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Emergent forms of economic crime on the Croatian coast
No full textGospodarski kriminalitet prožima gotovo sve gospodarske grane u Republici Hrvatskoj i svijetu u raznim i dosjetljivim oblicima. Prema službenim statistikama na gospodarski kriminalitet u Republici Hrvatskoj otpada tek desetina ukupnog kriminala, no njegova tamna brojka, koja je nepoznata, zasigurno je puno veća. Premda je prema službenim podacima MUP-a u zadnjih 15 godina broj otkrivenih kaznenih djela gospodarskog kriminaliteta u RH u padu i sada je manji za 26%, to se ipak nije značajno odrazilo na percepciju hrvatskih građana o razini korupcije u RH. Geografska raspršenost broja otkrivenih kaznenih djela gospodarskog kriminaliteta u Hrvatskoj otkriva da je on prisutniji u županijama koje imaju izlaz na more – Istarskoj, Primorsko-goranskoj, Ličko-senjskoj, Zadarskoj, Šibensko-kninskoj, Splitsko-dalmatinskoj i Dubrovačko-neretvanskoj županiji, u odnosu na državni prosjek. Prosječni broja kaznenih djela gospodarskog kriminaliteta po glavi stanovnika, koje na primorju iznosi gotovo 15% više nego što je hrvatski prosjek, najbolje dočarava razinu navedenog problema na primorju. Loša slika na hrvatskom primorju još je izraženija usporedimo li razinu korupcije - broj otkrivenih korupcijskih kaznenih djela po glavi stanovnika žitelja primorskih županija veći je za 75% u odnosu na hrvatski prosjek. Gospodarski kriminalitet na primorju susrećemo u sektoru ribarstva, kaznenim djelima protiv okoliša (protupravna eksploatacija rudnog blaga i protupravna gradnja), a zbog visokog fiskalnog opterećenja u Republici Hrvatskoj česta je pojava i raznih oblika utaje poreza.Economic crime permeates almost all economic branches in the Republic of Croatia and the world in various and ingenious forms. According to official statistics, economic crime in the Republic of Croatia accounts for only a tenth of the total crime, but its dark figure, which is unknown, is certainly much higher. Although according to the official data of the MUP, in the last 15 years, the number of detected criminal acts of economic crime in the Republic of Croatia has decreased and is now 26% lower, this has not had a significant impact on the perception of Croatian citizens about the level of corruption in the Republic of Croatia. The geographical dispersion of the number of detected criminal acts of economic crime in Croatia reveals that it is more present in counties with access to the sea - Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar, Lika-Senj, Zadar, Šibenik-Knin, Split-Dalmatia and Dubrovnik-Neretva counties, in comparison to the national average. The average number of criminal offenses of economic crime per capita, which on the coast is almost 15% higher than the Croatian average, best reflects the level of the mentioned problem on the coast. The bad picture on the Croatian coast is even more pronounced if we compare the level of corruption - the number of detected corruption crimes per capita of residents of the coastal counties is 75% higher than the Croatian average. We encounter economic crime on the coast in the fishing sector, criminal acts against the environment (illegal exploitation of minerals and illegal construction), and due to the high fiscal burden in the Republic of Croatia, various forms of tax evasion are common
Interdisciplinary approach to the fire protection in the old city center on the example of the city of Trogir
No full textCilj: U povijesnoj jezgri grada Trogira interdisciplinarno istražiti primjenu tri mjere smanjivanja rizika od požara: izradu operativnog plan reagiranja i spašavanja kulturne baštine za slučaj požara, ARICA metodu izračuna indeksa ugroženosti od požarne opasnosti gradske jezgre i anketu sa stanovnicima vezanu za građevinsko stanje i stanje kućanstava, specifične navike i percepciju ugroženosti u pogledu zaštite od požara.
Metode: S pomoću ARICA metode izračunata je numerička procjena ugroženosti od požara za promatrani objekt. Anketnim upitnikom prikupljeni su podaci o građevinskom stanju i stanju kućanstava, specifičnim navikama i percepcijom ugroženosti stanovnika u pogledu požarne opasnosti.
Rezultati: ARICA metoda izračuna pokazala je umjerenu opasnost od požara za promatrani objekt (1,193). Anketni upitnik potvrdio je građevinske nedostatke promatranog prostora. Pokazalo se kako stanovnici nisu uvjereni osjećaju li se sigurno od požarne opasnosti i imaju povjerenja u vatrogasce da će na vrijeme doći i ugasiti požar. Požar se doživljava kao glavna opasnost dok se kao glavnog uzročnika smatra element ljudske nepažnje.
Zaključci: Operativni plan spašavanja djelotvorna je operativna mjera ublažavanja rizika od požara na kulturnoj baštini te se može rabiti kao ogledni primjerak za ostale gradove u Republici Hrvatskoj. ARICA metoda može se uspješno primijeniti te može poslužiti za izradu karte požarnog rizika. Primjenom metode mogu se nadomjestiti nedostaci zakonskog okvira izrade procjene ugroženosti od požara povijesnih gradova. Anketiranjem stanovnika mogu se prikupiti relevantni podaci o građevinskom stanju i stanju kućanstava, navikama ispitanika u pogledu zaštite od požara i percepciji ugroženosti od požarnog rizika.Objective: To explore in an interdisciplinary way the application of three fire risk reduction measures in the historical center of the city of Trogir: creation of an operational plan for responding and saving cultural heritage in the event of a fire, the ARICA method for calculating the fire risk index of the city core, and a survey of residents related to the construction and household conditions, specific habits and perception of vulnerability in terms of fire protection.
Methods: Using the ARICA method, a numerical assessment of fire hazard was calculated for the observed facility. The survey questionnaire collected data on the state of construction and the state of households, specific habits and the perception of residents' vulnerability in terms of fire danger.
Results: The ARICA calculation method showed a moderate fire hazard for the observed object (1.193). The survey questionnaire confirmed the construction defects of the observed space. It was shown that the residents are not convinced whether they feel safe from the fire danger and have confidence in the firefighters that they will come in time and put out the fire. Fire is perceived as the main danger, while the element of human carelessness is considered to be the main cause.
Conclusions: The operational rescue plan is an effective operational measure to mitigate the risk of fire on cultural heritage and can be used as a model for other cities in the Republic of Croatia. The ARICA method can be successfully applied and can be used to create a fire risk map. Applying the method can compensate for the shortcomings of the legal framework for the assessment of the risk of fire in historic cities. By surveying residents, relevant data can be collected on the construction condition and the condition of households, the respondents' habits regarding fire protection and the perception of danger from fire risk
Possibilities of e- services and nautical tourism
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu naslova “Mogućnosti e usluga i nautički turizam”, ciljem rada se smatralo razviti prijedlog načina prikaza e-usluga i Internet informacija s polazišta raspoloživih informacija u Republici Hrvatskoj. Republika Hrvatska pokazuje značajan udio nautičkog turizma u ukupnom funkcioniranju vlastitog gospodarskog sustava. U izradi ovog diplomskog rada koristile su se različite znanstveno istraživačke metode. Primjenjivale su se na proučavanim bibliografskim izvorima. Sami izvori dijelom su sadržani u raznim pravnim propisima ili u radovima određenih autora. Proučavana materija se sistematizirala. Zatim se analizirala, nakon čega su se postignute spoznaje sintetizirale. Vodeći se u čitavom radu sustavnim pristupom potrebno je naglasiti i primijenjen forenzički pristup istraživanoj problematici. Također se s obzirom na posebnost istraživačke problematike može naglasiti i primijenjeni empirijski pristup. Postignuti rezultati istraživanja pokazuju na postojanje raznih usluga u nautičkom turizmu u dijelu e-usluga i Internet informacija. Također se u radu predlaže način prikupljanja i klasifikacije e-usluga, kao i Internet usluga u nautičkom turizmu. Zaključci u ovom radu ukazuju na ograničenja provedenih istraživanja, kao i na potrebu daljnjih istraživanja posebno zbog činjenice da se e usluge i Internet informacije prikupljaju i distribuiraju u sustavu koji je izrazito dinamičan, te kao takav predstavlja izuzetno promjenjiv sustav.The goal of this thesis titled "Possibility of e-services and nautical tourism" was to develop a proposal for an overview of e-services and Internet information in the Republic of Croatia based on available information. The Republic of Croatia shows a significant share of nautical tourism in the overall functioning of its own economic system. Different scientific research methods were used in the preparation of this thesis. They were applied to the studied bibliography. The bibliography was based on legal regulations or in the works of certain authors. The studied matter itself was systematized. Then it was analyzed, after which the knowledge gained was presented in short. The paper was written in a systematic approach, and it is necessary to emphasize the applied forensic approach to the researched issue. Also, given the particularity of the research problem, the applied empirical approach was utilized.
The achieved research results show the existence of various services in nautical tourism in the part of e-services and Internet information. The paper also proposes a method of collecting and classifying e-services, as well as Internet services in nautical tourism. The conclusions in this paper indicate the limitations of the conducted research, as well as the need for further research, especially due to the fact that e-services and Internet information are collected and distributed in a system that is extremely dynamic, and as such represents an extremely variable system
Safety analysis of traffic accidents in the area of the Brac police station for the period 2021/2022
No full textU ovom radu pod naslovom „Analiza sigurnosti prometnih nesreća na području Policijske postaje Brač za razdoblje 2021./2022.“ analizirane su posljedice i uzroci prometnih nesreća koje su se dogodile na području PP Brač tijekom 2021. i 2022. godine. Prometne nesreće neizbježan su dio prometnih događanja ne samo u Hrvatskoj nego i u cijelom svijetu, a njihove posljedice zabrinjavaju gotovo sve zemlje Europe i svijeta. Radi stjecanja što dubljeg uvida u istraživani fenomen, prikupljeni i analizirani podaci su po definiranim parametrima uspoređivani i sa podacima o prometnim nesrećama koje su se dogodile 2022. godine na teritoriju cijele RH.
Cilj ovoga rada je kroz primjenu statističke analize i drugih istraživačkih metoda (analiza, deskripcija, dokazivanje i opovrgavanje, sinteza, komparacija, povijesna metoda) istraživanja uočiti i definirati najučestalije uzroke izazivanja prometnih nesreća. Uočavanjem najučestalijih uzroka nastalih prometnih nesreća forenzičkim se pristupom nastojalo iznaći preporuke koje će voditi ka smanjenju broja nastanka prometnih nesreća u budućnosti. Podatci za analizu korišteni u ovom radu preuzeti su iz „Biltena o sigurnosti cestovnog prometa Policijske postaje Brač za razdoblje 2021. i 2022. godine te Biltena Ministarstva unutarnjih poslova Republike Hrvatske za 2022. Godinu. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali koji su to najčešći uzročnici prometnih nesreća na otoku Braču te je izvršena njihova usporedba za dvije promatrane godine uz prikazivanje trendova rasta i pada. Uočeni najčešći uzročnici prometnih nesreća na otoku Braču uspoređeni su s istim uzročnicima na teritoriju cjelokupne Republike Hrvatske.
Zaključci ovog istraživanja sugeriraju potrebu provođenja daljnjih istraživanja te potrebu poduzimanja brojnih radnji i mjera koje će voditi smanjenju broja prometnih nesreća na Braču i šire, kao i smanjenju broja žrtava prometnih nesreća.In this paper entitled "Safety analysis of traffic accidents in the area of the Brač Police Station for the period 2021/2022", the consequences and causes of traffic accidents that occurred in the area of the Brač Police Station during 2021 and 2022 are analyzed. Traffic accidents are an inevitable part of traffic events not only in Croatia but also in the whole world, and their consequences are of concern to almost all countries in Europe and the world. In order to gain a deeper insight into the researched phenomenon, the collected and analyzed data were compared according to defined parameters with data on traffic accidents that occurred in 2022 on the territory of the entire Republic of Croatia. The goal of this paper is to identify and define the most frequent causes of traffic accidents through the application of statistical analysis and other research methods (analysis, description, proof and disproof, synthesis, comparison, and historical method). By observing the most common causes of traffic accidents, a forensic approach was used to find recommendations that will lead to a reduction in the number of traffic accidents in the future. The data for analysis used in this paper were taken from the "Bulletin on Road Traffic Safety of the Brač Police Station for the period 2021 and 2022 and the Bulletin of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Croatia for the year 2022. The results of the research showed the most common causes of traffic accidents on the island of Brač, and a comparison of them was made for the two observed years, showing trends of growth and decline. The observed most common causes of traffic accidents on the island of Brač were compared with the same causes on the territory of the entire Republic of Croatia. The conclusions of this research suggest the need to conduct further research and the need to undertake numerous actions and measures that will lead to a reduction in the number of traffic accidents on Brač and beyond, as well as a reduction in the number of victims of traffic accidents
Demographic resources as an important factor in the preservation of national safety of the Republic of Croatia
No full textPrva strategija nacionalne sigurnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj donesena je 2002. godine. S obzirom na vanjske pritiske, naglašene su hitnost i žurnost donošenja strategije, zbog čega je izostala stručna i javna rasprava koja je mogla dovesti do veće kvalitete strategije. Strategija se pretežno fokusirala na vojno-obrambeno shvaćanje nacionalne sigurnosti, što je zastarjelo shvaćanje tog pojma. U današnje vrijeme nacionalna se sigurnost promatra u puno širem kontekstu, sastoji se od različitih elemenata te nastoji postići različite strateške ciljeve. Strategija nacionalne sigurnosti dorađena je tek 2017. godine, kada je donesen i Zakon o domovinskoj sigurnosti, čime je formiran sustav nacionalne sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske kakav se poznaje danas. Strategija iz 2017. kao strateški cilj navodi i demografsku obnovu te revitalizaciju hrvatskog društva. Demografski resursi jedan su od ključnih čimbenika očuvanja nacionalne sigurnosti. Bez demografskog razvoja nije moguć povoljan društveno-gospodarski ni bilo koji drugi razvoj, a u slučaju negativnih demografskih procesa i trendova može biti ugroženo i pitanje nacionalne sigurnosti. Upravo je to slučaj u Republici Hrvatskoj gdje su već dugi niz godina prisutni trendovi pada nataliteta, prirodne i ukupne depopulacije te starenja stanovništva. To su potvrdili i prvi rezultat Popisa stanovništva iz 2021. godine prema kojima je Hrvatska izgubila 396.360 stanovnika, odnosno 9,25% ukupnog broja stanovnika u odnosu na 2011. godinu. Povećao se i udio starog stanovništva za 1,34%, što znači da će prirodni prirast u budućnosti, pogotovo ukoliko se u obzir uzmu razmjeri migracija, biti još nepovoljniji. Iako su negativni demografski procesi i trendovi prisutni već duži niz godina, nije se puno toga poduzelo kako bi se demografsko stanje popravilo. Ukoliko se hitno ne implementiraju mjere demografske obnove i revitalizacije hrvatskog društva koje će u praksi pokazati neke rezultate, Hrvatskoj u budućnosti prijete veći razmjeri demografske krize, što bi se moglo odraziti i na sustav nacionalne sigurnostiThe first national security strategy in the Republic of Croatia was adopted in 2002. Given the external pressures, the urgency and urgency of adopting the strategy was emphasized, due to which there was no professional and public discussion, which could have resulted in a higher quality of the strategy. The strategy focused mainly on the military-defense understanding of national security, which is an outdated understanding of the term. Nowadays, national security is viewed in a much broader context, consists of different elements and seeks to achieve different strategic goals. The National Security Strategy was finalized only in 2017, when the Homeland Security Act was passed, thus forming the national security system of the Republic of Croatia as it is known today. The 2017 strategy also states the demographic renewal and revitalization of Croatian society as a strategic goal. Demographic resources are one of the key factors in preserving national security. Without demographic development, favorable socio-economic or any other development is not possible, and in the case of negative demographic processes and trends, the issue of national security may be endangered. This is precisely the case in the Republic of Croatia, where for many years there have been trends of declining birth rates, natural and total depopulation and population aging. This was confirmed by the first result of the 2021 census, according to which Croatia lost 396,360 inhabitants, or 9.25% of the total population compared to 2011. The share of the elderly population also increased by 1.34%, which means that the natural increase in the future, especially if the scale of migration is taken into account, will be even more unfavorable. Although negative demographic processes and trends have been present for many years, not much has been done to improve the demographic situation. If measures of demographic renewal and revitalization of Croatian society are not urgently implemented, which will show some results in practice, Croatia is threatened with even greater proportions of the demographic crisis in the future, which could affect the national security system
Network forensics: methods and tools
No full textKroz rad smo jasno definirali pojam mrežne forenzike, koji su ciljevi i prijetnje
mrežnoj sigurnosti te koja je uloga mrežnog forenzičara između ostvarivanja ciljeva i prijetnji.
Prikazali smo na koji način se prikupljaju dokazi te smo vidjeli kako svaki kontakt u mreži
ostavlja digitalni trag što je jako bitno za prepoznavanje izvora dokaza te utvrđivanja mjesta
nastanka dokaza, odnosno kako te dokaze pravovremeno osigurati i pohraniti. Jasno smo
razradili i objasnili što su to uljezi u mreži, kako postaviti sustav za otkrivanje uljeza te kako
spriječiti upade novih uljeza u mrežu. Jako bitna stvar u prikupljanju dokaza su evidencije,
odnosno zapisi o svim aktivnostima u mreži, a koje ćemo kasnije iskoristiti kao dokaze te
naknadnu analizu prilikom forenzičkog istraživanja. Kroz rad smo prikazali osnovne alate
mrežnog forenzičara, a to su najpopularnija softverska rješenja današnjice za hvatanje i
analizu mrežnog prometa, spremanje sadržaja memorije i osluškivanje rada u mreži te za
sprječavanje upada u mrežu.Through the work, we have clearly defined the term network forensics, what are the
goals and threats to network security and what is the role of the network forensics expert
between achieving goals and threats. We showed how evidence is collected and we saw how
every contact in the network leaves a digital trail, which is very important for identifying the
source of evidence and determining the place of origin of the evidence, that is, how to secure
and store this evidence in a timely manner. We have clearly elaborated and explained what
intruders are in the network, how to set up a system to detect intruders and how to prevent
new intruders from entering the network. A very important thing in the collection of evidence
are records, that is, records of all activities in the network, which we will later use as evidence
and subsequent analysis during forensic research. Through the work, we presented the basic
tools of the network forensics, which are today's most popular software solutions for
capturing and analyzing network traffic, saving memory content and listening to network
activity and for preventing network intrusions
National security of the Republic of Croatia- current risks and protection of national interests
No full textU radu je proveden pregled sustava domovinske sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske uz popratnu
deskripciju elemenata nacionalne sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske. Također je provedena
analiza ispunjenja nacionalnih interesa kroz prateće strateške ciljeve, te su dane kritike i
prijedlozi za poboljšanje učinkovitosti provedbe nacionalnih interesa. Napravljena je kratka
komparacija dviju Strategija nacionalne sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske te je vidljiva promjena
njihovog sadržaja u odnosu na promjenu sigurnosnog okružja. Opisano je sigurnosno
okruženje Republike Hrvatske kako kroz globalnu prizmu, tako i kroz onu jugozapadnog
Balkana i vječno prisutnih previranja, koja su posljedica nedovršenog procesa uspostave
stabilnosti u regiji. Navedeni su i pojašnjeni trenutno najveći rizici i prijetnje nacionalnoj
sigurnosti Republike Hrvatske, od kibernetičkog terorizma do hibridnog rata. Na koncu je
pojašnjen termin hibridnog rata, te su opisani njegovi oblici i način na koji oni mogu utjecati
na nacionalnu sigurnost.The paperprovidesanoverview of thehomelandsecurity system of the Republic of Croatia
withanaccompanyingdescription of theelements of thenationalsecurity of the Republic of
Croatia.An analysis of thefulfillment of
nationalintereststhroughtheaccompanyingstrategicobjectiveswasalsoconducted, and criticisms
and suggestionsweregiven to improvetheefficiency of theimplementation of nationalinterests.
A briefcomparison of thetwo National Security Strategies of the Republic of Croatia
hasbeenmade, and a change in theircontentisvisible in relation to thechange in
thesecurityenvironment. The securityenvironment of the Republic of Croatia
isdescribedboththroughthe global prism and throughthat of thesouthwesternBalkans and
theever-presentturmoil, which are theresult of theunfinishedprocess of establishingstability in
theregion. The currentgreatestrisks and threats to thenationalsecurity of the Republic of
Croatia, from cyber terrorism to hybridwarfare, are listed and explained. Finally,
thetermhybridwarfareisclarified, and itsforms and theway in
whichtheycanaffectnationalsecurity are described
Urban security of town Kaštela, current state and recommendations
No full textU ovome radu je prikazan koncept urbane sigurnosti, te kroz statistiku, analizu i preporuke
prikazano kako je moguće utjecati na smanjenje stope kriminaliteta u vidu brojnih preventivnih
mjera i aktivnosti. Urbana sigurnost je pravo ne biti žrtva kriminala u urbanom prostoru,
uključuje sve aktivnosti i inicijative kojima je primarna zadaća poboljšanje kvalitete života
građana. Organizacija urbanog prostora uređenjem okoliša te planiranjem i izvedbom
preventivnih mjera uvelike pridonosi pozitivnom ozračju među građanima određenog područja.
Pregledni i održavani prostori uz adekvatnu redarstvenu zaštitu i savjesne građane u prevenciji
kriminaliteta temelji su sigurnog okruženja. U ovom radu prikazana je statistika počinjenih
kaznenih djela na području grada Kaštela u razdoblju od 2015. – 2020. godine, te je prikazano
kako je učestalost kaznenih djela kontinuirana, te da će broj nerazriješenih kaznenih djela ovisiti
o vrsti kaznenih djela, te mjere i aktivnosti u svrhu poboljšanja sigurnosti grada Kaštela.This thesis presents the concept of urban security, and through statistics, analysis and
recommendations to show how to reduce the crime rate in the form of numeorus preventive
measures and activities. Urban security is the right not to be a victim of crime in urban space,
it includes all acitivities and initiatives whose primary task is to improve the quality of life of
citizens. The organization of urban environment by arranging, planning and implementing
preventive measures greatly contributes to a positive atmosphere among the citizens of a
particular area. Clear and maintained areas with adequate police protection and conscientious
citizens in crime prevention are the foundations of a safe enviroment. This thesis present the
statistics of criminal offenses committed in the area of the town of Kaštela in the period from
2015 to 2020, and shows that the frequency of criminal offenses is continuous, and that the
number of unsolved criminal offenses will depend on the type of criminal offenses, measures
and activities in order to improve the security of the town of Kaštela
Sensitivity and specificity of Seratec HemDirect Test on nonmammalian blood
No full textCilj: Cilj ovog rada je bio provesti dodatnu validaciju Seratec HemDirect testa odnosno
ispitati osjetljivost i specifičnost testa za krv te utvrditi postoje li životinjske vrste čija krv
daje lažno pozitivan rezultat na ovom testu koji bi trebao biti specifičan za krv primata.
Metode: Istraživanje je obuhvatilo 10 uzoraka venske krvi životinjskih vrsta. Testom Seratec
HemDirect su analizirani svi uzorci krvi. Iz pune krvi dodavanjem dvostruko destilirane vode
su pripremljena razrjeđenja (1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40). Nakon toga su uzorci svakog razrjeđenja
volumena 50 μL stavljeni na bijelu pamučnu tkaninu te sušeni na sobnoj temperaturi. Zatim
je slijedilo rezanje 1/4 uzorka koji se ekstrahirao u puferu 30 minuta. Poslije ekstrakcije
potrebno je nakapati tri kapi svakog uzorka u jažicu za ispitivanje te pričekati 10 minuta kada
se rezultati očitavaju i bilježe.
Rezultati: U analiziranim uzorcima razrijeđene krvi svih životinjskih vrsta, Seratec
HemDirect test je pokazao negativne rezultate.
Zaključak: Seratec HemDirect test je pouzdan preliminarni test koji pokazuje visoku
osjetljivost na ljudsku krv, te na životinjsku ne reagira. Upotreba ovog testa u forenzici može
biti od velikog značaja za daljnji tijek istrage.Aim: The aim of this study was to further validate the Seratec HemDirect test, test the
sensitivity and specificity of the blood test and determine if there are any animal species
whose blood gives false positive results on this test which should be specific to primate
blood.
Methods: The study included 10 samples of venous blood of animal species. Seratec
HemDirect tested all blood samples. Dilutions have been prepared from the whole blood by
adding double distilled water (1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40). After that, samples of each 50 μL
dilution were placed on a white cotton fabric and dried at room temperature. Then followed
by the cutting of 1/4 of the sample, which was extracted in the buffer for 30 minutes. After
extraction three drops of each sample should be added into the test well and wait 10 minutes
before the results are read and recorded.
Results: In the analyzed samples of diluted blood of all animal species, Seratec HemDirect
test showed negative results.
Conclusion: Seratec HemDirect test is a reliable preliminary test that shows high sensitivity
to human blood and does not respond to animal blood. The use of this test in forensics can be
of great importance for the further course of the investigation
Efficiency of the Adjusted Binary Classification (ABC) Approach in Osteometric Sex Estimation: A Comparative Study of Different Linear Machine Learning Algorithms and Training Sample Sizes
No full textThe adjusted binary classification (ABC) approach was proposed to assure that the binary classification model reaches a particular accuracy level. The present study evaluated the ABC for osteometric sex classification using multiple machine learning (ML) techniques: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), boosted generalized linear model (GLMB), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR). We used 13 femoral measurements of 300 individuals from a modern Turkish population sample and split data into two sets: training (n = 240) and testing (n = 60). Then, the five best-performing measurements were selected for training univariate models, while pools of these variables were used for the multivariable models. ML classifier type did not affect the performance of unadjusted models. The accuracy of univariate models was 82–87%, while that of multivariate models was 89–90%. After applying ABC to the crossvalidation set, the accuracy and the positive and negative predictive values for uni- and multivariate models were ≥95%. Sex could be estimated for 28–75% of individuals using univariate models but with an obvious sexing bias, likely caused by different degrees of sexual dimorphism and between-group overlap. However, using multivariate models, we minimized the bias and properly classified 81–87% of individuals. A similar performance was also noted in the testing sample (except for FEB), with accuracies of 96–100%, and a proportion of classified individuals between 30% and 82% in univariate models, and between 90% and 91% in multivariate models. When considering different training sample sizes, we demonstrated that LR was the most sensitive with limited sample sizes (n < 150), while GLMB was the most stable classifier