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Determination of hand from fingerprints
No full textCilj: Ispitati postoje li razlike u morfološkim i odabranim metričkim značajkama između otisaka prsta oblika pravog kruga lijeve i desne ruke te razviti statističke modele za procjenu potječe li otisak s lijeve ili desne strane.
Metode: Iz NIST baze otisaka prstiju pregledano je 1179 otisaka prstiju te je izdvojeno 200 otisaka pravih krugova, 100 lijeve i 100 desne ruke. Na svakom je otisku provedeno 12 mjera temeljenih na položajima delti i središta otiska, izračunano 5 omjera i zabilježeno 8 morfoloških značajki. Razlike u kontinuiranim varijablama ispitane su t-testom za nezavisne uzorke, dok je za kategorijske varijable uporabljen test hi-kvadrat. Klasifikacijski modeli izrađeni su s pomoću logističke regresije za metričke varijable i omjere, dok je za kategorijske varijable primijenjen algoritam slučajnih šuma.
Rezultati: Statistički značajne u mjerama zabilježene su u 6/12 varijabli, dok su svi omjeri i kategorijske varijable pokazale statistički značajne razlike (P < 0,05). Najveće razlike između lijevih i desnih otiska zapažene su u varijablama rotacije kruga i nagiba središta kruga. Modeli klasifikacije su pokazali relativno visok stupanj točnosti. Najniža točnost (70 %) dobivena je s pomoću omjera i logističko-regresijskog modela, dok je najviša točnost ostvarena s pomoću algoritma slučajne šume i kategorijskih varijabli (85 %).
Zaključak: Statički modeli utemeljeni na mjerama i morfološkim obilježjima otiska, mogu se rabiti za procjenu pripada li nepoznati otisak prsta lijevoj ili desnoj ruci, kad se radi o otiscima pravog kruga.Objective: To examine differences in metric and non-metric traits between left and right hand in true whorl fingerprint patterns, and to develop statistical models that will determine hand of origin
Methods: We examined 1179 fingerprints from the NIST database and selected 200 true whorls, 100 left and 100 right. On each print, we conducted 12 measurements based on the distribution of triradii and core, calculated five ratios, and marked eight non-metric traits. Differences between left and right-side prints were examined using independent samples t-test for continuous variables, while for categorical variables we used the chi-squared test. Classification models were developed using logistic regression for metric variables and ratios, and for categorical variables, we used a random forest algorithm.
Results: A total of 6 from 12 metric variables and all ratios and non-metric traits showed statistically significant differences between left and right prints ( P < 0.05). The greatest differences were observed for rotation of the whorl and core slope. Classification models reached a relatively high degree of accuracy. The lowest accuracy (70%) was achieved for ratios and logistic regression model, while the categorical variables reached the highest accuracy by random forest algorithm (85%).
Conclusions: Statistical classification models based on measurements and a non-metric traits can be used to estimate whether the unknown fingerprint of true whorl pattern originates from the left or right hand
Organized crime in Italy
No full textTema ovog rada je organizirani kriminal u Italiji koja je obavijena velom tajni. Sam pojam
organiziranog kriminala je zanimljiv, neistražen i nejasan. Cilj rada bio je približiti problem
koji predstavlja organizirani kriminal i samo djelovanje organizacija u suzbijanju njega.
Pojmovnim određivanjem same definicije od strane organizacija kao što su UN i EU prikazuje
se kako je zapravo teško doći do jedinstvene definicije. Najvažniji dio rada zbog kojeg je rad i
pisan, a to je organizirani kriminal u Italiji, prvenstveno je objašnjen organizirani kriminal u
Italiji, njegova povijest nastajanja, te kako djeluje danas. Također velika pozornost ovog rada
bit će usmjerena je na najpoznatije organizacije organiziranog kriminala u Italiji (mafija),
zatim o samom nastajanju i pojavi na talijanskom tlu. Posljednje poglavlje govori o borbi i
suzbijanju organiziranog kriminala u Italiji u usporedbi s suzbijanjem organiziranog kriminala
u Hrvatskoj.The topic of this paper is organized crime in Italy which is in formed by a veil of secrecy. The
very notion of organized crime is interesting, unexplored and unclear. The aim of the paper
was to approachthe problem of organizing crime and the very action of the organization in
combating it. Conceptually defining the same definitions by organizations such as the UN and
the EU shows how difficult it is actually to come up with uniform definitions. The most
important part of the work for which the paper was written, and that is organized crime in
Italy, primarily explains organized crime in Italy, its history of origin, and how it works today.
Also great attention of this paper will be focused on the most famous organizations of
organized crime in Italy, then on th every originan dappearance on Italian soil. The last
chapter talks about the fightand suppression of organized crime in Italy compared to the
suppression of organized crime in Croatia
Terorism and counterterorism
No full textU suvremenom društvu terorizam je postao kulturalni simbol straha te je samim time postao
referentni okvir za evaluaciju bilo kakvih drugih oblika ugroze ljudskoj sigurnosti. Pokušaji
donošenja univerzalne definicije terorizma nikada nisu rezultirali uspjehom, a razlog tomu je
njegova situacijska i pejorativna priroda te preklapanje s drugim formama političkog nasilja
(gerilsko ratovanje, pobune i slično). Na tom tragu, prikazivanje određenih fenomena i
događaja kao terorističkih može biti stvar subjektivne konstrukcije značenja tog pojma. Stoga
su u ovom radu obrađene teme pojmovnog određenja terorizma, njegovog povijesnog
značenja, suvremenog terorizma kao i načini financiranja turizma i pranja novca pa sve do
najveće enigme i krajnjeg cilja svih država – borbe protiv terorizma odnosno protuterorizma u
SAD-u i Europskoj Uniji.In modern society, terrorism has become a cultural symbol of fear and thus has become a
frame of reference for evaluating any other forms of threat to human security. Attempts to
adopt a universal definition of terrorism have never resulted in success, and the reason for this
is its situational and pejorative nature and overlap with other forms of political violence
(guerrilla warfare, insurgency, etc.). On that track, portraying certain phenomena and events
as terrorist can be a matter of subjective construction of the meaning of that term. Therefore,
this paper deals with the concepts of terrorism, its historical significance, modern terrorism
and ways of financing tourism and money laundering, all the way to the greatest enigma and
ultimate goal of all countries - the fight against terrorism and counterterrorism in the US and
the European Union
The role of the Croatian Armed Forces in the national security system
No full textTema diplomskog rada je Uloga OS RH u sustavu nacionalne sigurnosti. Rad je koncipiran kroz četiri cjeline. U prvoj cjelini odreĎuje se i definira pojam sigurnosti te se nabrajaju i pobliţe opisuju vrste sigurnosti. Druga cjelina prikazuje osnovne pojmove nacionalne sigurnosti, nabraja čimbenike rada i daje uvid u sastavnice sustava nacionalne sigurnosti koje imaju ključnu ulogu u zaštiti i očuvanju nacionalnih interesa Republike Hrvatske. Treća cjelina je usmjerena ka prošlosti, onim dogaĎajima iz kojih je stasala Hrvatska vojska danas i koje s ponosnom i slavom prepričavamo kako bi bolje razumjeli i očuvali Lijepu našu u budućnosti, dok četvrta cjelina prikazuje ulogu, misiju, zadaću i strukturu Oruţanih snaga Republike Hrvatske u konceptu nacionalne sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske.The topic of the diploma thesis is the role of the Croatian Armed Forces in the national security system. The work is conceived through four units. In the first part, the concept of security is defined and the types of security are listed and described in more detail. The second unit presents the basic concept of national security, lists the factors of work and provides insight into the components of the national security system that play a key role in protecting and preserving the national interests of the Republic of Croatia. The third unit is focused on the past, those events from which the Croatian Army grew today and which we proudly recount in order to better understand and preserve our beautiful future, while the four unit shows the role, mission, task and structure of the Croatian Armed Forces in the concept of national security of the Republic of Croatia
Facial reconstruction of mummified remains of Christian Saint-Nicolosa Bursa
No full textIn addition to forensic science, facial reconstruction also plays an outstanding role in the historical and archaeological context. Precisely, it the most exact method to reconstruct the appearance of the people that lived in the past and a popular way of presenting results not only to scientific community but also to a broader public. The main purpose of this study was to reconstruct the appearance of Saint-Nicolosa Bursa, a Christian saint whose mummified remains are kept in Church of Saint-Blaise in Vodnjan (Croatia). The additional aims were to validate the methodology and to provide a realistic model of the Saint's face that could be used for exhibition and presentation of the research results to a broader public. The mummified remains of the saint were scanned with multislice computed tomography (MSCT). The MSCT images were used to develop a skull model which was 3D printed and used for facial reconstruction. The facial appearance recovery was accomplished using the Manchester method by the progressive layering of clay on the ABS model according to the anthropometric data, specific for sex, age, and ancestry. After the clay model was done, it was used to create a realistic gypsum sculpture appropriate for the presentation of results on exhibition. When the model was compared to the photographs of the mummified remains of the Saint, it showed to be consistent in all facial traits that could be considered. Unfortunately, additional data were not available due to the preservation degree of soft tissue remains as well as the lack of pictorial or written sources about the appearance of the Saint. However, this research showed, that although the facial reconstruction is always only an approximation of the actual person's appearance, it is essential in historical context as an only existing method that can show us how a certain historical figure could look. In the present study, it enabled us to conduct the first reconstruction of the appearance of the Saint from the mummified remains and develop sculpture that will be used for exhibition and presentation of results
A comparative analysis of the efficiency of life and non-life sectors in selected CEE countries
No full textPurpose: The aim of this paper is to analyze overall technical efficiency (OTE), pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) of both life and non-life insurance sectors in three Central and Eastern Eu- ropean countries (CEE), i.e. Croatia, Hungary and Poland, in 2018. Methodology: The efficiency of insurance sectors is estimated by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA), while a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is performed to find out whether there exists any statistically significant difference between the estimated levels of the efficiency of non-life and life insurance sectors in the observed CEE countries. Results: Out of 34 non-life Polish insurers, only two (6%) were overall technically efficient, while the remaining 32 were inefficient. Croatia and Hungary achieved better results with three (20%) and seven (43.7%) efficient insurers, respectively. However, when observing the life insurance segment, half of the Croatian life insurers were efficient according to the CCR model, while six (23%) Polish and three (23%) Hungarian efficient insurers were recorded. Conclusion: Research reveals that the Hungarian non-life insurers are the most efficient ones in terms of OTE, PTE and SE. They are followed by the Croatian insurers, leaving the Polish insurers behind. Regard- ing the life insurance sector, the domination of the Croatian insurers is recorded, while the Hungarian ones were found to be the least efficient. Moreover, inefficiency in both life and non-life sectors (except for the Hungarian life sector) is more related to scale than to managerial inefficiency. Finally, ANOVAs and Tukey post hoc tests revealed a statistically significant difference among considered groups of insurers
Legal assumptions and the role of probation in the implementation of alternative sanctions and measures in the Republic of Croatia
No full textAutorica u radu nastoji dati kratki pregled razvoja probacijskog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj te uloge probacijske službe u izvršavanju alternativnih sankcija i mjera. Cilj je ovoga rada kroz prikaz pravnog okvira i dosadašnje prakse izricanja i provođenja suvremenih alternativa kaznama, ukazati na njihovu korisnost i pragmatičnost kao najadekvatnijih mjera za određene kategorije kaznenih djela, odnosno određene kategorije počinitelja. Autorica elaborira o pojmovnom određenju alternativnih sankcija i probacije te iznosi njihova diferencijalna poimanja i temeljne postavke. U pogledu regulacije i uređenja alternativnih sankcija i mjera doneseni su brojni dokumenti na međunarodnoj i regionalnoj razini, a koji su poticajno djelovali na zakonodavca u pogledu reforme našeg kaznenopravnog sustava. Prizma organizacijske strukture probacijske službe u RH te probacijskih poslova po pojedinima fazama kaznenog postupka nedvojbeno ukazuje na to da se RH opredijelila za rehabilitacijski pristup u načinu izvršenja sankcija s naglaskom na humanizaciju u pristupu kažnjavanja. Autorica razmatra vrste alternativnih sankcija (u širem smislu) u Republici Hrvatskoj. Rad za opće dobro nametnuo se kao najzastupljeniji od svih probacijskih poslova i zbog toga mu je u radu posvećeno najviše pozornosti. Trend porasta izrade izvješća probacijskih ureda, po zahtjevu suca izvršenja upućuje na rastuće povjerenje sudova u probacijsku službu što je samo jedan od aspekta pokazatelja uspješnosti prakse izricanja i provođenja alternativnih sankcija i mjera. U konačnici autorica daje svoja promišljanja o probacijskom sustavu de lege lata i de lege ferenda.
Istraživanje izricanja i provođenja alternativnih sankcija i mjera utemeljeno je na podacima Državnog zavoda za statistiku, Izvješća Državnog odvjetništva RH, Izvješća Glavnog državnog odvjetnika RH te Izvješća o radu probacijske službe.The author tries to give a brief overview of the development of the probation system in the Republic of Croatia and the role of the probation service in the execution of alternative sanctions and measures. This paper aims to outline, through the presentation of legal frameworks and the practice of imposing and implementing alternative sanctions so far, the usefulness and pragmatism of alternative sanctions and measures as the most appropriate measures for certain categories of criminal offences, i.e. specific categories of perpetrators. The author elaborates on the conceptual determination of alternative sanctions and probation and presents their differential notions and basic assumptions. Regarding the regulation and arrangement of alternative sanctions and measures, several documents have been adopted at the international and regional level and had a stimulating effect on the legislator regarding the reform of our criminal justice system. The prism of the organisational structure of the probation service in the Republic of Croatia, as well as the probation work in individual stages of criminal proceedings, undoubtedly indicates that the Republic of Croatia has opted for a rehabilitation approach to the enforcement of sanctions with an emphasis on humanisation in the punishment approach. The author discusses the types of alternative sanctions (in a broader sense) in the Republic of Croatia.
Community service has become one of the most represented of all probation works, for which reason, in this paper, the most attention has been given to it. The increasing trend of making probation office
reports, at the request of the enforcement judge, indicates the growing confidence of courts in the probation service, which is only one aspect of the success indicators of imposing and implementing
alternative sanctions and measures. Ultimately, the author gives its reflections on the probation system de lege lata and de lege ferenda.
The study on the imposition and enforcement of alternative sanctions and measures is based on data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the State Attorney’s Office Report, the Attorney General’s Report, and the Probation Service Performance Report
Special investigative techniques with reference to secret surveillance and technical recording of persons and objects
No full textPosebne dokazne radnje su procesne radnje koje se poduzimaju kako bi se otkrilo i dokazalo počinjenje kaznenih djela i njihovih počinitelja. Riječ je o tajnim i prikrivenim radnjama koje se poduzimaju u svrhu prikupljanja informacija, a da se na te radnje pritom ne upozore osobe prema kojima se radnje poduzimaju. Budući da se posebnim dokaznim radnjama zadire u temeljna ljudska prava i slobode, iste se poduzimaju samo ukoliko se izvidi mogu provesti na drugi način ili bi to bilo moguće samo uz nerazmjerne teškoće. Uz to, zakonodavac je dužan strogo pratiti provođenje i primjenu posebnih dokaznih radnji u vidu sudske kontrole, s ciljem sprječavanja nezakonitih postupanja, odnosno zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda. Subjekti koji sudjeluju u postupku donošenja i provođenja posebnih dokaznih radnji u hrvatskom zakonodavstvu su: državni odvjetnik, policija i istražitelj. Nalog o provođenju posebnih dokaznih radnji u pravilu donosi sudac istrage na zahtjev državnog odvjetnika. U iznimnim slučajevima, nalog može na vrijeme od 24 sata izdati i državni odvjetnik. Policija izvršava nalog o poduzimanju posebnih dokaznih radnji. Posebne dokazne radnje tajnog praćenja i tehničkog snimanja osoba i predmeta su posebna vrsta opservacije, no može se provoditi i kao stacionirana ili mobilna opservacija s tehničkim snimanjem osoba i predmeta koje se prati. Cilj mjere je prikupiti podatke o cjelokupnim aktivnostima osobe nad kojom se provodi mjera. Provedba je u nadležnosti policije.Special evidentiary actions are procedural actions taken to detect and prove the commission of criminal offenses and their perpetrators. These are secret and covert actions that are taken for the purpose of gathering information, without warning the persons against whom the actions are being taken. As evidence of fundamental human rights and freedoms is specifically proved by evidentiary actions, they are undertaken only if the investigations can be carried out in another way or would be possible only with disproportionate difficulties. In addition, the legislator is obliged to strictly monitor the implementation and application of special evidentiary actions in the form of judicial control, with the aim of preventing illegal actions, ie protection of human rights and freedoms. Entities participating in the procedure of enacting and conducting special evidentiary actions in Croatian legislation are: the State Attorney, the police and the investigator. As a rule, the order to conduct special evidentiary actions is issued by court investigations at the request of the State Attorney. In exceptional cases, the order may be issued by the State Attorney within 24 hours. The police execute the order to take special evidentiary actions. Special evidentiary actions of secret surveillance and technical recording of persons and objects are a special type of conservation, but they cannot be carried out as a stationary or mobile supply with technical recording of a person and objects that are monitored. The aim of the measures is to collect data on the overall activities of the persons over whom the measure is implemented. Enforcement is the responsibility of the police
Infodemia in the Time of Covid 19: Criminal Law and Security Aspect
No full textThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Europe and the world has led to a number of legal, economic, medical, security and other challenges. Given the speed with which (dis) information about SARS-CoV-2 is spreading, a new term has emerged – infodemia. Infodemia is a flood of information about the virus, and it is very difficult to distinguish the truth from falsehoods. In addition, the spread of misinformation can have multiple negative consequences, both for the health of the population, mental health in particular, and the awareness of citizens about the current global situation. At the same time, infodemia can be associated with hate speech, which ultimately leads to risky behavior. Namely, such false inscriptions consequently may lead citizens into the criminal zone by disrespecting the epidemiological measures prescribed by competent authorities, which can very easily lead to global illegal action in the form of criminal offense of spreading infectious diseases. To this end, the EU seeks to respond to such undesirable and dangerous phenomena, with concrete measures that can be implemented quickly through existing legal resources. In this paper, the authors are analyzing the problem of false news spreading from criminal law and security aspects, along with comparative solutions. Namely, Croatian criminal legislation does not criminalize the dissemination of false news as a criminal offense. In our legal system the dissemination of false news is prescribed as a misdemeanor in the Misdemeanors against Public Peace and Order Act, which originated in the former state. Following the above, the authors seek to provide answers to a number of legal and security issues. First of all, what are the legal consequences of spreading false news about SARS-CoV-2, how can rumour spreading sanctions be aggravated, where are freedom of the press restrictions, and how do false information affect national security?Pandemija SARS-CoV-2 u Europi i svijetu dovela je do brojnih pravnih, ekonomskih, medicinskih, sigurnosnih i ostalih izazova. S obzirom na brzinu kojom se šire (dez)informacije o SARS-CoV-2 došlo je do pojave novog termina - infodemija. Infodemija predstavlja poplavu informacija o virusu, pri čemu je jako teško razlikovati istinu od laži. Osim toga širenje dezinformacija može imati višestruke negativne posljedice, vezano uz zdravlje stanovništva - ponajviše psihičko zdravlje, ali i na svijest građana o aktualnoj globalnoj situaciji. Ujedno, infodemija može biti povezana i s govorom mržnje što konačno vodi do rizičnog ponašanja. Naime, takvi lažni natpisi posljedično uvode građane u kažnjivu zonu nepoštivanjem epidemioloških mjera nadležnih tijela pri čemu vrlo lako može doći do svjesnog protupravnog djelovanja u vidu kaznenog djela širenja zarazne bolesti. U tu svrhu Europska unija nastoji snažno odgovoriti na takve neželjene i opasne pojave konkretnim mjerama koje se mogu brzo implementirati kroz postojeće pravne resurse. Autori se u ovom radu bave analizom problema širenja lažnih vijesti s kaznenopravnog i sigurnosnog aspekta uz poredbena rješenja. Naime, hrvatsko kazneno zakonodavstvo ne inkriminira širenje lažnih vijesti kao kazneno djelo, već je širenje lažnih vijesti u našem pravnom sustavu propisano kao prekršaj u Zakonu o prekršajima protiv javnog reda i mira koji je nastao još u doba bivše države. Slijedom navedenog, autori nastoje pružiti odgovore na niz pravnih i sigurnosnih pitanja. Ponajprije, koje pravne posljedice nastaju širenjem lažnih vijesti o SARS-CoV-2, mogućnosti pooštravanja sankcija za širenje glasina, gdje nastaje ograničenje prava slobode izvještavanja, te kako lažne informacije utječu na nacionalnu sigurnost
Judical Control of the Legality of Evidence Obtained by Special Evidentiary Actions
No full textZakoniti nalog suca istrage neophodna je formalna komponenta za provođenje posebnih dokaznih radnji te ujedno i nužan preduvjet za zakonitost tako prikupljenih rezultata, o kojoj se vodi računa u nekoliko faza postupka. Kako u inicijalnoj fazi izdavanja naloga suca istrage sučevo uvjerenje o ispunjenju zakonskih uvjeta za nalaganje posebnih dokaznih radnji nitko ne može dovesti u pitanje s obzirom na to da ne postoji mogućnost podnošenja pravnog lijeka protiv izdanog naloga, to je tek u kasnijim fazama postupka na dispoziciji stranaka mogućnost da osporavaju njegovu zakonitost. Navedena se okolnost može istaknuti kako pred sudom prvog stupnja povodom prijedloga za izdvajanjem iz spisa nezakonitih dokaza prikupljenih posebnim dokaznim radnjama temeljem manjkavog naloga suca istrage tako i pred Vrhovnim sudom Republike Hrvatske povodom žalbe na rješenje prvostupanjskog suda kojim je takav prijedlog obrane odbijen. Nalogom suca istrage nužno je adekvatno obrazložiti sve konkretne okolnosti slučaja koje će potvrditi postojanje osnove sumnje protiv osumnjičenog u pogledu počinjenja kataloškog kaznenog djela, a posebno razloge zbog kojih se izvidi nisu mogli provesti na drugi, manje nametljiv način. Slijedom navedenog postavlja se pitanje rezultira li izostanak obrazloženja ili (čak) manjkavosti u obrazloženju naloga suca istrage, poput odsutnosti konkretizacije okolnosti koje opravdavaju primjenu posebnih dokaznih radnji, nezakonitošću tako prikupljenih dokaza. Ovo je istraživanje usredotočeno na sudsku praksu, a provedeno je pretraživanjem online-baze Vrhovnog suda Republike Hrvatske u kontekstu nezakonitih dokaza, napose rezultata provedenih posebnih dokaznih radnji. Također je putem online-baze analizirana praksa ESLJP-a u predmetima protiv Republike Hrvatske u kontekstu povrede konvencijskog prava na zaštitu privatnog i obiteljskog života iz čl. 8. EKLJP-a, upravo iz razloga nedostatne obrazloženosti naloga suca istrage, odnosno nedostatne sudske kontrole, ali i čl. 6. EKLJP-a koji igra važnu ulogu u domeni aposteriorne sudske kontrole u kontekstu pravičnosti postupka budući da upotreba dokaza pribavljenih kršenjem konvencijskog prava iz čl. 8. EKLJP-a može otvoriti pitanje povrede pravičnosti postupka iz čl. 6. EKLJP-a. Na podlozi provedenih istraživanja iznjedren je zaključak da je sudska kontrola zakonitosti dokaza pribavljenih posebnim dokaznim radnjama adekvatan i aktivan zaštitni mehanizam, no da se u praksi ipak pojavljuju određena pitanja koja potražuju argumentirane odgovore. Neke od tih odgovora nudi i ovaj rad te se u tom pogledu sumiraju zaključci i sintetiziraju konkretna rješenja.The lawfulness of the investigating judge’s order is a necessary formal component for the conduct of special evidentiary actions and a necessary precondition for the legality of the results thus collected, which is taken into account in several stages of the proceedings. Since in the initial phase of the issuing of an investigating judge’s order nobody may question the judge’s conviction of the fulfilment of the legal requirements for ordering special evidentiary actions, given that there is no possibility of filing a legal remedy against the issued order, it is only in the later stages of the proceedings that the parties have the opportunity to challenge its legality. This circumstance can be pointed out both before the first-instance court regarding the proposal to exclude from the case file illegal evidence collected by special evidentiary actions based on the investigating judge’s deficient order, and before the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia regarding an appeal against the first-instance court rejecting such a proposal of the defence. In the investigating judge’s order, it is necessary to adequately explain all the specific circumstances of the case that will confirm the existence of grounds for suspicion against the suspect regarding the commission of a crime, and especially the reasons why investigations could not be conducted in another, less intrusive way. Consequently, the question arises as to whether the absence of reasoning or (even) the deficiency in the reasoning of the investigating judge’s order, such as the lack of concretisation of the circumstances justifying the application of special evidence, results in the illegality of such evidence. This research focuses on case law and was conducted by searching the online database of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia in the context of illegal evidence, especially the results of special evidentiary actions.
In addition, through an online database, the practice of the ECtHR in cases against the Republic of Croatia was analysed in the context of the violation of the Convention’s right to protection of private and family life under Art. 8 ECHR, precisely due to the insufficient reasoning of the investigating judge’s order, i.e., insufficient judicial control, but also Art. 6 ECHR, which plays an important role in the domain of a posteriori judicial review in the context of the fairness of the proceedings, since the use of evidence obtained in violation of Convention law under Art. 8 ECHR may raise the issue of violating the right to a fair trial referred to in Art. 6 ECHR. Based on the conducted research, the conclusion was drawn that the judicial control of the legality of evidence obtained by special evidentiary actions is an adequate and active protective mechanism, but that, in practice, certain questions arise that require reasoned answers. Some of these answers are offered in this paper, and, in this regard, conclusions are summarised, and concrete solutions are synthesised