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Security and protection of football matches and other sports events according to the Council of Europe Convention CETS no. 218
No full textEncouraged by the violent behavior of certain football fans in Brussels at Heysel Stadium on 29 May 1985, the Council of Europe European Convention on Spectator Violence and Misbehaviour at Sports Events and in particular at Football Matches i.e. Convention no. 120 (CETS no. 120) which entered into force on 1 November 1985. Convention no. 120 retained its original features until 2013 when the Council of Ministers concluded that it was outdated and that it was not in line with the experience gained since the entry into force. Consequently, the Standing Committee decided to draft a new text of the Convention and it resulted with Convention no. 218 (CETS no. 218) i.e. Council of Europe's Convention on an Integrated Safety, Security, and Service Approach at Football Matches and Other Sports Events. Safety measures, security measures and measures in the area of services, as a key part of Convention No. 218, aim to create a safe and secure environment at all sports events. An integrated approach to safety and security requires coordination at the international, national and local levels, and emphasizes the importance of effective co-operation with the police, emergency services and other partners not only in terms of guaranteeing physical security but also in preventing discriminatory and racist behavior. The importance of establishing a national football information point has also been established as a key mediator in the exchange of information on football matches with an international character as well as for the international cooperation of state bodies essential for the safety and security at football matches. Reasons for the emergence of Convention no. 218 is not only in the prevention of violent behavior at sporting events and in improving safety and security, but also in further development and better coordination of international cooperation in the prosecution of perpetrators of such inappropriate acts.Potaknuto nasilničkim ponašanjima određenih nogometnih navijača u Bruxellesu na stadionu Heysel 29. svibnja 1985. godine, Vijeće Europe donijelo je Europsku konvenciju o nasilju i nedoličnom ponašanju gledatelja na športskim priredbama, posebice na nogometnim utakmicama (CETS br. 120), tzv. Konvenciju br. 120, koja je stupila na snagu 1. studenoga 1985. godine. Konvencija br. 120 zadržala je svoja izvorna obilježja sve do 2013. godine kada je Odbor ministara Vijeća Europe zaključio da je zastarjela i da nije usklađena s iskustvima stečenima od prvotnog stupanja na snagu iste Konvencije. Sukladno tome, Stalni odbor odlučio je izraditi novi tekst Konvencije i kao rezultat toga nastala je Konvencija Vijeća Europe o integriranom pristupu sigurnosti, zaštiti i uslugama na nogometnim utakmicama i drugim športskim priredbama (CETS br. 218), tzv. Konvencija br. 218. Sigurnosne mjere, mjere zaštite i mjere u području usluga, kao ključni dio Konvencije br. 218, imaju za cilj stvoriti sigurno i zaštićeno okruženje na svim športskim priredbama. Integrirani pristup sigurnosti zahtijeva koordinaciju na međunarodnoj, nacionalnoj i lokalnoj razini te je naglašena važnost učinkovite suradnje s policijom, hitnim službama, kao i ostalim partnerima, ne samo u pogledu jamčenja tjelesne sigurnosti, već i u sprečavanju diskriminirajućeg i rasističkog ponašanja. Utvrđena je i važnost osnivanja nacionalne nogometne informacijske točke kao ključnog posrednika u razmjeni informacija i podataka o nogometnim utakmicama s međunarodnim predznakom kao i za međunarodnu suradnju državnih tijela bitnih za sigurnost na nogometnim utakmicama. Razlozi nastajanja Konvencije br. 218 nisu samo u sprečavanju nasilničkog ponašanja na športskim priredbama i poboljšanje sigurnosti i zaštite, već i daljnji razvitak te bolja koordinacija međunarodne suradnje u pogledu kaznenog progona počinitelja takvih delikata
Forensic Medical aspects in approach and observation in cases of stillborn children in Split - Dalmatia County for the period 2007 - 2017
No full textRetrospektivnim presječnim istraživanjem u jedanaestogodišnjem vremenskom periodu analizirani su podatci mrtvorođenčadi porođene u Klinici za ženske bolesti i porode Kliničkog bolničkog centra Split (KBC Split). Cilj je istraživanja opisati i prikazati statističke podatke o antropometrijskim karakteristikama mrtvorođenčadi, kronološkoj dobi majki te utvrđenim uzrocima mrtvorođenja prema obdukcijskom nalazu. Podatci su prikupljani pregledom arhiva s dostupnim kliničkim informacijama iz Obdukcijske knjige te podatke iz protokola zahtjeva za obdukcijom. U promatranom razdoblju zabilježeno je 205 slučajeva mrtvorođenosti koji su svi uključeni u analizu ovog istraživanja. Nedostajući podatci pojedinih slučajeva za pojedine kategorije nisu isključivali uzorak iz istraživanja već su evidentirani kao ništični. U izradi rada korišteni su osnovni metodološki pristupi opisne, uzročno-posljedične, analitička i statističke metode. Od ukupno 205 slučajeva mrtvorođene djece 68 (33,2%) su bile djevojčica, a 103 (50.2%) dječaci, dok za 34 (16,6%) mrtvorođenih nisu nađeni podatci o spolu. Razlika frekvencija spola se pokazala statistički značajnom (P=0.032). Najviše je mrtvorođene djece bilo u 2008. godini, 24 (13%), a najmanje 2011.; 6 (3.2%). U promatranom razdoblju uočen je kontinuiran trend pada broja mrtvorođene djece. Prema trajanju gestacije 119 (70,8%) fetusa umrlo je prije normalno navršenih 37 tjedana gestacije. Dob majke u vrijeme poroda nije statistički značajna u odnosu na spol mrtvorođenčadi (P=0.633). Vodeći uzrok mrtvorođenosti su bile komplikacije vezane uz posteljicu, pupkovinu i ovojnice, a činile su 63 (30.7%) svih smrti. U Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji do kraja 2017. rađanje mrtvorođene djece bilježi kontinuirani trend pada čemu zasigurno pridonosi dobra organizacija cjelokupne skrbi za žene, trudnice i majke. Uzroci mrtvorođenosti najčešće se odnose na patološke entitete na koje se najboljim znanjima i dobrom kliničkom praksom još uvijek teško može utjecati. Sudskomedicinska obdukcija je temeljni instrument kojim se može s visokom vjerojatnošću, najčešće utvrditi uzrok mrtvorođenosti, potpomognuta ostalim laboratorijsko-dijagnostičkim metodama uz temeljiti i detaljni pregled trudničke dokumentacije.This retrospective cross-sectional study evaluated the data of stillbirths over a time of elevenyear labored in the Clinical Hospital Center Split. The aim of the study is to describe and present statistical data on the anthropometric characteristics of the stillbirths, the chronological age of mothers and the established causes of the deaths towards the autopsy findings. Data were collected by reviewing the archive with available clinical information from the Autopsy Book and the information from the Autopsy protocols. In the observed period, 205 cases of stillbirth were reported, all included in the analysis of this study. Missing data for individual cases for certain categories did not exclude the sample from the survey but were noted as null data. The basic methodological approaches of descriptive, causal and consequential, analytical and statistical methods were used in the work. Out of a total of 205 deaths, 68 (33.2%) were girls and 103 (50.2%) boys, while 34 (16.6%) of the dead were not found on gender. Gender differences were statistically significant (P = 0.032). The highest number of newborns was found on 2008., 24 (13%) and the lowest in 2011; 6 (3.2%). In the observed period, the continuous trend of falling frequencies of stillborn was recognized. According to the gestation period, 119 (70.8%) the fetuses died prior to normal 37 weeks of gestation. The maternal age at birth was not statistically significant in relation to the sex of the stillbirths (P = 0.633). The leading cause of death was complications related to the placenta, umbilical cord, and its adnexes, and accounted for 63 (30.7%) of all deaths. In Splitsko-Dalmatinska region, by the end of 2017, the birth rate of stillbirths recorded a continuous trend of falling, which certainly contributed to a good organization of overall care for women, pregnant women, and mothers. The main causes of death are most commonly related to pathological entities that still cannot be affected by the best knowledge of the clinical practice. A medical autopsy is a basic instrument in determining the cause of a newborn, supported by other laboratory-diagnostic methods with a respectful and detailed examination of midwifery documentation
Social engineering as a method for confidential information revelation
No full textDanašnje prijetnje računalnoj sigurnosti su mnogobrojne i raznovrsne. Socijalni inženjering jest jedna vrsta napada na računalnu sigurnost. Riječ je o neautoriziranom pristupu informacijama ili cijelom računalnom sustavu manipuliranjem žrtvom. Povjerljive informacije se izvlače načinima psihološke manipulacije, upotrebe trikova, uvjeravanja, lažnog predstavljanja ili zloupotrebe povjerenja. Cilj ovoga rada bilo je detaljnije istražiti socijalni inženjering, njegove metode i načine napada, kao i mjere zaštite. Dodatni cilj je bio i pokušati izvesti napad u kontroliranom okruženju kako bi se pokazalo koliko je lako provesti takve napade, budući da su svi materijali sa uključenim detaljnim uputama dostupni na internetu. Provedeni napadi izvršeni su isključivo za potrebe ovoga rada, te se sve odvijalo u kontroliranom okruženju. Prvi program kojim se proveo napad obuhvaća otkrivanje lozinke Wi-Fi mreže, a riječ je o Fluxion programu. Fluxion je alat koji automatizira proces stvaranja lažne pristupne točke blizanca kako bi uhvatio WPA/WPA2 lozinke, mješavina je tehničkog dijela napada i socijalnog inženjeringa koji nasamaruje žrtvu da preda Wi-Fi lozinku. Drugi program je naziva WiFi-Pumpkin, a stvara vlastitu lažnu pristupnu točku, pruža uslugu bežičnog spajanja na internet te prisluškuje promet spojenog korisnika. Treći program stvara lažnu web-stranicu, a tim je prikazano na koji način napadač može uhvatiti lozinku žrtvine društvene mreže. Koristio se program Weeman, jednostavna Phython skripta koja stvara lažne web-stranice identične originalnima. Provedbom kontroliranih napada pokazalo se da se jednostavno i besplatno putem interneta može doći do softvera i alata koji su uspješni u otkrivanju povjerljivih informacija. Sve nam to upućuje da je potrebno biti što oprezniji prilikom korištenja interneta, odnosno spajanjem na otvorene Wi-Fi mreže, primitak sumnjivog emaila, paziti na sumnjive poveznice na koje mislimo kliknuti i ostalo, te da je potrebno podignuti svijest među običnim korisnicima interneta, putem reklama, educiranjem u školama i dr. Organizacije i tvrtke moraju shvatiti da je konstantno educiranje njihovih zaposlenika o opasnostima interneta i socijalnog inženjeringa bitno te da na taj način smanjuju rizik od napada na samu organizaciju.Modern threats to computer security are many and varied. Social engineering is one kind of computer security threat. It's about unauthorized access to information or the entire computer system by manipulating the victim. Confidential information is extracted by psychological manipulation, the use of tricks, persuasion, false representation or abuse of trust. The aim of this paper was to investigate social engineering, its methods and ways of attack as well as the protection measures. An additional goal was to try run an attack in a controlled environment to show how easy it is to take such attacks, as all the materials with detailed instructions included are available on the Internet. The attacks were carried out solely for the purpose of this work, and everything was done in a controlled environment. The first program involves detecting a Wi-Fi password, which is a Fluxion program. Fluxion is a tool that automates the process of creating a fake twin access point to capture WPA / WPA2 passwords, a blend of a technical part of the attack and social engineering that tricks the victim to hand over the Wi-Fi password. The second program is WiFi-Pumpkin, and it creates its own fake access point, provides wireless connectivity to the Internet, and intercepts the traffic of the connected user. The third program creates a fake web page and that program shows us how the attacker can catch the password of the victim's social network. It is program called Weeman, a simple Phython script that creates fake web pages identical to the original. By implementing controlled attacks, it has been shown that software and tools that are successful in revealing confidential information can be accessed easily and free through the Internet. All this tells us that it is necessary to be extremely cautious when using the Internet, ie by connecting to an open Wi-Fi network, receiving suspicious emails, the suspicious links that we think click and the other, and raising awareness among ordinary Internet users, through advertising, education in schools, etc. Organizations and businesses need to realize that constantly educating their employees about the dangers of Internet and social engineering is important and thus reducing the risk of attacking the organization itself
The issue of cyber crime from the ethical aspect
No full textU ovom radu bavit ćemo se problematikom računalnog kriminala s etičkog aspekta. Pojava i sve veća uporaba računala dovela je do pojave nove vrste kriminala u svijetu, računalnog kriminala. Takva vrsta kriminala sve više zadire i narušava privatnost korisnika internet mreža. Etika nam zapravo ukazuje na to kako se ponašati na internetu kako bi trebali poštivati privatnost, svoju (iznošenje osobnih podataka) i privatnost ostalih korisnika, odnosno poštivanje ustavnih i ljudskih prava. Etički problemi zapravo i nastaju zlonamjernim korištenjem računala o čemu ćemo više govoriti u radu.In this master's thesis we will deal with the problem of computer crime from an ethical point of view. The phenomenon and the increasing use of computers has led to the emergence of a new kind of crime, the computer (or cyber) crime. This new kind of crime is becoming more and more vulnerable to the privacyof internet users. Ethics really tells us how to act on the internet, how to secure privacy, how to respect the privacy of ourselves and the privacy of different users, i.e. the constitutional rights and human rights. Ethical problems are actually generated by the malicious use of computers that we will work through in this master's thesis
Earning manipulations conducted by methods of creative accounting
No full textCilj ovog rada bio je predstaviti kreativno računovodstvo, manipulacije prihodima i rashodima te istražiti utječu li primjene različitih metoda kreativnog računovodstva na financijski rezultat poduzeća. U teorijskom dijelu rada definirano je kreativno računovodstvo, sam pojam kreativnog računovodstva, motivi i područja primjene, ciljevi primjene te zaštita od manipulacija s financijskim izvještajima. Također, definirane su manipulacije dobiti – lažno povećanje i lažno smanjenje prihoda te lažno povećanje i smanjenje rashoda sa obrađenim primjerima manipulacija. U empirijskom dijelu prikazalo se manipuliranje dobiti na primjeru skandala „WorldCom“ te se istražio utjecaj četiri manipulacije dobiti na primjeru poduzeća. Koristeći manipulacije lažnog povećanja prihoda i rashoda i lažnog smanjenja prihoda i rashoda zaključeno je da manipulacije prihodima i rashodima imaju utjecaj na financijski rezultat.The main objective of this work was to introduce the creative accounting, revenues and expenses manipulation and analyze whether the application of different methods of creative accounting affects the financial result of a company. In the theoretical part was defined term of creative accounting, the motives and areas of application, the aims of application and the protection from manipulation with the financial statements. Also, has been defined profit manipulation - false increase and false decrease of revenues and false increase and decrease of expenses with examples of manipulation. In the empirical part, profit manipulation was shown on the example of the "WorldCom" scandal. Also, it was analyzed the influence of four profit manipulations on the example of financial statements of one company. Using manipulations of false increase of revenues and expenses and false decrease of revenues and expenses, it was concluded that manipulations of revenues and expenses have an impact on the financial result
Security cheks at airports
No full textU cilju sagledavanja i detektiranja sigurnosnih prijetnji na zračnim lukama, i s tim u svezi potrebitih mjera zaštitnih pregleda na zračnim lukama, analitičkom raščlambom sagledana je pravna regulativa koja definira aspekte zaštitnih pregleda na zračnim lukama. Pravni okvir u predmetnom radu korišten je u vidu dokumenata Europske i nacionalne regulative, posebno se osvrćući na Provedbenu Uredbu Komisije 2015/1998 оd 5. studenoga 2015. o utvrđivanju detaljnih mjera za provedbu zajedničkih osnovnih standarda iz područja zaštite zračnog prometa te Uredba (1) Br. 300/2008 Europskog Parlamenta i Vijeća od 11. ožujka 2008. o zajedničkim pravilima u području zaštite civilnog zračnog prometa, kao i na Pravilnik o načinu pregleda putnika u javnom zračnom prometu koji uživaju diplomatski ili konzularni imunitet NN 26/94. Sagledavajući stvarne sigurnosne ugroze uz naglasak na vršenja zaštitnih pregleda na zračnim lukama, kao i oprema kojom se koristi prilikom zaštitnih pregleda na zračnim lukama.U korelaciji na pobrojane zaštitne preglede u predmetnom radu su posebno apostrofirani zaštitni pregledi osoba koji uživaju diplomatski imunitet.In aim to overview and to detect security threats at airports, and related to te necessary security measures at airports, an analytical analysis illustrates the legal regulation that defines the aspects of security screening at airports. By studying the legal framework on this matter, both European and National regulations have been analyzed and processed, in particural by looking at theRegulation No 300/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2008 on common rules in the field of civil aviation security andRegulation (1) 2015/1998 of 5 November 2015 laying down detailed measures for the implementation of the common basic standards on aviation security, as well as Ordinance on the manner of examination of passengers in public air trasnport enjoying diplomatic or consular immunity NN26/94. Taking into account the real security threats, procedures for coducting security screening at airports is highlighted as well as the equipment used for security screening at airports. In relation to the above mentioned security measures, accent is given to the manner of examination of passengers in public air trasnport enjoying diplomatic immunity
The examination of the witness and his evidence value
No full textNaslov ovog diplomskog rada je ispitivanje svjedoka i njegova dokazna vrijednost. Ispitivanje svjedoka prema ZKP spada u dokazne radnje i to je ujedno i najčešće dokazno sredstvo bilo da se poziva od strane okrivljenika ili od strane tužitelja, odnosno tijela koje vodi postupak. Zakonodavac je omogućio ispitivanje svjedoka u cilju rasvjetljavanja činjenica, te radi uspješnog okončanja, odnosno završetka kaznenog postupka. U ZKP ispitivanje svjedoka uređeno je člancima 283-301. Svjedoka se može ispitati u fazi istrage i za vrijeme kaznenog postupka. U fazi istrage svjedoka ispituje državni odvjetnik, dok za vrijeme stadija rasprave uz državnog odvjetnika ispitivanje može obaviti okrivljenik, njegov branitelj kao i sud. Ugroženim skupinama kao što su djeca i žrtve kaznenih djela pri ispitivanju treba postupiti s određenom dozom opreza zbog njihovog psihofizičkog stanja. Uz okrivljenika koji ne može biti svjedok u kaznenom postupku, za svjedoka se ne mogu ispitati niti: 1) osobe koje bi svojim iskazom povrijedile zakonom ustanovljenu obvezu čuvanja tajnosti podataka dok je nadležno tijelo ne oslobodi te obveze, 2) branitelj okrivljenika, osim ako to okrivljenik sam ne zatraži, 3) okrivljenik u postupku prema kojem su primjenjen odredbe o spajanju postupka, 4) vjerski ispovjednik o sadržaju ispovjedi. Tijelo koje vodi postupak vjerodostojnost iskaza svjedoka može provjeravati tako da mu predoči raniji iskaz, da mu postavlja pitanja, te da ga suoči sa drugim svjedokom ili okrivljenikom.The title of this graduate thesis is the examination of the witness and his evidence value. According to the Code of Criminal Procedure witness examination constitutes a form of evidence, one of the most common, whether requested by the defendant or the prosecutor, or the body who conducting the procedure. The lawmaker has foreseen it as a means to establish facts and enable effective ending and conclusion of the criminal procedure. Witness examination is defined in Articles 283-301 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Witness can be examined in the investigation phase or during criminal proceedings. In the investigation phase witness is examined by the state attorney, while during criminal proceedings witness can be examined by the state attorney, defendants and his/her attorney as well as the body responsible for leading of the proceedings. If the witness is a member of a vulnerable group, such as a child or a victim of the criminal act he/she should be treated in a careful manner which takes into account their psycho-physical condition. The defendant cannot be a witness in the criminal proceedings. In addition, these categories of persons cannot be examined: 1) persons who would violate their legal duty of keeping secrecy of data until they are released of such duty by competent body; 2) defence attorney, unless the defendant asks him/her so; 3) defendant in the proceedings ; 4) religious official about the content of confession. The body leading the proceedings can test the credibility of the witness statement by presenting to her/him the previous statement, asking questions or making him/her face another witness or defendant
The diversity of necrophagous insects collected in the Split city area using protein traps
No full textForenzična entomologija grana je forenzične znanosti koja koristi informacije o ponašanju i životnom ciklusu kukaca koje mogu poslužiti kao dokazi, a odnose se na ljudski, te biljni i životinjski svijet. Najvažniji je posao forenzičnog entomologa odrediti post mortem interval, odnosno vrijeme trenutka smrti. Međutim, potrebno je pristupiti određivanju post mortem intervala sa mnogo opreza budući da postoje faktori, kao što su npr. fizičke karakteristike leša, različite vrste muha i ekološki faktori, koji otežavaju točno određivanje vremena smrti. Cilj je ovog rada ispitati postoji li u populaciji strvinarskih vrsta muha na području grada Splita razlika u brojnosti i raznolikosti koja je rezultat različitih okolišnih uvjeta, posebno biljnog sastava na mikrostaništu. Na dvije različite lokacije u gradu Splitu pokušat će se dokazati prisutnost različitih vrsta muha kao posljedica okolišnih uvjeta koji prevladavaju na tim lokacijama. Da bi se utvrdilo postoje li razlike u brojnosti i raznolikosti izvršit će se istraživanje u trajanju od 4 dana. Potrebno je izraditi zamke za čiju će se izradu koristiti plastične boce. U zamke se stavlja mamac, što je u ovom istraživanju pileća jetrica. Na dno boce potrebno je uliti otopinu alkohola i formalina u svrhu omamljivanja muha i sprječavanja njihovog raspadanja. Na kraju će se prikupljeni uzorci preparirati i identificirati. Za identifikaciju se koriste dihotomski identifikacijski ključevi. Rezultati su pokazali postojanje više različitih vrsta muha na lokaciji postavljenoj u Parku Šumi Marjan. Dvije lokacije međusobno nisu znatno udaljene, pa razlika u brojnosti i raznolikosti uzrokovana je ekološkim faktorima. Ekološki faktori od najveće važnosti su izloženost sunčevoj svjetlosti i sastav vegetacije. Veća brojnost i raznolikost dokazana je na lokaciji koja se nalazi u Parku Šumi Marjan, a uvjeti koji ondje prevladavaju su bujnija vegetacija i zasjenjenost.Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that uses information about behavior and life cycle of insects that can serve as evidence. Moreover, that information refers to human, plant and animal life. The most important task of the forensic entomologist is to determine the post mortem interval, that is: the time of death. However, it is necessary to approach post mortem intervals calculation with caution, as there are factors such as the physical characteristics of the corpse, different types of flies and ecological factors which make it more difficult to determine the exact time of death. The aim of this paper is to examine whether there is a difference in the number and diversity of species of necrophagous types of flies in the Split area. Furthermore, that diversity is the result of various environmental conditions, especially plant composition on the micro location. The presence of different species of flies as a result of the environmental conditions prevailing in those locations will be tested on two different locations in the city of Split. In order to determine whether there are differences in the number of species and diversity, a 4-day study will be conducted. It is necessary to create protein traps for which plastic bottles will be used. A bait is placed inside of each trap, and the bait in this research will be chicken liver. At the bottom of the bottle it is necessary to pour a solution of alcohol and formalin for the purpose of stifling the flies and preventing their decomposition. In the end, the collected samples will be prepared and identified. Dichotomic identification keys are used for identification. The results demonstrated the existence of higher number of different species of flies at the site located in Marjan Forest Park. Two locations are not far from each other, so it can be concluded that differences in numbers and diversity is caused by ecological factors. Ecological factors of the utmost importance are exposure to sunlight and the composition of vegetation. Larger number of same species and higher diversity have been proved at the Marjan Forest Park location, and conditions that dominate there are denser vegetation and shaded conditions
Forensic analysis of blood traces caused by application of force
No full textUVOD: Analiza tragova krvi vaţna je grana forenzike koja koristeći znanja iz matematike, fizike i biologije pomaţe istraţiteljima odrediti što se dogodilo, kako i gdje se dogodilo. Oslanja se na znanja o razliĉitim svojstvima krvi te njenom ponašanju nakon napuštanja svog izvora zbog ĉega se tragovi krvi dijele po brzini krvi te obliku tragova krvi nakon pada na podlogu. Ove podjele pomaţu odrediti o kakvom tipu sile se radi- udarac, ubod ili vatreno oruţje dok se za odreĊivanje mjesta izvora sile i poloţaja ţrtve koriste razliĉite metode kao što su metoda stringanja, trigonometrijska metoda te raĉunalni programi. CILJ: Potvrditi dvije hipoteze odnosno dokazati da se primjenom metode stringanja moţe odrediti minimalan broj udaraca te mjesto i visina izvora sile. METODE: U radu je za analizu tragova krvi korištena metoda stringanja. Analizirani su uzorci tragova krvi te podijeljeni u razliĉite skupine u kojima je svakoj kapi izmjerena širina i duţina te izmjeren kut pod kojim su pale na podlogu nakon ĉega je uz pomoć kutomjera svaki konac potegnut u smjeru odakle je došla kap. REZULTATI: Analizom uzoraka tragova krvi ustanovljeno je da se na zidu nalazi šest uzoraka tragova krvi zbog ĉega je minimalno sedam udaraca. Izvlaĉenjem svakog konca pod odgovarajućim kutem došlo je do preklapanja konaca u jednoj toĉci (podruĉje ishodišta) ZAKLJUĈCI: Uspješno su potvrĊene obje hipoteze, ali se pokazalo da metoda stringanja ima odreĊene nedostatke zbog ĉega se danas sve ĉešće primjenjuju druge metode u analizi tragova krvi.INTRODUCTION: Bloodstain pattern analysis is an important part of forensic science which helps investigators determine what happened, how and when by using mathematics, physics and biology. It relies on its understanding of different blood properties and of how blood behaves once it leaves its source which is why blood patterns are divided into subgroups based on the speed of blood and the shape of the blood pattern after it falls. This division helps us determine what type of force was used- force created by beating, stabbing or firearms. To determine the source of the force and the position of the victim different methods are used such as stringing method, trigonometric method and computer programs. OBJECTIVE: To confirm two hypothesis, that is to porve that by using the stringing method minimal number of blows and the area as well as height of the blood source can be determined. METHODS: To analyze the blood patterns stringing method was used. Blood patterns were divided into different groups in which each blood drop was measured to determine its width and length as well as the angle of its impact. After, a protractor was used tu pull a string in the direction form which the drop had originated. RESULTS: By using the bloodstain pattern analysis it was determined that there were 6 bloodstain patterns on the wall which means there was minimal 7 blow. By pulling each string at its determined angle the result was an overlap of the strings in one point ( point of origin). CONCLUSION: Both hypothesis were confirmed, but the research has shown certain flaws in the stringing method which is why other methods are more commonly used in bloodstain pattern analysis
DNA profiling and databases
No full textU uvodnom dijelu ovoga rada, predstavljen je povijesni pregled razvoja DNA metodologije, tehnologije i njenog prihvaćanja kao relevantnog dokaza u kriminalističkim istragama i među pravosudnim tijelima. Cilj ovoga rada je prikazati metode i načine analize DNA u forenzici te opisati i usporediti multipleksne sustave za analizu genetičkih lokusa. Također će se objasniti njihove prednosti i nedostatci te dati preporuka o korištenju. Na kraju rada se donosi pregled najpoznatijih DNA baza podataka u svijetu i obrazloženje njihove povezanosti sa multipleksnim sustavima za analizu s ciljem naglašavanja važnosti DNA baza podataka i razmjene među njima. Otkriće svojstva polimorfizma koje opisuje eukariotski genom, potaknulo je razvoj DNA profiliranja koje se zasniva na principu korištenja određenih molekularnih markera, uglavnom STR, ali to mogu biti i VNTR i SNP markeri. Konačan rezultat DNA profiliranja prikazuje se elektroferogramom, odnosno setom markera (lokusa) odabranog komercijalnog kompleta multipleksnog sustava, sa pripadajućim pikovima koji predstavljaju alelne varijante. Opisane su metode rada osnovnih multipleksnih sustava za analizu DNA, najviše autosomalnih STR sustava triju korporacija (Promega, Applied Biosystems, Qiagen), kao i spolnih STR markera (X i Y multipleksni sustavi), mtDNA te miniSTR sustava. Rezultati su pokazali da odabir određenog komercijalnog multipleksnog STR sustava za DNA profiliranje ovisi najviše o kvaliteti uzorka kao i okolnostima u svrhu kojih se profiliranje vrši. Najviše se koriste autosomalni multipleksni STR sustavi zbog mogućnosti koamplifikacije na velikom broju lokusa te zbog značajne visoke snage diskriminacije i individualizacije. U slučajevima degradirane DNA u uzorku ili uzoraka koji su propali zbog utjecaja vanjskih faktora, najbolji odabir su miniSTR sustavi ili mtDNA. U svrhu genealogije i dokazivanja očinstva ili majčinstva mogu se koristiti X-vezani ili Y-vezani STR markeri te mtDNA. DNA baze podataka omogućuju pretraživanja i pohranjivanja DNA profila u svrhu identifikacije počinitelja zločina, nestalih i neidentificiranih osoba kao i prevencije svih oblika kriminala. Sadržani DNA profili su izrađeni prema preciznim uputama o analizi na određenim lokusima koji su odabrani u pojedinim multipleksnim sustavima.In the introductory part of this thesis, a historical review of DNA methodology, technology and its acceptance as a relevant evidence in criminal investigations and judicial authorities has been presented. The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate methods of DNA analysis in forensics and to describe and compare multiplex systems for genetic loci analysis. In thesis we will also show advantages and disadvantages and make usage recommendations for particular system. In the end of the thesis is an overview of the most renowned DNA databases in the world and the explanation of their association with multiplex systems for analysis with goal to emphasize their importance and importance of data exchange among them. The discovery of the polymorphisms described by the eukaryotic genome has prompted the development of DNA profiling based on the use of certain molecular markers, mostly STR, but also by VNTR and SNP markers. The ultimate DNA profiling result is shown by the electropherogram, set of markers (loci) of the selected commercial set of the multiplex system, with the associated peaks representing alleles. The discovery of the polymorphisms described by the eukaryotic genome has prompted the development of DNA profiling based on the use of certain molecular markers, mostly STR, but also by VNTR and SNP markers. The ultimate DNA profiling result is shown by the electropherogram, set of markers (loci) of the selected commercial set of the multiplex system, with the associated peaks representing alleles. The methods of basic multiplex DNA analysis systems, the most autosomal STR systems of three corporations (Promega, Applied Biosystems, Qiagen), as well as sex STR markers (X and Y multiplex systems), mtDNA and miniSTR systems are described. The results have shown that selecting a particular commercial multiplex STR system for DNA profiling depends most on the sample quality as well as the circumstances for which profiling is performed. Most autosomal multiplex STRs are used due to the possibility of co-amplification on a large number of loci and due to the significant high levels of discrimination and individualization. In cases of degraded DNA in a sample or samples that have failed due to the influence of external factors, the best choice is miniSTR systems or mtDNA. X-linked or Y-bound STR markers and mtDNA may be used for the purposes of genealogy and paternity or motherhood demonstration. DNA databases allow searching and storing of DNA profiles for the purpose of identifying perpetrators, missing and unidentified persons as well as the prevention of all forms of crime. Contained DNA profiles were made according to precise analysis instructions on certain loci that were selected in multiple multiplex systems