is the most influential parameter for increasing penetration. The highest shear force was obtained with the maximum penetration, yet it also resulted in the highest level of porosity. Microhardness measurements identified all common intermetallic compounds

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