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The impact of terrorism on the perception of safety of the student population in the Republic of Croatia
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu govorilo se o potencijalnim terorističkim rizicima i prijetnjama za područje Republike Hrvatske i o utjecaju terorizma na percepciju sigurnosti studentske populacije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Također, govorilo se i o sigurnosnom sustavu koji je mjerodavan za prevenciju, otkrivanje i otklanjanje neželjenih terorističkih prijetnji. Migrantska kriza, koja je pogodila Europu 2015. godine, izazvala je brojna politička i sigurnosna pitanja te su ona i danas aktualna. Republika Hrvatska bila je jedna od zemalja koja je migrantima služila kao tranzitna ruta do zemalja Zapadne Europe, a služi i danas. U ovome radu obrađivao se i geostrateški položaj Republike Hrvatske te pitanje Schengena, i sigurnost očuvanja vanjske granice Europske unije, kao i utjecaj zemalja Jugoistočne Europe u priljevu migranata do Europske unije. Kakav je mehanizam i na koji način institucije vezane uz sigurnost i zaštitu teritorijalnog integriteta Republike Hrvatske odgovaraju na pitanje migrantske krize i potencijalnih terorističkih ugroza, također je jedna od tema ovoga rada. Ovaj diplomski rad sastoji se od teorijskog i praktičnog dijela. Teorijski dio govori o definicijama terorizma i njegovim karakteristikama. Praktični dio temelji se na anonimnoj anketi koju su popunjavali studenti iz Republike Hrvatske. Anketa se temelji na ispitivanju sigurnosti studenata u Republici Hrvatskoj, te utjecaju terorizma na percepciju sigurnosti studenata.
Naposljetku, po rezultatima ankete može se zaključiti kako se studenti u Republici Hrvatskoj osjećaju sigurno, ali isto tako smatraju da je nužno razvijati informiranje i poboljšavati suradnju između sigurnosnih institucija i sveučilišta.This thesis discussed potential terrorist risks and threats for the territory of the Republic of Croatia and the impact of terrorism on the perception of the safety of the student population in the Republic of Croatia. It also dealt with the security system that is responsible for the prevention, detection and elimination of unwanted terrorist threats. The migrant crisis, which hit Europe in 2015, caused numerous political and security issues, and they are still relevant today. The Republic of Croatia was one of the countries that served migrants as a transit route to the countries of Western Europe, and it still serves today. The geostrategic position of the Republic of Croatia, the issue of Schengen, and the security of the preservation of the external border of the European Union, as well as the influence of the countries of Southeast Europe in the influx of migrants to the European Union, was discussed in this paper. What is the mechanism, and how do the institutions related to the security and protection of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Croatia respond to the issue of the migrant crisis and potential terrorist threats, were also some of the topics of this paper. This thesis is based on the theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part talks about the definitions of terrorism and its characteristics. The practical part is based on an anonymous survey filled out by students from the Republic of Croatia. The survey is based on examining the safety of students in the Republic of Croatia, and the impact of terrorism on the perception of student safety.
Finally, according to the results of the survey, it can be concluded that students in the Republic of Croatia feel safe, but they believe that it is necessary to develop information and improve cooperation between security institutions and universities
Terrorism and bioterrorism in the Republic of Croatia and the European Union then and now
No full textCilj: Cilj rada je pružiti pregled terorističkih aktivnosti u Europskoj uniji i Republici Hrvatskoj te analizirati pravne okvire (planove, strategije, direktive i odluke ) koje su donesene radi sprječavanja terorističkih napada. Analizirat će se pravni okvir Europske unije i Republike Hrvatske u različitim vremenskim razdobljima.
Metode: ECTC i SOA (TE-SAT izvješće) izrađuju godišnja izvješća o terorističkim aktivnostima. Ta izvješća pružaju informacije o
broju terorističkih napada(izvršenih,neuspjelih,spriječenih), sudskih osuda, ideološkoj orijentaciji napadača i sredstvima napada.
Rezultati: na području EU 2022.godine od 28 ukupnih napada najveći dio pripisan je ljevičarskom ili anarhističkom terorizmu.
Uhićeno je ukupno 380 osoba, a doneseno je 437 presuda vezanih za kaznena djela vezana za terorizam. Za područje RH se procjenjuje da je prijetnja od terorističkih napada niska, a najveću opasnost predstavljaju radikalizirani pojedinci.Pravni okvir
Europske unije za borbu protiv terorizma se sustavno nadograđuje i usavršuje.
Zaključak: Europska unija poduzima brojne mjere s ciljem suzbijanja opasnosti od terorizma i bioterorizma. Uspostava sustavne suradnje , jačanje pravnog okvira i međunarodna suradnja su ključni elementi u učinkovitoj borbi protiv terorizma te zaštiti sigurnosti građana.Aim: The aim of the work is to provide an overview of terrorist activities in the European Union and the Republic of Croatia and to analyze the legal frameworks (plans, strategies, directives and resolutions) that were adopted for the purpose of planning terrorist attacks. The legal framework of the European Union and the Republic of Croatia will be analyzed in different time periods.
Methods: ECTC and SOA (TE-SAT report) produce annual reports on terrorist activities. These reports provide information on the number of terrorist attacks (perpetrated,failed,prevented), court convictions,ideological orientation of the attackers and means of attack.
Results: In the territory of the EU in 2022., out of 28 total attacks, the largest part was attributed to left-wing or anarchist terrorism. A total of 380 people were arrested, and 437 verdicts were handed down for crimes related to terrorism. It is
estimated that the threat of terrorist attacks for the territory of the Republic of Croatia is low, and the greatest danger is posed by radicalijzed individuals. The legal framework of the European Union for the fight against terrorism is being systematically upgraded and an improved.
Conclusion: The European Union undertakes numerous measures with the aim of suppressing the threat of terrorism an bioterrorism. The establishment of systematic cooperation, the strengthening of the legal framework and international cooperation are key elements in the effective fight against terrorism and the protection of citizens' safety
MONEY LAUNDERING – COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TAX EVASION AS A PREDICATE CRIME IN THE EU MEMBER STATES
No full textTax evasion and money laundering are two global phenomena whose individual characteristics are intertwined, striving for the same goal and causing far-reaching adverse consequences on economic stability. Some jurisdictions explicitly norm tax evasion as a predicate crime offense of money laundering, while others norm that the predicate criminal offense is any behavior that results in illegally acquired financial gain. Considering that tax evasion is not necessarily characterized by the illegal acquisition of hidden profits, some legislations are skeptical regarding the positioning of tax evasion as a predicate crime offense of money laundering. As a result of the above, the understanding of tax evasion as a de facto predicate crime of money laundering may not be in accordance with certain jurisdictions, such as the USA, which uses a narrower definition of money laundering than the one used by the FATF. Still, individual EU Member States' laws sufficiently broadly regulate money laundering and predicate crimes that (almost) any tax evasion can be prosecuted as a predicate crime of money laundering. This paper uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze money laundering and tax evasion, and the legal and economic aspects of the issue are presented. This paper aims to argue some of the recent trends in money laundering as well as to compare the predicate crime of tax evasion in EU Member States to reveal the differences and their potential impact on the final result of processing money laundering. The paper's contribution is in comparative, cross-country analysis of regulation related to money laundering and tax evasion in the EU Member States with emphasis on analysis of penalties for these criminal offenses. Understanding differences in national regulations regarding tax evasion and money laundering is crucial for making further steps to combat them and harmonize regulations
„Slučaj franak“ ̶ poslovna prijevara kao ugroza egzistencijalne sigurnosti građana Republike Hrvatske?
No full textProšlo desetljeće mnogi građani Republike Hrvatske našli su se u iznimno nepovoljnoj financijskoj situaciji zato što su stambeno pitanje rješavali podizanjem kreditnog zaduženja denominiranog u švicarskim francima, kao i kredita denominiranih u kunama uz valutnu klauzulu u švicarskim francima. Pojmovi kao što su valutni rizik i rizik promjenjive kamatne stope većini populacije i danas su nepoznanica. S druge strane ugovornog odnosa ovih kreditnih aranžmana nalazile su se kreditne institucije čije znanje o navedenim pojmovima i njihovim implikacijama daleko premašuje ono koje posjeduje sektor stanovništva. Stoga je u ovom radu postavljena temeljna hipoteza da su navedena kreditna zaduženja hrvatskih građana u osnovi bila jedan oblik prijevare u gospodarskom poslovanju. Analizom okolnosti i događaja slučaja franak dat će se odgovor na pitanje jesu li građani bili žrtva navedene prijevare koja je ugrozila egzistencijalnu sigurnost pojedinaca i kućanstava
Analysis of railway transport and accidents in the Republic od Croatia from 2015. to 2020.
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu naslova: „ Analiza željezničkog prometa i nesreća u
Republici Hrvatskoj od 2015.do 2020.“ istraživale su se željeznički promet i nesreće.
Istraživanja su usmjeravana sukladno cilju ovog diplomskog rada. Sam cilj odnosi se
na stjecanje uvida u utvrđivanje uzroka i okolnosti željezničkih nesreća i incidenata. Također
se promišljalo o mogućnostima povećanja sigurnosti željezničkog prometa kao sustava. U
radu su se koristile različite primjenjive znanstveno istraživačke metode. One su obuhvaćale
sljedeće: analizu, sintezu i komparaciju. Može se navesti i djelomična primjena forenzičkog
pristupa istraživanju poštujući sustavan pristup.
Navedenim pristupom ostvarili su se određeni rezultati. Proučavajući željezničke
sustave u radu odabranih zemalja može se tvrditi se njihova razvijenost nalazi na različitim
tehničko tehnološkim razinama. Svakako da se kao i u drugim vidovima prometa i u
željezničkom prometu događaju nesreće. Stoga se može primijetiti zajedničko obilježje
željezničkih sustava raznih zemalja. To obilježje se može odrediti nastojanjem da se želi
postići zadovoljavajuća pouzdanost cjelokupnog sustava.
Prva željeznička pruga u Hrvatskoj puštena je u promet 1860. godine. i razvijao se
sukladno mogućnostima. Ulaganja u željezničku infrastrukturu bilježe porast ulaskom
Republike Hrvatske u Europsku uniju. U interesu zemalja je kao i RH je da joj željeznički
prometni sustav obavlja svoju funkciju što boljim načinom. Država nastoji utjecati na
smanjenje nesreća. Stoga se u promatranom vremenskom razdoblju pristupilo poduzetim
istraživanjima. Tu se mora naglasiti uloga Agencije za istraživanje nesreća, koja se u svom
koristi strogo definiranim postupcima. Na izvješćima AIN o istragama i analizama vrsta
nesreća i incidenata uočili su se identificirani uzroci i okolnosti nastanka. Napori Republike
Hrvatske u poboljšanju željezničkog prometa imaju u posljednje vrijeme donekle obilježje
stalnosti. Kao preporuka poboljšanja može se držati nastojanje pružanja besprekidne podrške
svim involviranim državnim tijelima i ostalim zainteresiranim entitetima u cilju poboljšanja
svih segmenata željezničkog prometa u Republici Hrvatskoj.In this thesis entitled: "Analysis of railway transport and accidents in the Republic of
Croatia from 2015 to 2020", railway transport and accidents were investigated.
The research is directed in accordance with the goal of this thesis. The goal itself
refers to gaining insight into determining the causes and circumstances of railway accidents
and incidents. The possibility of increasing the safety of railway traffic as a system was also
considered. Different applicable scientific research methods were used in the work. They
included the following: analysis, synthesis and comparison. A partial application of the
forensic approach to research, respecting a systematic approach, can also be cited.
Certain results were achieved with the above approach. Studying the railway systems
in operation in selected countries, it can be argued that their development is at different
technical and technological levels. Of course, as in other modes of transport, accidents also
happen in railway transport. Therefore, a common feature of railway systems of various
countries can be observed. This feature can be determined by trying to achieve satisfactory
reliability of the entire system.
The first railway in Croatia was opened in 1860. and developed according to
possibilities. Investments in railway infrastructure have increased with the accession of the
Republic of Croatia to the European Union. It is in the interest of every country, including the
Republic of Croatia, that its railway transport system performs its function in the best possible
way. The state tries to influence the reduction of accidents. Therefore, in the observed time
period, the undertaken research was started. The role of the Accident Investigation Agency
must be emphasized here, which uses strictly defined procedures. The AIN reports on
investigations and analyzes of types of accidents and incidents identified the causes and
circumstances of their occurrence. The efforts of the Republic of Croatia in the improvement
of rail traffic have recently been somewhat consistent. As a recommendation for
improvement, the effort to provide continuous support to all involved state bodies and other
interested entities in order to improve all segments of railway transport in the Republic of
Croatia can be considered
Application of artificial intelligence systems in state border surveillance
No full textU ovom radu istražuje se razvoj umjetne inteligencije (AI) i njena primjena u nadzoru državne granice. Povijest razvoja AI prati evoluciju ove tehnologije, uključujući Turingov test, koncept kineske sobe, strojno učenje, duboko učenje, neuronske mreže i ekspertne sustave. Nadalje, razmatra se pravna utemeljenost primjene AI, uključujući zakone na razini EU i nacionalne strategije za umjetnu inteligenciju u različitim državama. U raspravi se analizira primjena sustava AI u poslovima granične policije, uključujući sustave prepoznavanja lica, biometrijsku autentifikaciju, daljinsku biometrijsku identifikaciju, automatsko prepoznavanje registarskih pločica, sustave za prevođenje govora, procjenu rizika i nadzor dronovima. Naglašava se važnost zaštite ljudskih prava i primjena etičkih načela koda upotrebe umjetne inteligencije. Na temelju provedenih istraživanja i analiza, rad donosi rezultate koji ilustriraju koristi i izazove primjene AI u nadzoru državne granice.In this paper, we explore the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its application in border surveillance. The history of AI development traces the evolution of this technology, including the Turing test, the concept of the Chinese room, machine learning, deep learning, neural networks, and expert systems. Furthermore, we examine the legal foundation for the use of AI, encompassing EU-level laws and national strategies for artificial intelligence in various countries. In the discussion, we analyze the application of AI systems in border policing, including facial recognition systems, biometric authentication, remote biometric identification, automatic license plate recognition, speech translation systems, risk assessment, and drone surveillance. Weemphasize the importance ofsafeguarding human rights and applying ethical principlesin the use of artificial intelligence. Based on our research and analysis, the paper presents findings that illustrate the benefits and challenges of AI implementation in border surveillance
Influence of information and disinformation on public knowledge and general nacional security
No full textCilj ovog rada je istražiti utjecaj informiranja i dezinformiranja na javno znanje i nacionalnu sigurnost općenito. Ubrzanim razvojem informacijsko-komunikacijskih tehnologija razvija se i digitalni informacijsko-komunikacijski prostor koji obiluje raznim (dez)informacijama koje su (ne)namjerno tamo postavljenje. U radu se provodi teorijsko istraživanje koje se temelji na metodama analize, induktivno-deduktivnoj metodi, metodi deskripcije, apstrakcije i komparacije. Prostor javnog znanja nije ispunjen istinitim i objektivnim znanjem, naime sve više je takav prostor ispunjen raznim dezinformacijama s ciljem ostvarivanja interesa pojedinaca ili skupina. Javno znanje oblikuje se u javnim medijama stoga je podložno manipulaciji. Razvojem tehnologije dolazi do pojave hibridnih prijetnji. Hibridnim prijatnjama se prvenstveno djeluje u informacijskoj domeni ljudskog življanja, a njima se pokušava utjecati na informacije koje su dostupne ciljanoj publici kako bi je naveli na donošenje odluka u skladu s namjerama napadača. Hibridne prijetnje se temelje na operacijama utjecaja, a najvažnije su informacijske i medijske operacije. Zaštita korpusa javnog znanja i nacionalne sigurnosti države ostvaruje se donošenjem i provedbom nacionalne informacijske strategije kao i međunarodne suradnje kako bi se oblikovanje javnog znanja temeljilo na objektivnim, istinitim i provjernim informacijama.The aim of this work is to investigate the impact of information and disinformation on public knowledge and national security in general. With the rapid development of information and communication technologies, the digital information and communication space is also developing which is full of various (dis)information that was (un)intentionally placed there. The work conducts theoretical research based on analysis methods, the inductive-deductive method, the method of description, abstraction and comparison. The space of public knowledge is not filled with true and objective knowledge, namely, more and more such space is filled with various (dis)information with the aim of realizing the interests of individuals or groups. Public knowledge is formed in the public media and is therefore subject to manipulation. The development of technology leads to the emergence of hybrid threats. Hybrid threats are primarily used in the information domain of human life, and they try to influence the information available to the target audience in order to induce them to make decisions in accordance with the attacker's intentions. Hybrid threats are based on influence operations, the most important are information and media operations. The protection of the corpus of public knowledge and the national security of the state is achieved through the adoption and implementation of the national information strategy as well as international cooperation in order to shape public knowledge based on objective, true and verifiable information
Normative Regulation of Community Service in Selected Jurisdictions: A Comparative Overview
No full textU ozračju porasta broja zatvorske populacije i pretrpanosti zatvorskih kapaciteta s čime je bio suočen velik broj zemalja svijeta, popraćen kritikama kratkotrajnih kazni zatvora i troškovima održavanja zatvorskog sustava, alternativna rješenja institucionalnom zatvaranju pokazala su se trezvenom reakcijom na novonastali društveni problem. Među alternativnim sankcijama i mjerama, rad za opće dobro iskristalizirao se kao svojevrsna panaceja kratkotrajnim kaznama zatvora i pozicionirao visoko na pijedestalu društvenih alternativnih traženja, kao vidljiva i opipljiva pragmatična mjera povrata duga zajednici. Širokoj uporabi rada za opće dobro nedvojbeno su pridonijeli različiti modaliteti njegove primjene i provođenja koji se razlikuju u pojedinim jurisdikcijama. Tako njegova pravna priroda oscilira između samostalne sankcije i zamjene za iz
rečene kazne (zatvorske ili novčane), ponekad je alternativa supletornom zatvoru ili alternativa uvjetnom odustanku od kaznenog progona ili je, pak, poseban uvjet uz uvjetnu osudu ili za uvjetni otpust.
Cilj ovog rada jest penološka analiza prirode, primjene i izvršenja rada za opće dobro, kao i njegovo pozicioniranje u sustavu kažnjavanja i izvršenja kazne u odabranim jurisdikcijama. Pružajući koncizan i jezgrovit opis različitih aspekata primjene rada za opće dobro, cilj je identificirati zajednička obilježja i postojeće razlike pojedinih zakonodavnih rješenja. U tom pogledu, autorica analizira evoluciju pravne regulacije rada za opće dobro te pruža komparativnu analizu normativnog uređenja u pojedinim europskim zemljama.In the atmosphere of the increase in the prison population and the overcrowding of prison capacities that many countries of the world were faced with, accompanied by criticism of short-term prison sentences and the costs of maintaining the prison system, alternative solutions to institutional imprisonment proved to be an adequate reaction to the emerging social problem. Among alternative sanctions and measures, community service crystallized as a panacea to short-term prison sentences and positioned itself high on the pedestal of social alternative searches as a visible and tangible pragmatic measure of community payback. Various modalities of its application and implementation, which differ in individual jurisdictions, have undoubtedly contributed to the wide use of community service. Thus, its legal nature oscillates between an independent sanction and a substitute for imposed sentences (prison or fine). Sometimes, it is an alternative to supplementary imprisonment or an alternative to a conditional deferral (and withdrawal) of criminal prosecution, or it is a special condition for a conditional sentence or conditional release.
The aim of this paper is a penological analysis of the nature, application, and execution of community service, as well as its positioning in the system of punishment and execution of sentences in selected jurisdictions. By providing a concise description of various aspects of the application of community service, the goal is to identify common features and existing differences in individual legislative solutions. In this regard, the author analyzes the evolution of the legal regulation of community service and provides a comparative analysis of the normative regulation in selected European countries
The right to die? Euthanasia from ancient times to the modern age
No full textPitanja prava na život i poimanje smrti odraz su društvenih vrijednosti, uvriježenih stavova i dominantnih vjerskih opredjeljenja koja su obilježila pojedine etape ljudskog razvoja kroz povijest. Mada pojedine zemlje danas prihvaćaju i odobravaju eutanaziju i/ili medicinski potpomognuto samoubojstvo kao ustoličeno suvereno pravo, ovi postupci i dalje spadaju među najkontroverznija pravna i (bio)etička pitanja te potiču žustre rasprave. Međutim, rasprave o njima nisu novost, budući da su eutanazija i (potpomognuto) samoubojstvo prisutni od pamtivijeka, a temelje se na postavkama različitih promišljanja i poimanja vrijednosti ljudskog života, patnje, ali i prava na (dostojanstvenu) smrt. Cilj rada je raspraviti temu eutanazije kroz povijesnu anamnezu. Geneza ovog fenomena pomaže nam u razumijevanju okolnosti koje su pridonijele njegovu prihvaćanju, ali i žustrom protivljenju i to od antike pa do suvremenog doba.The issues of the right to life and the concept of death reflect social values, established attitudes, and dominant religious beliefs that have marked certain stages of human development throughout history. Although some countries today accept and approve euthanasia and/or assisted suicide as an enthroned sovereign right, these procedures are still among the most controversial legal and (bio)ethical issues and current debates. However, discussions about these issues are nothing new since euthanasia and assisted suicide have been present forever and are based on the assumptions of different reflections and understandings of the value of human life, suffering, and the right to a (dignified) death. This paper aims to discuss the subject of euthanasia and assisted suicide through a historical anamnesis. The genesis of this phenomenon helps us understand the circumstances that contributed to acceptance, as well as the vigorous opposition from ancient times to the modern age
THE TREYNOR RATIO AS A RISK-ADJUSTED RETURN OF CROATIAN LISTED FIRMS
No full textMotivated by the importance of determinants of firm performance, especially in terms of risk-adjusted performance that considers underlying risks, this paper explores the effects of firm-specific determinants on risk-adjusted returns such as the Treynor ratio. Specifically, the authors explore whether firm size, capital expenditures, capital intensity, equity ratio, leverage, profitability, listing age, and liquidity affect the performance of Croatian non-financial listed companies that form the CROBEXplus equity index in the period 2014 – 2021. Utilizing dynamic panel analysis, several key deterministic factors of risk-adjusted performance are identified including firm size, capital intensity, equity ratio, leverage, profitability, and listing age. In other words, larger firms tend to experience greater risk adjusted returns than their smaller counterparts as well as firms with higher equity ratios, i.e. those not overly indebted. Results also show that capital intensity, which is viewed as a source of entry barrier, is positively related to risk adjusted-performance which is also true for profitability. Furthermore, companies that have a longer presence in the market in terms of being listed on the stock exchange document enhanced risk-adjusted returns. These findings have significant policy and practical implications