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AUTOTUNING FUNCTION FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A SYNCRONOUS GENERATOR
No full textU radu je razvijena i implementirana autotuning funkcija za automatsko određivanje PID parametara za regulaciju napona sinkronog generatora. Korišten je Siemens TIA Portal softverski alat za programiranje autotuning funkcije temeljene na relejnoj metodi s histerezom. Sustav upravljanja čine sinkroni generator nazivne snage 10 kVA i napona 400 V, digitalni sustav uzbude DECS-250, te PLC kontroler Siemens SIMATIC CPU 1510SP-1 PN. PID parametri dobiveni autotuning algoritmom preneseni su u DECS-250 korištenjem softverskog alata Bassler BestComPlus, gdje je analiziran odziv generatora u AVR načinu rada. Cilj rada bio je razviti zatvorenu upravljačku petlju koja omogućuje automatsko podešavanje PID regulatora. Rezultati su prikazani i analizirani u završnom dijelu rada, gdje je potvrđena učinkovitost implementiranog rješenja.This thesis presents the development and implementation of an autotuning function for automatic determination of PID parameters used in voltage regulation of synchronous generator. The Siemens TIA Portal V18 software was used to program the autotuning function, which is based on the relay method with hysteresis. The control system consists of a synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA and 400 V, a DECS-250 digital excitation control system, and a Siemens SIMATIC CPU 1510SP-1 PN PLC controller. The PID parameters obtained from the autotuning algorithm were transferred to the DECS-250 via Basler BestComPlus software, where the generator’s response was analyzed in AVR mode. The goal of this thesis was to develop a closed-loop control system capable of automatically tuning the PID controller. The results are presented and analyzed in the final chapter, confirming the effectiveness of the implemented solution
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A CHRONOGRAPH FOR MEASURING PROJECTILE SPEED
No full textU ovom završnom radu obrađena je tema izrade pristupačnog optičkog kronografa namijenjenog mjerenju brzine projektila. Sustav kombinira dva paralelno poravnata laserska modula valne duljine 540 nm i fotorezistorske senzore (LDR) povezane na Arduino Nano. Prekid laserskih zraka bilježe se hardverskim Input-Capture mehanizmom mikrokontrolera, dok se brzina izračunava kao omjer poznatog razmaka barijera i izmjerenog vremenskog intervala i mikrosekundama. Elektronički sklop uključuje LM393 komparatore, MAX7219 zaslon na kojemu se prikazuje brzina projektila, magnetska zujalica za potvrdu uspješnog mjerenja te baterija i njezin punjač. Mjerenja su pokazala da kronograf odstupa najviše ±2,5% u odnosu na komercijalni kronograf, dok je materijalni trošak za izradu ovog kronografa do oko 6-7 puta niži.This final thesis deals with the development of an affordable optical chronograph for projectile velocity measurement. The system combines two parallel-aligned 540 nm laser modules and photoresistor sensors (LDR) connected to an Arduino Nano. Interruptions of the laser beams are recorded by the hardware Input-Capture mechanism of the microcontroller, while the velocity is calculated as the ratio of the known barrier distance to the measured time interval in microseconds. The electronic circuit includes LM393 comparators, a MAX7219 display that displays projectile velocity, a magnetic buzzer to confirm successful measurement, and a battery and its charger. Measurements have shown that the chronograph deviates by no more than ±2.5% compared to a commercial chronograph, while the material cost to produce this chronograph is up to about 6-7 times lower
THE IMPACT OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ACCOUNTING PROFIT AND TAXABLE PROFIT ON FINANCIAL REPORTING
No full textOvaj diplomski rad bavi se analizom razlike između računovodstvene i oporezive dobiti te njenim utjecajem na financijsko izvještavanje. Financijski izvještaji predstavljaju temelj poslovnog odlučivanja jer pružaju ključne podatke o ekonomskoj aktivnosti poslovnog subjekta. Računovodstvena dobit utvrđuje se prema računovodstvenim standardima, dok se oporeziva dobit određuje u skladu s poreznim zakonima, što dovodi do pojave stalnih i privremenih razlika. Posebna pažnja posvećena je Međunarodnom računovodstvenom standardu 12 (MRS 12) koji regulira priznavanje odgođenih poreznih obveza i imovine. Cilj rada je prikazati kako ove razlike utječu na objektivnost i transparentnost financijskih izvještaja. Struktura rada uključuje teorijsku osnovu financijskog izvještavanja i oporezivanja, analizu uzroka razlika, kao i praktični primjer koji ilustrira njihovu primjenu i računovodstveni tretman. Zaključno, rad ističe važnost pravilne primjene računovodstvenih i poreznih propisa za vjerodostojno prikazivanje poslovnih rezultata.This thesis analyses the differences between accounting profit and taxable profit and their impact on financial reporting. Financial statements serve as a foundation for business decisionmaking by providing essential information of company’s business operations. Accounting profit is determined according to accounting standards, while taxable profit is calculated based on tax laws, leading to the emergence of permanent and temporary differences. Special attention is given to International Accounting Standard 12 (IAS 12), which governs the recognition of deferred tax liabilities and assets. The subject of this paper is to demonstrate how these differences affect the objectivity and transparency of financial statements. The structure of the thesis includes the theoretical background of financial reporting and taxation, an analysis of the causes of differences, and a practical example that illustrates their application and accounting treatment. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of proper application of accounting and tax regulations for a fair and reliable presentation of business results
YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textKako bi se osigurao gospodarski razvoj na lokalnoj i nacionalnoj razini, poticanje poduzetništva ključni je element. Mlade je moguće izravno motivirati poduzetništvom, što može imati dobar učinak na zajednice u kojima djeluju. Uspješni mladi poduzetnici spremni su preuzeti tržišne segmente koje su drugi poslovni ljudi previdjeli ili na koje su gledali sa skepticizmom. Oni također imaju ideje koje će pomoći uspjehu vlastite tvrtke. Stoga ovaj završni rad analizira mlade poduzetnike u Republici Hrvatskoj. Otkriveno je kako potrebna infrastruktura i povoljni financijski alati moraju biti dostupni mladim poduzetnicima. Iako mladi poduzetnici u Republici Hrvatskoj već imaju pristup složenoj infrastrukturi organizacija koje im mogu pružiti podršku, formalni obrazovni sustav mora pripremiti učenike na svim razinama obrazovanja za stjecanje znanja, vještina i poduzetničkih kvaliteta.In order to ensure economic development at the local and national level, encouraging entrepreneurship is a key element. It is possible to directly motivate young people through entrepreneurship, which can have a good effect on the communities in which they operate. Successful young entrepreneurs are ready to take on market segments that other business people have overlooked or viewed with skepticism. They also have ideas that will help their own company succeed. Therefore, this undergraduate thesis analyzes young entrepreneurs in the Republic of Croatia. It was discovered that the necessary infrastructure and favorable financial tools must be available to young entrepreneurs. Although young entrepreneurs in the Republic of Croatia already have access to a complex infrastructure of organizations that can support them, the formal education system must prepare students at all levels of education to acquire knowledge, skills and entrepreneurial qualities
THE INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC OVERVOLTAGE'S ON (HV) SWITCHGEAR
No full textPrenaponom se definira svaki napon između dva fazna vodiča ili faznog vodiča i zemlje, kojem je vršna vrijednost veća od vršne vrijednosti maksimalnog napona opreme. Atmosferski prenaponi svojim izbijanjem mogu uzrokovati značajne kvarove električne opreme postrojenja te dolazi do velikih ekonomskih troškova. Bitno je pravilno dizajnirati i konstruirati zaštitu opreme rasklopnog postrojenja kako bi ista izdržala potencijalna naprezanja. U ovom radu analiziraju se djelovanja atmosferskih prenapona na (visokonaponskim) rasklopnim postrojenjima i pripadajućim bitnim elementima kao i zaštita istih.Overvoltage is defined as any voltage between two phase conductors or a phase conductor and ground, the peak value of which is greater than the peak value of the maximum voltage of the equipment. Atmospheric overvoltage’s can cause significant failures of the electrical equipment of the plant, resulting in large economic costs. It is important to properly design and construct the protection of the switchgear equipment so that it can withstand potential stresses. This paper analyzes the effects of atmospheric overvoltage’s on (high-voltage) switchgear and associated essential elements, as well as their protection
IMPACT OF CONNECTING THE KOLJANE SOLAR POWER PLANT TO THE POWER GRID
No full textOvaj rad analizira utjecaj priključenja sunčane elektrane Koljane na elektroenergetsku mrežu. U radu su obrađene tehničke karakteristike elektrane, postupak priključenja na srednjonaponsku distribucijsku mrežu te potrebne prilagodbe sustava. Posebna pažnja posvećena je promjenama u tokovima snaga, naponskom profilu mreže, stabilnosti sustava i funkciji zaštitnih uređaja. Na temelju provedenih analiza dani su zaključci o doprinosu sunčane elektrane održivosti elektroenergetskog sustava te preporuke za buduće projekte sličnog karaktera.This thesis analyzes the impact of connecting the Koljane solar power plant to the power grid. The technical characteristics of the power plant, the connection process to the medium-voltage distribution network, and necessary grid adaptations are discussed. Special attention is given to power flow changes, voltage profile variations, system stability, and protective device performance. Based on the conducted analysis, conclusions are drawn regarding the plant’s contribution to power system sustainability, along with recommendations for future projects of a similar nature
AUTOMATED BOTTLE INSPECTION SYSTEM IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS USING RASPBERRY PI COMPUTING PLATFORM
No full textAutomatizacija nadzora ispravnosti proizvoda u stvarnom vremenu postaje sve važnija u proizvodnim procesima. U ovom radu prikazana je izrada sustava za detekciju i analizu boca pomoću različitih senzora, računalnog vida i mikroračunala Raspberry Pi 3B+. Sustav se sastoji od senzora mase, senzora ambijentalnog osvjetljenja, kamere te Python programskog koda, a uz pomoć biblioteke OpenCV i ostalih. Korištenjem senzorskih podataka i slike, sustav detektira prisutnost boce, ispituje razinu osvjetljenja, prepoznaje etiketu i čep, određuje boju i razinu tekućine u boci te uspoređuje masu s definiranim pragovima. U slučaju da neki od kriterija nisu zadovoljeni, boca se klasificira kao neispravna. Svi podaci i slike rezultata šalju se i pohranjuju u realnom vremenu u Firebase bazu podataka. Sustav predstavlja senzorsku mrežu povezanu sa bazom podataka u stvarnom vremenu, što omogućuje brzu, pouzdanu i temeljitu procjenu kvalitete proizvoda.Automation of real-time product monitoring is becoming increasingly important in manufacturing processes. This scientific writing demonstrates the development of a system for detecting and analyzing bottles using various sensors, computer vision, and the Raspberry Pi 3B+ microcomputer. The system consists of a mass sensor, an ambient light sensor, a camera, and Python programming code, with assistance of the OpenCV library and others. By using sensor data and image, the system detects presence of a bottle, examines the light level, recognizes the label and cap, determines the color and liquid level in the bottle, and compares mass with defined thresholds. In case some of criteria are not met, bottles are classified as defective. All data and images of the results are sent and stored in real time in the Firebase database. The system represents a sensor network connected to a real-time database, which enables fast, reliable, and thorough examination of product quality
FINANCING WITH FUNDS FROM THE EU FUNDS FOR YOUTH
No full textOvaj rad bavi se analizom mogućnosti koje Europski fondovi pružaju mladima u Hrvatskoj te utjecajem tih sredstava na njihov razvoj i zapošljivost. Kroz pregled glavnih programa poput Erasmus+, Europskog socijalnog fonda (ESF), Youth Employment Initiative (YEI) i Europskog fonda za regionalni razvoj (ERDF), istražuju se dostupne prilike za obrazovanje, stručno usavršavanje i poduzetništvo. Posebna pažnja posvećena je preprekama koje otežavaju pristup ovim sredstvima, uključujući složene administrativne procedure, nejednaku raspodjelu resursa i manjak informiranosti među mladima. Rad također pruža uvid u primjere uspješno realiziranih projekata financiranih iz EU fondova, čime se naglašava njihov značaj za osobni i profesionalni napredak korisnika. Na temelju analize, predlažu se mjere za poboljšanje iskorištenosti fondova, poput pojednostavljenja procedura, jačanja informativnih aktivnosti i osiguravanja većeg pristupa mladima iz slabije razvijenih područja. Ove preporuke usmjerene su na povećanje učinkovitosti fondova i podršku mladima u ostvarivanju njihovih potencijala.This paper analyzes the opportunities provided by European funds to young people in Croatia, focusing on their impact on development and employability. It highlights key programs such as Erasmus+, ESF, YEI, and ERDF, and the possibilities they offer in education, training, and entrepreneurship. The challenges addressed include complex administrative procedures, regional disparities, and a lack of information. Additionally, examples of successful projects funded by EU programs are presented, emphasizing their importance for the personal and professional growth of young individuals. Recommendations include simplifying procedures, improving informational campaigns, and enhancing access for youth in less developed areas, aiming to increase the efficiency and accessibility of these funds
INTERNATIONAL VS. DOMESTIC FRANCHISE BRANDS: SURF*N*FRIES AND SUBWAY
No full textFranšiza prikazuje poduzetništvo koji se temelji na primjeni dokazanog i uspješnog poslovanja. S tim se smanjuje rizik pokretanja vlastitog posla. Davatelj franšize prodaje pravo korištenja svog brenda i poslovnog koncepta primatelju franšize. Primatelj franšize će zauzvrat plaćati početnu franšiznu pristojbu i periodične tantijeme. Plaća ih od mjesečnog prometa. Dugoročno se prikazuje kao stabilnija i sigurnija varijanta bez obzira na to što ulazak u takvo poslovanje iziskuje veća početna ulaganja u odnosu na samostalno poslovanje. U Hrvatskoj posluje oko 170 franšiznih sustava na otprilike 950 lokacija gdje ima oko 16.500 zaposlenih osoba. Od toliko franšiznih poslova samo je oko 35 domaćih franšiznih modela, što prikazuje koliko prevladavaju strane franšize na tržištu. Postoje franšize koje se Hrvatskoj nisu uspjele zadržati. Neke od takvih franšiza su Costa Coffee, Chill Frozen Yogurt i Ketchup. Najčešći razlog njihovog odlaska je bila slaba prilagodba lokalnim potrošačkim navikama i prilagodba ekonomiji. Među najuspješnijim franšiznim sustavima su McDonland's, Snack – Pek, Signarama, Bio&bio i domaći brend Surf'n'Fries. Uspjeli su ostvariti stabilan rast i razvoj na tržištu prateći i prilagođavajući se svojim potrošačima. Uspoređujući međunarodno razvijenog Subway-a i domaćeg brenda Surf'n'Fries-a, analizirat će se izazovi i posebnosti franšiznog poslovanja u Hrvatskoj i svijetu. Posebno se pregleda posvećenost prilagodbe lokalnom i međunarodnom tržištu, pregled tržišta i potrošača, računovodstvene razlike, utjecaj strategije na dugoročni uspjeh poslovanja i model poslovanja. Osim ekonomskih i strateških odluka koje treba posjedovati franšizno poslovanje, također treba i pravne, kulturne i financijske prilagodbe posjedovati. Predstavlja alternativnu varijantu poduzetnicima diljem svijeta te se u budućnosti očekuje sve veći rast franšiznih sustava.Franchising represents entrepreneurship based on the application of proven and successful business practices. This reduces the risk of starting your own business. The franchisor sells the right to use its brand and business concept to the franchisee. In return, the franchisee will pay an initial franchise fee and periodic royalties. They pay them from monthly turnover. In the long term, it is presented as a more stable and safer option, regardless of the fact that entering such a business requires higher initial investments compared to independent business. In Croatia, there are about 170 franchise systems operating in approximately 950 locations, where there are about 16,500 employees. Of so many franchise businesses, only about 35 are domestic franchise models, which shows how much foreign franchises dominate the market. There are franchises that have failed to stay in Croatia. Some of such franchises are Costa Coffee, Chill Frozen Yogurt and Ketchup. The most common reason for their departure was poor adaptation to local consumer habits and adaptation to the economy. Among the most successful franchise systems are McDonald's, Snack – Pek, Signarama, Bio&bio and the domestic brand Surf'n'Fries. They have managed to achieve stable growth and development in the market by following and adapting to their consumers. Comparing the internationally developed Subway and the domestic brand Surf'n'Fries, the challenges and specificities of franchise business in Croatia and the world will be analyzed. In particular, the commitment to adapting to the local and international market, market and consumer overview, accounting differences, the impact of strategy on the long-term success of the business and the business model are reviewed. In addition to the economic and strategic decisions that franchise business should have, it should also have legal, cultural and financial adjustments. It represents an alternative option for entrepreneurs around the world and an increasing growth of franchise systems is expected in the future
THE IMPACT OF MARKET POWER ON BUSINESS PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF THREE DALMATIAN AIRPORTS
No full textOvaj rad istražuje povezanost tržišne moći i uspješnosti poslovanja Zračne luke Split u razdoblju od 2019. do 2023. godine. Korišteni su pokazatelji tržišnog udjela, HerfindahlHirschmanov indeks (HHI), stopa povrata imovine (ROA) i stopa povrata kapitala (ROE) kako bi se ocijenila konkurentnost i poslovna efikasnost. Rezultati pokazuju da Zračna luka Split kontinuirano održava snažnu tržišnu poziciju unatoč padu prometa izazvanom pandemijom. Vrijednosti HHI-ja potvrđuju umjerenu do visoku koncentraciju tržišta dok se ROA oporavlja nakon negativnog trenda u 2020. godini i doseže gotovo predpandemijsku razinu. Usporedbom sa zračnim lukama u Zadru i Dubrovniku, Zračna luka Split pokazuje veću otpornost i stabilnost u poslovanju. Zaključno, Zračna luka Split potvrđuje se kao vodeća zračna luka u regiji s potencijalom daljnjeg rasta i razvoja temeljenog na konsolidiranoj tržišnoj moći i operativnoj učinkovitosti.This thesis investigates the relationship between market power and business performance using the case study of Split Airport, Zadar Airport and Dubrovnik Airport over the period from 2019 to 2023. The analysis is based on key indicators such as market share, the HerfindahlHirschman Index (HHI), return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE). The main aim is to assess the level of competitiveness and operational efficiency. The findings reveal that Split Airport has consistently maintained a leading market position despite the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on air traffic. HHI values indicate a moderately to highly concentrated market structure while ROA demonstrates a strong recovery following a decline in the year 2020. nearing pre-pandemic levels in subsequent years. In comparison to the airports in Zadar and Dubrovnik Split Airport exhibits greater financial resilience and operational stability. The results confirm Split Airport’s strategic role within the national aviation sector and its potential for further growth and development, grounded in sustained market strength and business efficiency