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The Legal Nature of Measures for the Prevention and Sanctioning of Criminal Behaviour in Direct Correlation With COVID-19
No full textPandemija COVID-19 primorala je brojne države na poduzimanje niza mjera u svrhu njezina suzbijanja, a nije izostala ni kaznenopravna reakcija, bilo primjenom postojećeg normativnog okvira na ponašanja koja se mogu podvesti pod opis bića kaznenog djela širenja zaraznih bolesti ili propisivanjem novih prekršaja i kaznenih djela. Brojne europske zemlje u svojim kaznenim zakonima inkriminiraju prijenos bolesti u određenim okolnostima, dok je propisivanje kažnjivih ponašanja tijekom pandemije bolesti COVID-19 u širokom dijapazonu rezultiralo mogućnošću kažnjavanja sankcijama različite pravne prirode. S obzirom na navedeno nameće se pitanje o ulozi kaznenog zakona u sprečavanju širenja bolesti i u borbi protiv pandemije COVID-19, o opsegu i spektru kaznene odgovornosti te njegovoj implikaciji na ljudska prava i slobode. Iako neposredna ugroza nameće potrebu za pravnom reakcijom na kršenje mjera usmjerenih na suzbijanje pandemije COVID-19, treba imati na umu da je kazneno pravo ultima ratio societatis, pa i kad je u pitanju očuvanje zdravlja ljudi.
Prvi dio rada referira se na upravne mjere te prekršajne i kaznene odredbe u domeni prevencije i sankcioniranja širenja virusa SARSCoV-
2 koje su donesene u Republici Hrvatskoj. Drugi se aspekt istraživanja odnosi na ispitivanje opsega i načina primjene relevantnih odredbi kaznenog zakona, ali i pojedinačnih i općih upravnih mjera donesenih u pojedinim europskim zemalja u kontekstu specifične situacije prouzrokovane virusom SARS-CoV-2.
U svrhu provođenja predmetnog istraživanja analizirana je relevantna domaća i strana literatura, kao i normativno uređenje predmetne
materije u pojedinim zemljama kontinentalne pravne tradicije.The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many countries to take a number of measures to combat it. There has been no lack of criminal response, either by applying the existing normative framework to behaviours that can be described as leading to contagion or by prescribing new criminal offences. Numerous European countries criminalise the transmission of disease in certain circumstances in their criminal laws, and widely prescribing criminal behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the possibility of applying sanctions of a different legal nature. The question arises of the role of criminal law in preventing the spread of disease and combating the COVID-19 pandemic, the scope and range of criminal responsibility, and the implications for human rights and freedoms. Although the immediate threat demands a legal response to the violation of measures aimed at combating the COVID-19 pandemic, it should be borne in mind that criminal law is the ultima ratio societatis, even when it comes to preserving human health.
The first part of the paper considers administrative measures and misdemeanour and penal provisions that have been adopted in the Republic of Croatia in respect of the prevention of and social reaction to the spread of the COVID-19 virus The second part examines the scope
and manner of the application of the relevant provisions of criminal law and individual and general administrative measures adopted in individual European countries in the context of the COVID-19 virus.
To conduct the study, relevant domestic and foreign literature was analysed, as was the normative regulation of the subject matter in individual countries belonging to the continental legal tradition
Diagnostic methods for detection of bacteria that can be used as biological agents
No full textBiološko oružje staro je koliko i civilizacija. Latentna opasnost od napada ovim oružjem i danas predstavlja prijetnju, tim više što se tehnološkim napretkom, osim već postojećih patogena, mogu zloupotrijebiti i „novi“ patogeni izmijenjenih svojstava, nastali genetičkim inženjeringom.
Zbog svoje izrazite patogenosti i lakoće širenja te otpornosti na fizikalno-kemijske utjecaje iz okoliša, bakterije poput Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis i druge, opravdano su klasificirane kao potencijalni biološki agensi od strane CDC-a.
Obrana od većine bioloških agensa, pa tako i bakterija, relativno je slaba i ograničena jer su uskladištene količine cjepiva, seruma, antibiotika i antidotova protiv toksina relativno male, a svakako nedostatne za nagle masovne pojave oboljenja. Dodatan problem predstavlja prirodna ili umjetno stvorena rezistencija bakterija na antibiotike.
Jedna od važnijih metoda u borbi protiv napada biološkim agensom je što brža dijagnostika patogena kako bi se brzo poduzele potrebne mjere te zaustavili ili smanjili razmjeri širenja, obolijevanja i mortaliteta. Širok spektar dijagnostičkih metoda i testova, bilo izravnih (dokazivanje prisutnosti uzročnika), ili neizravnih (dokazivanje protutijela na bakterijske antigene), uvelike ubrzava i olakšava uspješnu i brzu detekciju potencijalnih bioloških agensa. PCR metoda je, od izravnih metoda, metoda izbora u slučajevima detekcije potencijalnih bioloških agensa, jer brzo te s velikom preciznošću i točnošću daje rezultat.Biological weapons are as old as civilization. The latent danger of being attacked with these weapons is still a threat, especially since technological advances, in addition to existing pathogens, can also abuse "new" pathogens with altered properties, created by genetic engineering.
Due to their pronounced pathogenicity and ease of spread and resistance to physicochemical influences from the environment, bacteria such as Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis and others have been justifiably classified as potential biological agents by the CDC.
Defense against most biological agents, including bacteria, is relatively weak and limited because the stored amounts of vaccines, serums, antibiotics and antidotes against toxins are relatively small, and certainly insufficient for sudden mass outbreaks of the disease. An additional problem is the natural or artificially created resistance of bacteria to antibiotics.
One of the most important methods in combating biological agent attacks is to diagnose pathogens as soon as possible in order to take the necessary measures quick and to stop or reduce the spread, morbidity and mortality. A wide range of diagnostic methods and tests, either direct (proving the presence of the causative agent) or indirect (proving antibodies to bacterial antigens), greatly accelerates and facilitates the successful and rapid detection of potential biological agents. The PCR method is, within the direct methods, the method of choice in cases of detection of potential biological agents, because it gives the result quickly and with great precision and accuracy
Comparison of forensically important species of flies in area of the city of Split and island Vis
No full textForenzička entomologija je grana forenzičke znanosti koja znanja i spoznaje o kukcima i drugim člankonošcima koristi prilikom istraživanja različitih slučajeva. Strvinarske vrste muha spadaju u forenzički važne kukce jer je na temelju njihovog životnog ciklusa moguće odrediti post mortem interval, odnosno procjenu vremena kada je smrt najvjerojatnije nastupila. Točno vrijeme smrti nije moguće odrediti zbog utjecaja abiotskih i biotskih čimbenika okoliša već se ono uvijek izražava kao vremenski interval u kojem se dogodio dolazak kukaca na tijelo.
Cilj ovog rada je bio usporediti brojnost i raznolikost strvinarskih vrsta muha koje obitavaju u gradu Splitu i na otoku Visu, odnosno u gradu Komiži, kroz tri mjeseca u razmaku od 40 dana. Također bilo je važno ustanoviti temelji li se brojnosti i raznolikosti strvinarskih vrsta muha na razlici u okolišnim staništima kao što su biljni sastav okoline, temperatura i vlažnost zraka.
Klopka je izrađena od plastične boce koja na 2/3 boce ima rupu kroz koju ulazi muha. Na vrhu joj se nalazi pileća jetrica koja svojim mirisom privlači strvinarsku vrstu muha, a na dnu boce se nalazi 70%-tni alkohol koji sprječava izlazak muhe iz boce, ali i čuva strukturu muhe. Nakon prikupljanja muha slijedi morfološka intenzifikacija pomoću mikroskopa i identifikacijskog ključa.
Na temelju provedenog istraživanja može se zaključiti kako postoji razlika u brojnosti, ali i u raznolikosti strvinarskih vrsta ne samo na različitim lokacijama nego je primijećeno da postoji razlika i kroz mjesece na istoj lokaciji. Na razliku u brojnosti strvinarskih vrsta muha između dviju lokacija prvenstveno utječe razlika u okolišu, ali i razlika u temperaturi i vlažnosti dok na razliku kroz mjesece utječe samo razlika u temperaturi i vlažnosti zraka. Brojnost i raznolikost muha u gradu Splitu je puno veća nego na otoku Visu zbog pogodnije temperature i vlažnosti zraka, ali u gradu Splitu ima i više strvina kojima se forenzički važne muhe hrane pa ih stoga i ima više. Očekivano je da će se kroz mjesece povećavati brojnost i raznolikost muha, ali zbog nepogodnih vremenskih uvjeta taj se broj smanjivao.Forensic entomology is a branch of forensic science that uses knowledge about insects and other arthropods when researching various cases involving human remains mainly because it is possible to determine the post mortem interval based on their life cycle. Carnivorous species of flies belong to a group of forensically important insects because it is possible to determine the post mortem interval based on their life cycle. Post mortem interval gives us the time interval in which the death most likely occurred. Since the post mortem interval is affected by many abiotic and biotic factors of the environment, one can never give exact time of death but rather the interval in which death occurred.
The aim of this study was to compare the number and diversity of carnivorous species of flies that can be found in the areas of city of Split and on the island of Vis during spring months in 3 separate experiments with 40 days apart from each other. It was also important to establish whether the abundance and diversity of carnivorous fly species was based on differences in environmental habitats such as plant composition, ambient temperature and humidity.
The insect trap was made from plastic bottle that has a hole through which a fly enters the trap. At the top of bottle chicken liver was placed that would attract carnivorous type of flies and at the bottom of the bottle 70% alcohol was poured in in order to prevent the flies from coming out of the bottle and to preserve them for later analysis. Fly collection is followed by morphological identification using a microscope and an identification key.
Based on proven research, it can be concluded that there is a difference in the number, but also in the diversity of carnivorous species not only on different locations, but also between different experiments done in the same location. The difference in the number of carnivorous species of flies between the two locations is primarily affected by the difference in the environment, but also by the difference in temperature and humidity, while the differences between experiments on same location are only affected by the difference in temperature and humidity. The number and variety of flies in the city of Split is much higher than on the island of Vis due to more favorable temperature and humidity. In addition, city of Split has more animal carcasses that decompose throughout the year, which means more food source for forensically important flies to feed on and hence greater numbers. It was expected that the number and variety of flies will
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increase over the months on both locations, but due to unfavorable weather conditions that did not happen
Special forces in CRO, development and compliance with NATO
No full textTijekom burnog Hrvatskog osamostaljenja od Jugoslavije stvorila se potreba za stvaranjem specijalnih snaga, a nepriznavanje Hrvatske od međunarodne zajednice potaknulo je organiziranje policijskih snaga, te potom i vojnih. Trenutno jedina postrojba kojoj su ocjenjivane sposobnosti od strane NATO ocjenjivača po SOFEVAL formularima za ocjenjivanje je Zapovjedništvo specijalnih snaga MORH-a.
Zapovjedništvo specijalnih snaga je 2015. godine prošlo reorganizaciju iz do tada konvencionalnog vojnog ustroja s ciljem zadovoljavanja NATO standarda organizacije rada i zapovijedanja u svrhu usklađenosti sa ostalim članicama NATO saveza. ZSS se sastoji od dvije operativne grupe: prva smještena u Delnicama i namjenjena za „land“ operacije, a druga u Splitu s ciljem stvaranja i održavanja sposobnosti za „marintime“ operacije tj. pomorske operacije. Činjenica je da Hrvatske specijalne snage u mirnodopskom okruženju, sukladno ZDP-1, djeluju samo kad civilne institucije nisu sposobne odgovoriti na terorizam, što ih još drži korak iza u usporedbi s NATO snagama koje djeluju proaktivno.While Croatian turbulet trying to get independence from Yugoslavia, need for special forces appeared and their making firstly police forces and then military. Currenlty the only forces that can get graded by NATO SOFEVAL forms is Croatian Special Forces Command MOD.
In the year 2015 Croatian Special Forces (CSF) Command went through reorganoization from conventional military structure to an organization that is cooperative with the rest of NATO members and meeting NATO requirements. CSFC is made of two special groups, 1st in the city of Delnice which operates in land operations and 2nd in the city of Split which is a maritime group. It is a fact that CSF are in peacetime environment and are only operating when civilian autorithies cannot counter terrorism, but that still leaves them one step behind compared to the rest of NATO members which operate proactive
Analysis of fraud indicators in the process of public procurement
No full textU radu je prikazan postupak javne nabave u Republici Hrvatskoj. Kako bi pojam bio jasniji, opisana su načela i zakonska regulativa. Kroz izvješća Državne komisije za kontrolu postupaka javne nabave analizirani su pokazatelji žalbi i trendovi sukladno izmjenama zakona u promatranom periodu kao i primjeri službenih stavova i sudske prakse. Analizirana je prijevara i rizici prijevare te njihovi indikatori i faktori prijevare kao i mogućnosti sprječavanja od strane naručitelja i ponuditelja u postupku javne nabave. Zaključno se potvrđuje potreba za jasnijom regulacijom, podizanjem integriteta u društvu i boljim razumijevanjem problema prijevare u javnoj nabavi.This paper presents the public procurement procedure in the Republic of Croatia. To make the concepts clearer, principles and legislation are described. Through the reports of the State Commission for the Control of Public Procurement Procedures, indicators, complaints and trends were analyzed in accordance with changes in the law in the observed period, as well as examples of official attitudes and case law. Fraud and the risk of fraud are analyzed, the indicators and factors of fraud as well as possibilities of prevention with contracting authorities and tenderers in the public procurement procedure. In conclusion the need for clearer regulation, raising the integrity of society and a better understanding of the problem of public procurement fraud is confirmed
International police cooperation
No full textMeđunarodna policijska suradnja je temelj razvoja i sigurnosti svake države koja svoje djelovanje temelji na zakonima i kontinuiranom nastojanju za državnom sigurnosti. Policijska suradnja i međunarodna koordinacija je prva stepenica. Europol kao temeljna organizacija je krovni zakonski okvir, koji razvija međunarodna djelovanja i svoje rezultate temelji na uspostavljanju smanjenja stope kriminala i razvoja sigurnije zajednice. Republika Hrvatska kao i sve članice Europske unije ulaže velike napore za stabilizaciju, smanjenje stope kriminala i održavanje mira u regiji. Kriza koja je nastala uslijed masovnih migracija s kojim se susreće Europska unija i sve njene članice koje su tranzitna ruta posljedica je politike koja se vodila zadnje desetljeće i koja je ustvari uzrok ove situacije u kojoj ljudi postaju nezakoniti migranti.International police cooperation is the foundation of the development and security of any state, which bases its actions on laws and the continuous path to the security of its statehood.Police co-operation and international coordination is the first step. Europol as a core organization is the umbrella legal framework as a core organization that develops international action and bases its results on establishing a reduction in crime rates and developing a safer community. The Republic of Croatia, like all members of the European Union, is making great efforts to stabilize, reduce the crime rate and maintain peace in the region. The crisis caused by the mass migrations faced by the European Union and all its members, which are a transit route, is a consequence of the policy pursued over the last decade and which is in fact the cause of this situation in which people become illegal migrant
Determination of biologically active ingredients in turmeric-based food supplements
No full textUvod. Kurkuma je biljka iz porodice đumbirovki bogata biološki aktivnim spojevima od kojih su kurkuminoidi najviše istraženi. Ima vrlo velik ekonomski i agronomski značaj za zemlje južne i jugoistočne Azije. Osim prehrane, svoju primjenu pronašla je i u tekstilnoj i prehrambenoj industriji kao sirovina za izradu boja te u tradicionalnoj i klasičnoj medicini.
Materijali i metode. Analizirano je 22 uzorka kurkume i 3 uzorka curry začinske mješavine. Kurkuminoidi su iz uzoraka ekstrahirani ekstrakcijom čvrsto-tekuće primjenom 96%-tnog etanola. Njihove koncentracije u pojedinačnim uzorcima određene su analizom pomoću tekućinske kromatografije visoke djelotvornosti
Rezultati. Udio ukupnih kurkuminoida u uzorcima kurkume je u rasponu od 1,172% do 5,060%, a udio kurkumina od 0,734% do 2,369%. U uzorcima curry začinske mješavine udio ukupnih kurkuminoida je od 0,321% do 0,704%, a udio kurkumina od 0,292% do 0,430%.
Rasprava. Eksperimentalno određeni udjeli kurkuminoida u uzorcima u skladu su s dostupnim podacima iz literature. Nije bilo moguće utvrditi poveznicu između ambalaže i koncentracije kurkuminoida kao ni dokazati tvrdnje da pojedinačna tržišta imaju kvalitetnije proizvode u odnosu na druga tržišta. U eksperimentalnom radu uspješno su izbjegnuti problemi kemijske nestabilnosti kurkuminoida. Dvije od tri postavljene hipoteze su potvrđene, dok treća nije potvrđena niti opovrgnuta.
Zaključak. Postoje razlike u koncentracijama biološki aktivnih spojeva između različitih uzoraka. Korištene metode u radu vrlo su efikasne i jednostavne te mogu biti korištene za kontrolu kvalitete dodataka prehrani na bazi kurkume.Introduction. Turmeric is a plant from the ginger family rich in biologically active compounds, curcuminoids being the most researched ones. It has a major economic and agronomic significance in countries of south and southeast Asia. Besides food, it's used in textile and food industry as raw material for production of dyes, and traditional and classic medicine.
Materials and methods. 22 turmeric samples and 3 curry powder samples were analyzed. Curcuminoids were extracted by means of solid-liquid extraction using 96% ethanol. Their concentrations in samples were determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis.
Results. Percentage of total curcuminoids in turmeric samples were between 1,172% and 5,060%, and percentage of curcumin was between 0,734% 2,369%. Percentage of total curcuminoids in curry powder samples was between 0,321% and 0,704% and percentage of curcumin was between 0,292% and 0,430%.
Discussion. Experimentally determined percentages of curcuminoids were in accordance with data available in literature. It wasn't possible to determine a connection between packaging and the concentration of curcuminoids. It also wasn’t possible proving the claims that certain markets sell higher quality products than others. Chemical instability problems were successfully avoided in this research. Two out of three theses were proven, while the third one wasn’t either prover nor disproven.
Conclusion. There are differences in concentrations of curcuminoids between different samples. Methods used in this research are very efficient and simple, and can be used for quality control of turmeric based food supplements
A Forensic Genomics Approach for the Identification of Sister Marija Crucifiksa Kozulić
No full textSister Marija Krucifiksa Kozulić (1852–1922) was a Croatian nun who is in consideration for beatification by the Vatican, which is facilitated by the identification of her 20th-century remains. Sister Marija was buried in a tomb in Rijeka, Croatia, along with other nuns including her biological sister, Tereza Kozulić (1861–1933). When the remains were exhumed in 2011, they were found in a deteriorated state and commingled with several other sets of remains. Thus, mitochondrial genome sequencing of the long bones was performed to sort the remains by mitochondrial haplotype. Two similar but unique haplotypes belonging to haplogroup H1bu were identified, and samples from these bones were subjected to autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sequencing. Although only partial profiles were obtained, the data were sufficient for kinship analysis with the profile of a paternal niece of Sister Marija (Fides Kozulić). The data indicate that it is 574,195-fold more likely that the two sets of skeletal remains represent 2nd-degree relatives of Fides than sisters who are unrelated to Fides. Although it is impossible to discern which set of remains belongs to Marija and which belongs to Tereza, forensic genomics methods have enabled identification of the sisters
Teorijski i praktični aspekti pravosudne suradnje Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine u postupcima izručenja vlastitih državljana
No full textThe institute of extradition is the oldest form of international legal assistance which has been replaced by the European arrest warrant in Member States of the European Union. Regarding the third countries, such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, extradition is the only instrument enabling the transfer of persons that have to be extradited for criminal trial, imprisonment, or any other measure of deprivation of freedom in the applicant state. In an effort to ensure legal certainty, the principle of legality and the rule of law, states as subjects of international law increasingly regulate their relations in the field of extradition law by signing bilateral agreements in order to achieve that aim. Within this framework, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina concluded the Treaty on Extradition on 28 November 2012. The Treaty was applied temporarily starting from the above date, and it came into force on 6 March 2014. The Treaty regulates the extradition of citizens, departing from the traditional principle of non-extradition of a state’s own citizens. The authors analyse the Treaty on Extradition with a special focus on extradition of a country’s own citizens, especially those with dual citizenship, which is often the case with citizens of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Many European and world countries strongly oppose the extradition of their own citizens. The principle of non-extradition of a country’s own citizens is based on the concept of the sovereignty of states and their citizens and their mutual obligations, and it is often a consequence of distrust of judicial systems of other states. However, bearing in mind that the fundamental aim of extradition is the struggle against the absence of punishment for persons suspected or convicted of criminal offences, distrust as a reason for non-extradition should be taken with the greatest caution. The fact that the principle of non-extradition of a state’s own citizens is outdated in modern criminal law is confirmed by the Convention on Extradition between EU Member States according to which extradition cannot be rejected because a person is a citizen of applicant state. The aim of the paper is to draw attention to problems that have an impact on judicial cooperation between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina by analysing the existing normative framework and practical examples of (non)extradition of citizens of one’s own state and offer a contribution to solve these important issues.Institut izručenja najstariji je oblik međunarodne pravne pomoći koji je među državama članicama Europske unije zamijenjen europskim uhidbenim nalogom. U odnosu na treće države kakva je Bosna i Hercegovina izručenje je jedini instrument kojim se omogućava transfer osoba koje se trebaju izručiti zbog vođenja kaznenog postupka, ili izvršenja kazne zatvora, ili zbog druge mjere koja podrazumijeva oduzimanje slobode u državi moliteljici. Radi stalna nastojanja da se osiguraju pravna sigurnost, načelo zakonitosti i vladavina prava, države kao subjekti međunarodnog prava svoje odnose na području ekstradicijskog prava sve više reguliraju potpisivanjem bilateralnih sporazuma kojima žele ostvariti taj cilj. U tom smjeru Hrvatska i Bosna i Hercegovina zaključile su 28. studenog 2012. Ugovor o izručenju koji se s tim datumom počeo privremeno primjenjivati, a stupio je na snagu 6. ožujka 2014. Ugovorom su, između ostalog, ekstenzivnije uređene odredbe o izručenju vlastitih državljana, čime se na određen način odstupilo od tradicionalnog načela neizručenja vlastitih državljana. Autori u radu analiziraju odredbe Ugovora o izručenju s posebnim osvrtom na odredbe o izručenju vlastitih državljana, osobito državljana koji imaju dvojno državljanstvo, što je nerijetko slučaj državljana Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine. Mnoge države u Europi i svijetu tradicionalno se snažno protive izručenju vlastitih državljana. Načelo neizručenja vlastitih državljana proizlazi iz suverenosti država i njezinih državljana te obveza koje ih vežu, a osobito nepovjerenja u pravosudne sustave drugih država. Međutim, imajući u vidu da je temeljni cilj izručenja borba protiv nekažnjavanja osoba za koje se sumnja da su počinile kazneno djelo ili koje su osuđene za to, tada bi se nepovjerenje kao razlog neizručenja vlastitih državljana trebalo uzeti s velikim oprezom. Da je načelo neizručenja vlastitih državljana u suvremenome kaznenom pravu zastarjelo, potvrđuje još i Konvencija o izručenju između država članica Europske unije navodeći da se izručenje ne smije odbiti s obrazloženjem da je osoba državljanin države moliteljice. Cilj je ovog rada analizom postojećega normativnog okvira i praktičnih primjera (ne)izručenja vlastitih državljana između Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine upozoriti na probleme koji utječu na učinkovitu pravosudnu suradnju tih dviju država te ponuditi stajališta koja bi mogla pridonijeti razmatranju vrlo aktualnih pitanja
Controversies on the Criminal Liability of Medical Professionals For Professional Error
No full textU pravnim i medicinskim krugovima te među pacijentima i njihovim udrugama kao i u općoj javnosti posljednjih su godina sve prisutnija dva prijepora u vezi s kaznenom odgovornosti liječnika i drugih medicinskih djelatnika za stručnu pogrešku. Prvi prijepor tiče se uopće potrebe za kažnjavanjem u situaciji u kojoj za istu stručnu pogrešku istodobno postoji njihova disciplinska i građanska odgovornost te osiguranje od profesionalne odgovornosti. Drugi prijepor vezan je za postojanje posebnoga kaznenog djela nesavjesnog liječenja koje su zadržale u svom zakonodavstvu sve države nastale raspadom Jugoslavije, dok države zapadnokontinentalnog i angloameričkog pravnog sustava kaznenu odgovornost medicinskih djelatnika vezuju uz opće inkriminacije protiv života i tijela. Stoga autorica prikazuje i analizira dva normativna modela kažnjivosti, stajalište Europskog suda za zaštitu ljudskih prava, argumentaciju za kaznenu odgovornost i protiv kaznene odgovornosti medicinskih djelatnika i za redefiniranje kažnjivosti te predlaže de lege ferenda moguće izmjene zakonodavnog okvira.Over the past few years, two controversies have been increasingly present in legal and medical circles, as well as among patients, their organizations and the general public, regarding the criminal liability of physicians and other medical personnel for professional errors. The first controversy regards the general need for sanctions in situations where both disciplinary and civil liability exist for the same medical error, as well as professional liability insurance. The other controversy is related to the existence of a special criminal offence of medical error which has been included in the legislation of all the former Yugoslav countries, while in the Western civil law and common law countries criminal liability of medical professionals is included among the general offences against person. Therefore, the author analyses two normative models of culpability, the perspective of the European Court of Human Rights, the argumentation for and against criminal liability of medical professionals, as well as those focusing on redefining culpability, and proposes possible de lege ferenda amendments of the legislative framework