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THE PROBLEM OF MONOPOLY AND IMPERFECT COMPETITION
No full textOvaj rad istražuje problem monopola i nesavršene konkurencije, koji predstavljaju izazov za optimalno funkcioniranje tržišta i alokaciju resursa. Monopoli, često nastali zbog ulaznih prepreka kao što su kontrola ključnih resursa, vlasništvo nad patentima ili ekonomija obujma, mogu iskoristiti svoju tržišnu moć za diktiranje cijena i ograničavanje proizvodnje, što rezultira smanjenjem ukupne društvene dobrobiti. U radu su prikazane različite strategije za rješavanje problema monopola. Pristupi poput poticanja ulaska novih konkurenata smanjenjem ulaznih prepreka i poticanjem inovacija, deregulacije tržišta te uspostave javnog vlasništva ili javnoprivatnih partnerstava mogu biti načini rješavanja, ali svaki od ovih pristupa ima svoje prednosti i izazove te zahtijeva pažljivo planiranje i provedbu. Zaključno, rad naglašava potrebu za stalnom prilagodbom regulacijskih okvira i inovacijama u borbi protiv monopola, kako bi se postiglo tržište koje maksimizira ekonomski višak, potiče inovacije, osigurava pravične cijene i doprinosi općoj društvenoj dobrobiti.This paper examines the issue of monopoly and imperfect competition, which challenge the optimal functioning of markets and resource allocation. Monopolies, often arising from entry barriers such as control over key resources, ownership of patents, or economies of scale, can exploit their market power to dictate prices and restrict production, resulting in a decrease in overall social welfare. The paper outlines various strategies for addressing the problem of monopolies. Approaches such as encouraging the entry of new competitors by reducing entry barriers and fostering innovation, deregulating markets, and establishing public ownership or public-private partnerships are discussed. However, each of these approaches has its advantages and challenges and requires careful planning and implementation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the need for continuous adaptation of regulatory frameworks and innovations to combat monopolies. It aims to create markets that maximize economic surplus, foster innovation, ensure fair pricing, and contribute to overall social welfar
MOBILE APPLICATION FOR TEXT TRANSLATION
No full textU okviru izrade ovog rada razvijena je mobilna aplikacija za prijevod teksta iz različitih vrsta zapisa: slika, zvučnih zapisa i unesenog teksta. Ideja je razvijena na primjeru Google prevoditelja koji predstavlja jedan od najčešće korištenih alata u te svrhe. Jedan od ciljeva izrade same aplikacije bio je upoznavanje s načinom funkcioniranja strojnog učenja i njegove primjene. S obzirom na općenito veliki interes za područje umjetne inteligencije, te njenu sve širu primjenu, javila se ideja za razvojem konkretnog projekta koji bi sve navedeno objedinio, a koji je realiziran u vidu mobilne aplikacije za prijevod. Aplikacija za prijevod koristi dva pristupa, odnosno, modele strojnog učenja mBART50 i M2M100 i velike jezične modele ChatGPT i ClaudeAI. Poslužiteljski dio aplikacije je razvijen korištenjem programskog jezika Python, odnosno razvojnog okvira Flask, dok je klijentski dio razvijen je u razvojnom okviru Flutter.As part of this project, a mobile application for translating text from various sources: images, audio recordings, and manually entered text was developed. The idea was inspired by Google Translate, one of the most popular tools for translation. One of the goals of this application was to demonstrate how machine learning works in practice. Given the generally great interest in the field of artificial intelligence and its increasingly widespread application, the idea arose to develop a specific project that would unite all of the above, which was realized in the form of a mobile translation application. The application uses two approaches, the machine learning models mBART50 and M2M100 and the large language models ChatGPT and ClaudeAI. The server side of the application was built using Python and the Flask framework, while the client side was developed using the Flutter framework
SCREW AND NUT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY
No full textU ovom završnom radu detaljno je opisana tehnologija izrade vijka i matice, koji su ključni elementi (za spajanje, prijenos gibanja, regulaciju...) u mnogim inženjerskim i industrijskim primjenama. Rad obuhvaća cjelokupan proces proizvodnje počevši od dobave adekvatnog materijala, preko dobivanja tijela vijka i matice, do tehnologije izrade navoja. Također, opisani su postupci toplinske obrade koji se primjenjuju radi postizanja željenih mehaničkih svojstava, postupci antikorozivne zaštite koja osigurava dugotrajnost elemenata kao i kontrola kvalitete koje osiguravaju pouzdanost i funkcionalnost spojeva. Cilj ovog rada je pružiti sveobuhvatan pregled svih faza proizvodnje vijaka i matica, ističući važnost svake faze u postizanju visokokvalitetnih proizvoda.In this thesis, the manufacturing technology of screws and nuts, which are key elements (for joining, motion transmission, regulation, etc.) in many engineering and industrial applications, is described in detail. The thesis covers the entire production process, starting from the procurement of suitable materials, through the formation of the screw and nut bodies, to the thread manufacturing technology. Additionally, the heat treatment processes applied to achieve the desired mechanical properties, anti-corrosion protection processes that ensure the longevity of the components, and quality control methods that guarantee the reliability and functionality of the joints are also described. The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview of all stages of screw and nut production, emphasizing the importance of each stage in achieving high-quality products
SOLAR POWER PLANT AND ELECTRIC CHARGING STATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF A FAMILY HOUSE, ISLAND OF KORČULA
No full textImplementacijom fotonaponskih ćelija vrši se pretvorba energije Sunca u električnu energiju, kojom se može napajati domove. Fotonaponski učinak je princip na kojem se temelji rad fotonaponskih ćelija. Idejno rješenje elektrane prikazuje izgled elektrane, te izračun planirane proizvodnje električne energije kroz prve dvije godine rada. Za predmetnu projektiranu elektranu paneli su fiksirani i ne pomiču se tijekom godine. U sklopu garaže nalazi se električna punionica za dva električna vozila spojena na kućnu instalaciju. Za spajanje solarne elektrane na elektroenergetsku mrežu potrebno je ishoditi dozvole lokalnog distributera električne energije (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda), kojima se traži usklađenost elektrane sa svim propisima i normama.The implementation of photovoltaic cells enables the conversion of solar energy into electricity, which can be used to power homes directly using the Sun’s energy. The photovoltaic effect is the principle on which solar cells operate. The conceptual design of the power plant illustrates its appearance and includes calculations of the planned electricity production. The installed solar panels are fixed and do not move throughout the year. The garage includes an electric charging station for two electric vehicles, connected to the home’s electrical system. To connect the solar power plant to the electrical grid, permits from the local electricity distributor (Hrvatska Elektroprivreda) must be obtained, ensuring that the plant complies with all regulations and standards
THE MOST SIGNIFICANT NATURAL ATTRACTIONS OF AFRICA
No full textAfriku karakteriziraju značajne prirodne ljepote koje iako predstavljaju ogroman turistički potencijal nisu dovoljno iskorištene zbog različitih problema, poput siromaštva, slabe infrastrukture, političke nestabilnosti i neadekvatnih marketinških aktivnosti. Iako postoji rast turističke ponude, izazovi kao što su loša prometna povezanost, neuređeni međudržavni odnosi i sigurnosni problemi usporavaju razvoj turizma. Kroz analizu korelacija između broja inozemnih turističkih dolazaka i promjena u BDP-u odabranih afričkih zemalja utvrđeno je da postoji značajna povezanost između turizma i gospodarskog rasta u određenim zemljama, poput Južne Afrike, Malija, Sudana i Čada. Ove zemlje pokazuju pozitivnu korelaciju, što ukazuje na potencijal turizma kao ključnog faktora za ekonomski razvoj, dok u zemljama poput Tanzanije, Alžira, Maroka i Nigera, korelacija je slaba ili negativna. Turizam negativno utječe na prirodno okruženje Afrike kontinuiranim zagađenjem i uništavanjem prirode te prekomjernom potrošnjom resursa.Africa is characterized by significant natural beauty that, although representing enormous tourist potential, is not fully utilized due to various issues such as poverty, poor infrastructure, political instability, and inadequate marketing activities. While there is growth in the tourism offer, challenges such as poor transportation connectivity, unregulated intergovernmental relations, and security issues slow down the development of tourism. Through the analysis of correlations between the number of foreign tourist arrivals and changes in GDP in selected African countries, it was found that there is a significant relationship between tourism and economic growth in certain countries, such as South Africa, Mali, Sudan, and Chad. These countries show a positive correlation, indicating the potential of tourism as a key factor for economic development, while in countries like Tanzania, Algeria, Morocco, and Niger, the correlation is weak or negative. Tourism negatively affects the natural environment of Africa through continuous pollution and destruction of nature and excessive consumption of resources
E-BUGGY VEHICLE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM BASED ON CAN BUS PROTOCOL
No full textU ovom radu razvijen je komunikacijski sustav za električno vozilo tipa e-Buggy temeljen na CAN (engl. Controller Area Network) protokolu. Problem koji se rješava odnosi se na pouzdanu i vremenski sinkroniziranu razmjenu podataka između više komponenti vozila, uključujući baterijske module, enkoder volana, punjač i centralno upravljačko računalo. Sustav koristi dvije odvojene CAN sabirnice, prva sabirnica temelji se na CAN FD protokolu i povezuje 24 baterijska CAN modula s nadređenim uređajem preko kojeg se prenose podaci o naponu pojedine baterije i temperaturi pojedine baterije. Druga sabirnica koristi klasični CAN 2.0 protokol i omogućuje komunikaciju s apsolutnim enkoderom volana putem odgovarajućih CAN naredbi. Za upravljanje cijelim sustavom koristi se BeagleBone Black računalo, koje putem UART veze komunicira s oba CAN nadređena sustava te prikuplja i obrađuje podatke u stvarnom vremenu. Poseban naglasak stavljen je na razvoj sigurnosnih mehanizama koji sprječavaju punjenje u slučaju prenapona (>3.65 V) ili pregrijavanja (>45 °C), čime se osigurava dugotrajnost i sigurnost baterijskog sustava.This thesis presents the development of a communication system for an electric vehicle of the e-Buggy type, based on the CAN (Controller Area Network) protocol. The problem addressed concerns the reliable and time-synchronized exchange of data between multiple vehicle components, including battery modules, steering wheel’s encoder, the charger, and the central control unit. The system uses two separate CAN buses. The first bus is based on the CAN FD protocol and connects 24 battery CAN modules to a master device through which data on the voltage and temperature of each individual battery is transmitted. The second bus uses the classic CAN 2.0 protocol and enables communication with the steering wheel’s absolute encoder via appropriate CAN commands. The entire system is managed by a BeagleBone Black computer, which communicates with both master devices via a UART connection and collects and processes data in real time. Special emphasis is placed on the development of safety mechanisms that prevent charging in case of overvoltage (>3.65 V) or overheating (>45 °C), thereby ensuring the longevity and safety of the battery system
THE ROLE OF DESTINATION MANAGEMENT COMPANIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ADVENTURE TOURISM IN SPLIT-DALMATIA COUNTY
No full textTurizam je jedna od najdinamičnijih globalnih pojava, s izrazitim utjecajem na ekonomski razvoj, zapošljavanje i promociju identiteta destinacija. Razvojem selektivnih oblika turizma i promjenom preferencija putnika, sve više dolazi do izražaja potreba za raznovrsnijom, autentičnijom i iskustveno bogatijom ponudom. Iz tog razloga sve se više pažnje pridaje destinacijskom menadžmentu i ulozi destinacijskih menadžment kompanija u razvoju selektivnih oblika turizma. Jedan od oblika turizma koji bilježi sve veći interes jest avanturistički turizam. Ovaj oblik turizma uključuje aktivnosti koje zahtijevaju fizičku angažiranost, kontakt s prirodom i određenu razinu uzbuđenja. Splitsko-dalmatinska županija, sa svojom raznolikom resursno-atrakcijskom osnovom, kombinacijom obale, zaleđa i planinskog područja, ima veliki potencijal za razvoj avanturističkog turizma. U tom kontekstu, cilj ovoga rada je istražiti kako destinacijske menadžment kompanije na području Splitskodalmatinske županije percipiraju važnost i potencijal avanturističkog turizma, koje oblike aktivnosti uključuju u svoju ponudu, s kojim izazovima se susreću te u kojoj mjeri surađuju s ostalim dionicima u destinaciji. Kroz analizu primarnih podataka prikupljenih putem ankete, rad doprinosi boljem razumijevanju uloge avanturističkog turizma u regionalnom kontekstu te ukazuje na moguće smjerove razvoja koji bi mogli povećati konkurentnost destinacije i zadovoljstvo posjetitelja. Rezultati pokazuju da destinacijske menadžment kompanije prepoznaju rastući značaj avanturističkog turizma, osobito kao načina proširenja ponude izvan glavne sezone. Iako je prisutan interes, razvoj je često ograničen izazovima poput nedostatka kadra, sigurnosnih standarda i nedovoljno razvijene infrastrukture. U završnom dijelu rada dani su konkretni prijedlozi za poboljšanje, uključujući razvoj inovativnih proizvoda, poticanje višednevnih tura i digitalnih alata te jačanje suradnje između ključnih dionika.Tourism is one of the most dynamic global phenomena, with a significant impact on economic development, employment, and the promotion of destination identity. With the growth of selective forms of tourism and the changing preferences of travelers, there is an increasing demand for more diverse, authentic, and experience-rich offers. As a result, growing attention is being given to destination management and the role of destination management companies in the development of selective tourism types. One form of tourism that has seen a notable rise in interest is adventure tourism. This type of tourism involves activities that require physical engagement, interaction with nature, and a certain level of excitement. The Split-Dalmatia County, with its diverse natural and attraction-based resources - ranging from coastal areas and inland landscapes to mountainous terrain - holds strong potential for the development of adventure tourism. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to explore how destination management companies operating in Split-Dalmatia County perceive the importance and potential of adventure tourism, which activities they include in their offer, what challenges they face, and to what extent they collaborate with other stakeholders in the destination. Through the analysis of primary data collected via a survey, the thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of adventure tourism in the regional context and highlights possible development directions that could enhance the competitiveness of the destination and increase visitor satisfaction. The results show that destination management companies recognize the growing importance of adventure tourism, particularly as a way to expand their offer beyond the peak season. Despite the evident interest, development is often hindered by challenges such as a lack of skilled personnel, safety standard requirements, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The final part of the paper provides concrete recommendations for improvement, including the development of innovative tourism products, promotion of multi-day tours and digital tools, as well as strengthening collaboration among key stakeholders
SALES PROCESS PHASES
No full textProdajni proces sastoji se od niza koraka kroz koje i prodavač i kupac moraju proći, s ciljem da prodavač proda proizvod ili uslugu kupcu, a da kupac kupi željeni proizvod ili uslugu. Svaka faza ima određenu važnost bez koje se ciljevi poduzeća ne bi mogli ostvariti, niti izgraditi dobar odnos i povjerenje kod kupca. Prodavač kroz prodajni proces želi identificirati potencijalnog kupca svog proizvoda ili usluge. Želeći se povezati s njim, istražuje njegove interese i sklonosti, te mu nudi usluge savjetovanja i pronalaženja najboljeg rješenja za njegove potrebe, što će za oboje rezultirati u željenom pravcu – pozitivnim učinkom. S druge strane, kupac želi razmotriti mogućnosti kupnje i doći do odluke koja će za njega imati najbolju vrijednost i korist u zamjenu za novac što ga proizvod pruža. Prodajni proces sastoji se od devet koraka: pripreme prodavača, traženja potencijalnih kupaca, pripreme za pristup kupcu, pristupa kupcu, otkrivanja potreba kupca, prezentacije, otklanjanja prigovora, zaključivanja prodaje i postprodajnog kontakta s kupcem kojeg nipošto ne valja zanemariti.The sales process consists of a series of steps that both the seller and the buyer must go through, with the goal of the seller selling the product or service to the buyer, and the buyer buying the desired product or service. Each phase has a certain importance, without which the company's goals could not be achieved, nor could a good relationship and trust be built with the customer. Through the sales process, a salesperson wants to identify a potential buyer for their product or service. Wanting to connect with him, she investigates his interests and preferences, and offers him consulting services and finding the best solution for his needs, which will result in the desired direction for both - a positive effect. On the other hand, the customer wants to consider purchase options and come to a decision that will provide them with the best value and benefit for the money that the product provides. The sales process consists of nine steps: preparation of the salesperson, search for potential customers, preparation for the approach to the customer, approach to the customer, discovery of the customer's needs, presentation, elimination of objections, conclusion of the sale and postsale contact with the customer, which should not be neglected
CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF NOVALJA: THE CONFLICT BETWEEN THE LOCAL COMMUNITY AND PARTY TOURISM OF ZRĆE
No full textPredmet ovog završnog rada jest analiza izazova i prilika održivog razvoja u Novalji, s posebnim naglaskom na konflikt interesa lokalne zajednice i party turizma na plaži Zrće. Cilj rada bio je istražiti kako je dinamičan rast party turizma, posebno na plaži Zrće, oblikovao gospodarski, društveni i prostorni razvoj Novalje te identificirati ključne probleme i potencijale za održivu transformaciju turizma. Korištenjem sekundarnih izvora, statističkih podataka i stručne literature pokazalo se kako je party turizam gradu Novalji donio značajne ekonomske koristi, ali i brojne negativne posljedice poput sezonalnosti, preopterećenja infrastrukture i narušavanja društvenih odnosa. Najvažnije spoznaje ukazuju na nužnost strateškog planiranja, razvoja novih selektivnih oblika turizma (outdoor, kulturni, gastronomski, nautički), uključivanja lokalnog stanovništva u kreiranje turističke politike te ulaganja u održivu infrastrukturu i zaštitu prirodnih resursa. Najvažnije spoznaje ovog rada upućuju na to da je dugoročna konkurentnost Novalje moguća isključivo kroz ravnotežu ekonomskih koristi, društvene kohezije i očuvanja prirodnih resursa. Održivi razvoj, temeljen na inovacijama, odgovornom upravljanju i participaciji zajednice, predstavlja put prema stabilnoj i prosperitetnoj budućnosti Novalje kao moderne otočne destinacije.The subject of the final paper is an analysis of the challenges and opportunities of sustainable development in Novalja, with a special emphasis on the conflict of interests of the local community and party tourism on Zrće beach. The aim of the paper was to investigate how the dynamic growth of party tourism, especially on Zrće beach, has shaped the economic, social and spatial development of Novalja and to identify key problems and potentials for the sustainable transformation of tourism. Using secondary sources, statistical data and professional literature, it was shown that party tourism has brought significant economic benefits to the city of Novalja, but also numerous negative consequences such as seasonality, overloading of infrastructure and disruption of social relations. The most important findings indicate the necessity of strategic planning, the development of new selective forms of tourism (outdoor, cultural, gastronomic, nautical), the involvement of the local population in the creation of tourism policy and investments in sustainable infrastructure and the protection of natural resources. The most important findings of this paper indicate that the long-term competitiveness of Novalja is possible only through a balance of economic benefits, social cohesion and the preservation of natural resources. Sustainable development, based on innovation, responsible management and community participation, is the only path towards a stable and prosperous future for Novalja as a modern island destination
INCOME FROM EMPLOYMENT AND BENEFITS IN KIND
No full textOvaj rad analizira pravno-ekonomski okvir dohotka od nesamostalnog rada te načine vrednovanja primitaka u naravi u Hrvatskoj, s naglaskom na socijalnu sigurnost zaposlenika. Analitičkim dijelom proveden je pregled zakonskih akata i pravilnika koji uređuju ne samo dohodak od nesamostalnog rada (plaću), već i primitke u naravi koji se mogu isplatiti dodatno uz tu plaću. Praktični i konkretni primjeri obračuna dohodaka od nesamostalnog rada te primitaka u naravi temeljeni su na JOPPD obrascima, ilustrirajući postupak uključivanja službenog vozila, stanovanja i službenog mobitela kao primitaka u naravi u obračun cjelokupne plaće. Time su dobiveni rezultati ukazali na važnost ažurnog i transparentnog zakonodavstva koje omogućuje pravnu sigurnost te na značajan utjecaj primitaka u naravi na visinu ukupne neto plaće i ukupne porezne obveze prema državi. Time se može zaključiti kako precizno evidentiranje primitaka i pravilna primjena osobnih odbitaka smanjuju porezno opterećenje zaposlenika i ukupan trošak rada za poslodavca.This paper examines the legal and economic framework governing employment income and the valuation of benefits in kind in Croatia, with an emphasis on employees’ social security. In the analytical section, a review of the statutes and regulations is presented, covering not only employment income (salary) but also benefits in kind that may be granted in addition to salary. Practical, concrete examples of calculating employment income and benefits in kind are based on JOPPD forms, illustrating the procedures for including a company car, housing and a work mobile phone as benefits in kind in the overall payroll calculation. The findings thus highlight the importance of up‑to‑date and transparent legislation in ensuring legal certainty, as well as the significant impact of benefits in kind on both the total net salary and the overall tax liability to the state. It can therefore be concluded that accurate recording of benefits and correct application of personal allowances reduce the employee’s tax burden and the employer’s overall labour costs