Repository of University Department for Forensic Sciences
Not a member yet
451 research outputs found
Sort by
The role and significance of Air, Maritime and Railway Traffic Accidents Investigation Agency
No full textPovećanjem broja prometnih nesreća razvija se potreba za provođenjem sigurnosnih istraga vezanim uz nesreće kako bi se broj nesreća u budućnosti smanjio. Svake godine na području Europske unije samo u zračnom, pomorskom i željezničkom prometu događa se tisuće nesreća pri čemu dolazi do velike materijalne štete ali i gubitka ljudskih života. Podaci dobiveni istragama nesreća ključni su za prevenciju nesreća i unaprjeđenje prometnih sustava te iz tog razloga Europska unija obvezuje svaku članicu za uspostavljanje neovisnog tijela za istraživanje nesreća. Agencija za istraživanje nesreća u zračnom, pomorskom i željezničkom prometu potpuno je neovisna pravna osoba, čije je je osnivanje uvjetovano od strane Europske unije, a bavi se poslovima istraživanja nesreća u zračnom, pomorskom i željezničkom prometu na području Republike Hrvatske. Agencija za svoj rad odgovara Vladi Republike Hrvatske te na godišnjoj bazi izdaje izvješća putem kojih Vlada kontrolira njen rad. Stručnost i specijaliziranost pri istraživanju se osigurava podjelom Agencije na tri Odjela od kojih je svaki zadužen za istrage nesreća u svojoj grani prometa. Na temelju provedenih sigurnosnih istraživanja Agencija, kada je to moguće, izdaje sigurnosne preporuke s ciljem povećanja sigurnosti prometa i prevencije budućih nesreća. Direktive i uredbe Europske unije na temelju kojih počiva rad Agencije pretpostavka su uspješnog rada usklađenog s drugim srodnim agencijama, kao i sa centralnim agencijama same Unije. Prilikom obavljanja sigurnosne istrage Agencija svoj posao obavlja nepristrano, pazeći pritom na najsitnije detalje koji bi mogli biti od značaja za istragu. Konačni cilj sigurnosnih istraga koje provodi Agencija nije utvrđivanje odgovornosti i krivnje pojedinca, već sprječavanje nesreća u budućnosti kako bi se povećala sigurnost svih oblika prometa.With the increased number of traffic accidents, there is a developing need for safety investigations to reduce number of accidents in the future. Each year there are thousands of accidents in air, maritime and railway traffic in the European Union, which lead to big costs and loss of human lives. Data gathered through investigations is a key for accident prevention and further development of safety standards. For that reason, European Union obliges each member state to establish independent investigative body. Air, Maritime and Railway Traffic Accidents Investigation Agency is a completely independent legal entity whose job is to investigate air, maritime and railway accidents in the Republic of Croatia. Croatian Government receives annual reports from the Agency and controls its work. Agency is split into three departments; each specialized specifically to investigate air, maritime or railway accidents. Based on the conducted safety investigations, the Agency, when possible, issues safety recommendations with the aim of increasing traffic safety and preventing future accidents. The directives and regulations of the European Union on which the work of the Agency is based are a precondition for successful work, which is coordinated with other related agencies, as well as with the central agencies of the Union itself. When conducting a safety investigation, the Agency performs its work impartially, paying attention to the smallest details that could be relevant to the investigation. The ultimate goal of safety investigations conducted by the Agency is not to determine the responsibility and guilt of an individual, but to prevent future accidents in order to increase the safety of all forms of traffic
The use of undercover investigator as a special evidentiary actions
No full textGlavna uloga prikrivenog istražitelja je sudjelovanje u posebnim dokaznim radnjama koje određuje sudac istrage, na pisani obrazloženi zahtjev državnog odvjetnika, u situacijama kada se izvidi kaznenih djela ne bi mogli provesti na drugi način ili bi to bilo moguće samo uz nerazmjerne teškoće. Posebne dokazne radnje određuju se protiv osoba za koje postoji osnova sumnje da su počinile kazneno djelo iz članka 334. ZKP-a te se njime privremeno ograničavaju određena ustavna prava građana.
U radu su obrađene činjenice koje su materijalno – kaznene prirode, a koje su u vezi s postupcima agenta provokatora. Poseban naglasak je stavljen na moguće radnje za koje su zaduženi prikriveni istražitelji (agenti) tijekom njihove službene dužnosti. Rad je prožet problemima koje ove radnje nose, a to su poticanje drugih na počinjenje kaznenih djela, mogućnost ostvarivanja elemenata kaznenog djela, te samo počinjenje kaznenih djela od strane agenata tijekom tajnih operacija.The main role of the undercover investigator is to participate in special evidentiary actions determined by the investigating judge, at the written reasoned request of the State Attorney, in situations when criminal investigations could not be conducted otherwise or would be possible only with disproportionate difficulties. Special evidentiary actions are ordered against persons for whom there are grounds for suspicion that they have committed a criminal offense under article 334. of the ZKP, and it temporarily restricts certain constitutional rights of citizens.
The paper will deal with facts that are material - criminal in nature, and which are related to the actions of the provocateur agent. Special emphasis is placed on possible actions for which undercover investigators (agents) are in charge during their official duties. The paper is imbued with the problems that these actions carry, such as encouraging others to commit criminal offenses, the possibility of committing elements of a criminal offense, and the mere commission of criminal offenses by agents during covert operations
Vulnerability testing of computer systems and feature analysis during forensic processing
No full textSlabosti raĉunalnih sustava velika su prijetnja sigurnosti vlada, organizacija i krajnjeg korisnika. Da bi se mogli zaštiti moramo razumjeti puteve kojima se kibernetiĉki kriminal ostvaruje.
U ovom radu smo naveli i objasnili metode upada na raĉunalo te metodologiju kojom forenziĉari pristupaju mjestu dogaĊaja kako bi osigurali autentiĉnost dokaza. Osim toga ukazali smo na mogućnost korištenja etiĉkog hakiranja unutar procesa pronalaska digitalnih dokaza. Da bi osigurali pristup raĉunalu moramo znati njegove ranjivosti tako da te ranjivosti moţemo iskoristiti. Takvom iskorištavanju raĉunala prethodi testiranje ranjivosti raĉunalnih sustava. Na praktiĉnom primjeru smo testirali sigurnosne ranjivosti unutar operacijskog sustava Windows 7 i operacijskog sustava Linux. Rezultate testiranja smo upotrijebili za iskorištavanje ranjivosti i rekonstrukciju napada na ranjive raĉunalne sustave. Na kraju smo istaknuli sigurnosne smjernice i preporuke koje su mogle poboljšati sigurnost raĉunalnih sustava i mreţnu sigurnostWeaknesses of computer systems are a major threat to the security of governments, organizations, and the end user. In order to protect ourselves, we need to understand the ways in which cybercrime is perpetrated.
In this paper, we have listed and explained the methods of intrusion into computer systems and the methodology by which forensic investigators approach the scene to ensure the authenticity of the digital evidence. In addition, we pointed to the possibility of using ethical hacking within the process of finding digital evidence. To ensure access to a computer, we need to know its vulnerabilities so that we can exploit those vulnerabilities. Such exploitation of computers is preceded by vulnerability testing of computer systems. For a practical example, we tested security vulnerabilities within Windows 7 and Linux. We used the test results to exploit vulnerabilities and reconstruct attacks on vulnerable computer systems. Finally, we highlighted security guidelines and recommendations that could improve computer system security and network security
FROM TAXATION TO COMPREHENSIVE REGULATION OF CRYPTOASSETS
No full textThe rapid development of decentralized finances, new cryptoassets like NFTs, as well as state-backed projects like CBDCs in China, the USA and the EU, make it increasingly important for every country to establish a clear legal framework for cryptoassets and digital currencies. Such rules are not just necessary for a country to keep up with technological advancements, but also in order to prevent illegal activities like fraud, tax evasion and money laundering. While numerous jurisdictions have already introduced comprehensive legislation on cryptoassets, countries like North Macedonia have still elected to, for the most part, abstain from participating in the global discourse. However, important aspects of regulation unavoidably are country specific. Therefore a functioning system cannot be established by only imitating foreign solutions. Thus, first regulatory steps must be established starting from a national perspective, before the more complex adaptation of, for example, European regulation can be conducted. In order to incite the discussion on a regulatory framework for cryptoassets in North Macedonia, this paper describes how various other jurisdictions approached cryptoasset regulation. It especially focuses on the tax laws of the respective countries, as all analyzed legal systems have in common that taxation is amongst the first issues considered by national legislators. By defining taxable bases, taxpayers and realization events, authorities, in fact, determine key aspects of the legal treatment of cryptoassets. Exactly these aspects can then in a later stage be used as starting point for future legislation
Effect of SARS-CoV-2 antibody screening on participants' attitudes and behaviour: a study of industry workers in Split, Croatia
No full textObjectives To investigate the changes in personal attitudes and behaviour before and after negative serological test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies. Study design Cross-sectional questionnaire survey. Methods A survey questionnaire was conducted with 200 industry workers (68% males and 32% females) who had previously tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The survey examined participants' self-reported general attitudes towards coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), their sense of fear, as well as their behaviour towards protective measures before and after the testing. Results Participants perceived the disease as a severe health threat and acknowledged that the protective measures were appropriate. Respondents reported a high level of adherence to measures and low level of fear, both before and after the testing. Although these indicators were statistically significantly reduced after the test ( P < 0.004), they did not result in irresponsible non-adherence behaviours. Almost all respondents attributed their application of personal protection measures to factors other than the results of serological screening. Conclusions Serological tests do not contribute to irresponsible non-adherence behaviours in an environment where protective measures are efficient. However, they may help reduce fear within society and working environments
Tourist's Perception of Safety in the Republic of Croatia in 2019
No full textThis research has examined the attitudes and perceptions of tourists that visited the Republic of Croatia (RH) during the summer of 2019 about the perception of safety in RH, especially on general security, as well as food safety, personal safety, epidemic safety, and natural disasters. Also, we have examined the confidence in Croatian services, such as the police, rescue services, medical emergency, etc. Almost all the safety components were above 4, which indicates that the tourists in Croatia feel safe and trust the services. This research could be a significant tool for improving the policies for attracting the tourists during and after the pandemic
Mutation of influenza viruses and corona virus and their impact on human health
No full textZbog svoje raznolikosti virusi predstavljaju najbrojniji biološki entitet na svijetu. Rad opisuje razlike između virusa influence i corona virusa te njihove mutacije. Virusi influence razvrstani su u 4 tipa: A,B,C i D dok su najpoznatiji corona virusi SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV i SARS-CoV-2.
Virusi influence kao i corona virusi poznati su po svojoj mogućnosti da uzrokuju epidemije i pandemije. Epidemije influence pojavljuju se svake godine te uzrokuju brojne kako zdravstvene tako društvene i gospodarske probleme. Velike mutacije virusa influence događaju se rjeđe i uzrokuju pandemije koje su opasnije i pogubnije za ljude. Corona virusi su trenutno u središtu pažnje zbog SARS-CoV-2 virusa koji je uzrokovao pandemiju bolesti COVID-19. Corona virus SARS-CoV uzrokovao je epidemiju 2002. godine, dok se MERS-CoV pojavljuje još uvijek lokalno.
Virusi influence i corona virusi izazivaju respiratorne probleme.
Kod virusa influence preventivno se prima cjepivo prije sezone virusa kako bi se olakšao odgovor imunološkog sustava na virus. Kod corona virusa cjepivo još nije dostupno, izuzev SARS-CoV-2 virusa, gdje je trenutno na snazi procjepljivanje. Problem predstavljaju mutacije SARS CoV-2 virusa, te su do sada zabilježeni sojevi Alpha, Beta, Gamma i Delta. Trenutno najdominantniji soj je Delta soj koji najčešće uzrokuje bolest COVID-19 kod mladih ljudi. Praćenje mutacija i pojave novih varijanti virusa SARS-CoV-2 radi stvaranja sveobuhvatne baze podataka o genomu SARS-CoV-2 izuzetno je važno za kvalitetno upravljanje pandemijom bolesti COVID-19.Due to their diversity, viruses are the most numerous biological entities in the world. Work describes the differences between influenza virus and corona virus and their mutations. Influenza viruses are classified into 4 types: A, B, C and D while the known corona viruses are SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2.
Influenza viruses as well as corona viruses are known for their ability to cause epidemics and pandemics. Influenza epidemics occur every year and cause a health, social and economic problems. Large mutations of the influenza virus occur less frequently and cause pandemics that are more dangerous and devastating to humans. Corona viruses are currently in the spotlight due to the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic. The corona virus SARS-CoV caused an epidemic in 2002. while MERS-CoV is still occurring locally.
Influenza viruses and corona viruses cause respiratory problems.
Influenza virus vaccine is given preventively before the season of the virus to facilitate the immune system's response to the virus. For coronavirus, the vaccine is not yet available, with the exception of SARS-CoV-2 virus, where vaccination is currently in place. SARS CoV-2 virus mutations are a problem, and Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta strains have been reported so far. Currently, the most dominant strain is Delta strain, which most often causes COVID-19 disease in young people. Monitoring mutations and the emergence of new variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in order to create a comprehensive database on the SARS-CoV-2 genome is extremely important for the quality management of the COVID-19 disease pandemic
The effect of blood stain aging on determination of blood origin using presumptive blood test
No full textCilj rada: Utvrditi utjecaj starosti krvnog traga na mogućnost određivanja porijekla krvnog traga i odrediti daju li puna krv i krv razrijeđena 20 puta, testirane preliminarnim testom u vremenskom razdoblju od sedam dana, iste rezultate.
Metode: Prikupljena je ljudska i životinjska krv (krv goluba). Testirani su uzorci pune ljudske i životinjske krvi, te ljudske i životinjske krvi razrijeđene 20 puta. Krvni uzorci naneseni su u obliku krvne mrlje na čistu tkaninu u volumenu od 50 μL uzorka pune/razrijeđene ljudske/životinjske krvi. Nakon sušenja tkanine izrezana je ¼ od svake krvne mrlje te je stavljena u pufer Seratec HemDirect testa na 30 minuta. Nakon 30 minuta, na testnu pločicu nanošene su tri kapi pufera u kojem je prethodno ostavljen uzorak (cca 120 μL). Rezultati su očitavani 10 minuta nakon stavljanja uzorka na testnu pločicu. Za svaki od četiri vrste uzoraka testiranje je ponavljano svaka 24 h, počevši od nultog uzorka.
Rezultati: Puna i razrijeđena ljudska krv dale su pozitivan rezultat na svakom od testova. Puna i razrijeđena životinjska krv dale su negativan rezultat na svim testovima.
Zaključak: Iako se tijekom vremena u tragu krvi događaju kemijske promjene, Seratec HemDirect test pokazuje visoku osjetljivost na ljudsku krv, a na životinjsku krv ne reagira, te je kao takav upotrebljiv u forenzičnoj istrazi kod ispitivanja prisustva ljudske krvi u spornom tragu.Aims: To determine the influence of blood trace age on the possibility of determining the
origin of blood trace and to determine whether the whole blood and blood diluted 20 times,
both tested by preliminary test over a period of seven days, give the same results.
Methods: Human and animal blood (pigeon blood) was collected. Samples of the whole
human and animal blood, and human and animal blood diluted 20 times, were tested. Blood
samples were applied in the form of a blood stain to a clear cloth in a volume of 50 μL of
whole/diluted human/animal blood sample. After drying, the cloth was cut from each blood
stain and placed in Seratec HemDirect buffer for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes, three drops of
buffer (approximately 120 μL) in which the sample was previously left were applied to the
test plate. The results were read 10 minutes after placing the samples on the test plate. For
each of the four sample types, testing was repeated every 24 h, starting from the zero –
sample.
Results: Whole and diluted human blood gave a positive result on each of the tests. Whole
and diluted animal blood gave a negative result on all tests.
Conclusion: Although chemical changes occur in the blood traces over time, the Seratec
HemDirect test shows high sensitivity to the human blood and does not respond to animal
blood, and as such is useful in forensic investigation when examining the presence of human
blood in the trace of interest
Some characteristics of perpetrators of criminal offenses with significantly reduced accountability who are sentected to prison
No full textCILJ: Cilj rada je utvrditi i opisati neka obilježja (sociodemografska, kriminološka i medicinska) počinitelja kaznenih djela s bitno smanjenom ubrojivosti kojima je izrečena kazna zatvora uz obvezno psihijatrijsko liječenje u Zatvorskoj bolnici.
METODE: Podaci su prikupljeni strukturiranim upitnikom kroz retrospektivnu analizu 242 Osobnika i zdravstvena kartona zatvorenika i to u razdoblju od 1.1.2015. do 31.12.2020. godine. Strukturirani upitnik je obuhvaćao: a) sociodemografska obilježja (dob, spol, obrazovanje, bračni i roditeljski status, radni status i staž), b) kriminološka obilježja (ranija i sadašnja kažnjavanost i osuđivanost, vrste kaznenih djela, vrsta i visina kazni, odnos počinitelja prema kaznenom djelu i kazni, recidivizam, oštećenici kaznenih djela, stegovni postupci) i c) medicinska obilježja (ranija psihijatrijska ambulantna i bolnička liječenja, ranije i sadašnje psihijatrijske dijagnoze, samoozljeđivanja i pokušaji samoubojstva, psihofarmakološka terapija, upotreba alkohola i psihoaktivnih tvari te ostale bihevioralne ovisnosti). U obradi podataka korištene su metode deskriptivne statistike.
REZULTATI: Prijašnja kažnjavanost i osuđivanost i ranije dugogodišnje psihijatrijsko liječenje visoko je bilo zastupljeno. Prevladavao je nasilnički kriminalitet, najčešće prema bliskim osobama. Oko 30 % ih je imalo i ranije izrečene sigurnosne mjere. 95 % je bilo muškaraca, prosječne životne dobi 43 godine, nižeg obrazovanja (38,8 % osnovnoškolsko obrazovanje, 57 % srednjoškolsko obrazovanje, 4,1 % više i visoko obrazovanje), 62,8 % je bilo nezaposlenih, samaca 46,7 % i 17,4 % rastavljenih. Trećina zatvorenika ranije je imala pokušaj samoubojstva i četvrtina se ranije samoozljeđivala. Psihijatrijski poremećaji bili su zastupljeni u visokom postotku sami ili u komorbiditetu s drugim poremećajima i to: poremećaj ličnosti u 59,1 %, ovisnost o alkoholu u 40,5 %, poremećaji uzrokovani uporabom psihoaktivnih tvari u 34,7 %, organski uvjetovani poremećaji u 24,8 %, psihotični poremećaji u 23,6 %, poremećaji uzrokovani stresom u 19 % te ostali psihijatrijski poremećaji u 21 %. Zbog težine psihopatologije preko 90 % njih bilo je u psihofarmakološkom tretmanu antipsihoticima, anksioliticima, hipnoticima, antidepresivima, stabilizatorima raspoloženja i antiepilepticima.
ZAKLJUČAK: U sprečavanju recidivizma ove populacije bitno je reducirati negativna kriminološka obilježja kontinuiranim psihijatrijskim liječenjem nakon otpusta iz Zatvorske bolnice, uz provođenje drugih rehabilitacijskih i resocijalizacijskih postupaka. Zbog negativnih sociodemografskih pokazatelja potrebno je uključiti i odgovarajuće službe (probacijske službe, socijalne službe i druge).OBJECTIVE: The aim of this research is to identify and describe some characteristics (sociodemographic, criminological and medical) of perpetrators of criminal offenses with diminished accountability who were sentenced to imprisonment with mandatory psychiatric treatment in the Prison Hospital.
METHODS: Data were collected by a structured questionnaire through a retrospective analysis of 242 prisoner 's map and prisoners' health records in the period 01/01/2015/ till 31/12/2020. The structured questionnaire included: a) sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education, marital and parental status, employment status and length of service), b) criminological characteristics (previous and current punishments and convictions, types of criminal acts, type and amount of penalties, perpetrator relationship by criminal offense and punishment, recidivism, victims of criminal offenses, disciplinary proceedings) and c) medical characteristics (previous psychiatric outpatient and inpatient treatments, previous and current psychiatric diagnoses, self-harm and suicide attempts, psychopharmacological therapy, use of alcohol and psychoactive substances and other behavioral addictions). Descriptive statistics methods were used in data processing.
RESULTS: Previous punishments and convictions and earlier long-term psychiatric treatment were highly prevalent. Violent crime prevailed, most towards close people. About 30 % of them had previously imposed security measures. 95 % were men, average age 43 years, lower education (38.8 % primary education, 57 % secondary education, 4.1 % higher and higher education), 62.8 % were unemployed, single 46.7 % and 17.4 % divorced. A third of inmates had previously attempted suicide and a quarter of them had previously self-harmed. Psychiatric disorders were represented in a high percentage alone or in comorbidity with other disorders, namely: personality disorder in 59.1 %, alcohol dependence in 40.5 %, disorders caused by the use of psychoactive substances in 34.7 %, organically conditioned disorders in 24.8 %, psychotic disorders in 23.6 %, stress disorders in 19 % and other psychiatric disorders in 21 %. Due to the severity of psychopathology, over 90 % of them were in psychopharmacological treatment with antipsychotics, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antiepileptics.
CONCLUSION: In preventing the recidivism of this population, it is important to reduce the negative criminological characteristics of continuous psychiatric treatment after leaving from the Prison Hospital, along with the implementation of other rehabilitation and resocialization procedures. Due to negative sociodemographic indicators, it is necessary to include appropriate services (probation services, social services and others)
Terorism and social networks as modern media
No full textU ovom radu obrađene su teme terorizma, terorističkih organizacija i njihov utjecaj na društvene mreže i medije. U današnje vrijeme terorističke organizacije na lakši način mogu doprijeti do pojedinaca ili određenih grupa ljudi koristeći se medijima. Mediji u rukama takvih organizacija postaju oružjem, a ljudi žrtvama dezinformacija, lažnih vijesti i širenja propagandi. Služeći se društvenim mrežama i medijima, terorističke organizacije se danas mnogo lakše financiraju nego što su to mogle u prijašnjem vremenu te na lakši način novače svoje istomišljenike. Povezanost terorističkih organizacija na društvenim mrežama i širenje propagande se pokazalo kao veliki globalni problem na koji cijeli svijet treba odgovoriti.This paper tackles terrorism, terrorist organizations, and their influence on social networks and media. Nowadays, terrorist organizations can reach individuals or specific groups of people more easily through the media. The media becomes a weapon in the hands of such organizations, and people fall victims to misinformation, fake news, and the spread of propaganda. By using social networks and the media, terrorist organizations are now much easier to fund than they were in the past, and it is easier for them to recruit like-minded people. The connection of terrorist organizations through social networks and the spread of propaganda, have proven to be a significant global problem that requires the whole world to fight back