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Coordination scientifique, introduction et édito du numéro thématique « Les pédagogies différentes à l’école primaire. Quelles approches méthodologiques et épistémologiques pour quels résultats en sciences de l’éducation et de la formation ? »
No full textInternational audienceStarting from the relationship between pedagogy and educational research, this editorial clarifies the notions of pedagogy, different and alternative pedagogies. It then takes up the already established observation that little research is devoted to these pedagogical practices, wondering whether educational sciences are neglecting their study. On the contrary, the articles in this dossier suggest that there are still researchers in education who are interested in these subjects. They reopen essential debates for these sciences at a time when, in the field of education, emerging currents of educational research are claiming to revolutionize pedagogy through neuro-education, neuro-pedagogy or direct instruction, based on the paradigm of the “school effectiveness” derived from Evidence-Based research. These debates are at the heart of the dossier's problematic: what methodologies, epistemologies and disciplinary and theoretical frameworks are used by educational sciences to study the teaching/learning practices of elementary school and classrooms claiming to follow “different” pedagogies?Partant des rapports entre pédagogie et recherche en éducation, cet édito précise les notions de pédagogie, de pédagogies différentes et alternatives. Puis, il reprend le constat déjà établi que peu de recherches sont consacrées à ces pratiques pédagogiques, se demandant si les sciences de l’éducation et de la formation en délaisseraient l’étude. Les articles de ce dossier suggèrent au contraire qu’il existe toujours des chercheurs en sciences de l’éducation et de la formation qui s’intéressent à ces objets. Ils réouvrent des débats essentiels pour ces sciences alors que dans le champ scolaire, des courants émergeants de recherche en éducation prétendent révolutionner la pédagogie par la neuro-éducation, la neuropédagogie ou l’instruction directe, à partir du paradigme de « l’école efficace » relevant des recherches fondées sur des données probantes. Ces débats sont au cœur de la problématique du dossier : par quelles méthodologies, selon quelles épistémologies, quels cadres disciplinaires et théoriques les sciences de l’éducation et de la formation étudient-elles les pratiques d’enseignement/apprentissage des écoles et des classes primaires se réclamant de pédagogies dites « différentes »
What’s in a book collector’s mind?: Delving into the Renaissance medical library of Laurentius de Rubeis
No full textInternational audienceIn an era where erudite medical education was based mostly on bookish culture, and learned physicians were prominent educators, book collection and medical activity were interwoven. The collections, drawing on ancient (mainly Greek) and contemporary medical authorities, showcase the eagerness of humanist physicians for knowledge update and professional accuracy.In this framework, as a continuation of our Scientiae 2024 presentation, we pursue the study of the (still mysterious) Laurentius de Rubeis’ library: 317 books, mostly medical and of Jesuit provenance, printed between 1501 and the mid-17th cent., currently in the National Library in Rome. We will share our new findings on some important aspects of this library and place it in the ecosystem of humanistic medicine.We will focus on the following: non-medical books; Rubeis’ preferred Medieval and contemporary medical authors; the place of religion; books on obstetrics and “andrology”; samples of marginalia providing clues about the educational and professional utilization of these books and showing reading habits or controversies.Even though Rubeis’ identity has not yet been unveiled, we will share hypotheses about him and his possible interrelations with scholars, medical professionals and personalities in Rome, Italy and beyond. We will discuss the place of this library in the networks that shaped early modern scholarly communities, and present ”Librimed”, the Rubeis’ virtual library in preparation
Multidisciplinary End-to-End Document-Level Relation Extraction from Scientific Literature
No full textInternational audienceThe increasing impact of global change on coastal areas necessitates effective collaboration among stakeholders to develop sound environmental protection policies. However, the vast number of scientific publications and the interdisciplinary nature of the field make it challenging to accurately identify and extract relevant information. Current methods for analyzing coastal region literature are limited in handling complex document-level relations, impeding the development of comprehensive Knowledge Bases (KBs) essential for informed decision-making. Therefore, we introduce CoastRED, a corpus of 416 scientific abstracts focused on coastal regions, designed for interdisciplinary end-to-end Document-level Relation Extraction (DocRE), leveraging the ARDI framework(Actors, Resources, Dynamics, and Interactions) to automatically identify key entities and their roles in coastal systems. We present DUNJERE—an end-to-end model integrating Mention Detection, Coreference Resolution, Entity Typing, and Relation Extraction. Based on a U-Net architecture, DUNJERE approaches Relation Extraction as a semantic segmentation task, enhancing its performance in an end-to-end setting. Evaluations on the DocRED and ReDocRED datasets demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, while experiments on CoastRED highlight its potential to advance coastal system research by providing a robust tool for document analysis and KB construction
Ce que la musique électroacoustique fait à l'enquête et réciproquement. Habiter les quartiers nord de Bourges
No full textInternational audienceAprès avoir écouté un podcast tiré du projet de recherche présenté, notre communication revient sur le projet « Échos d’âmes » mené dans des quartiers prioritaires de Bourges depuis 2021, en collaboration entre des compositeurs, un anthropologue, une photographe et une cinéaste. Cette recherche-création éclaire les manières dont on habite ces territoires en mutation par le Nouveau Plan National de Rénovation Urbaine. Nous avons procédé à des enregistrements de différentes natures en participant à la vie de quartier et cela a donné lieu à différentes restitutions : une composition musicale en octophonie en 2023 ainsi qu’une série de podcasts diffusés en radio. Dans un deuxième temps (en cours), des balades sonores dans les quartiers invitent à écouter des montages issus de la 2e phase de collecte. L’ensemble des données collectées a été (et sera) versé à un service d’archives afin de valoriser ce patrimoine des voix minoritaires.Après une présentation générale de l’enquête, nous développerons la façon dont l’approche en termes de recherche-création redéfinit les objectifs et les objets même de la recherche : il ne s’agit pas uniquement de documenter une thématique ou un phénomène existant (le son), il s’agit aussi de le créer. Les sonorités sont à la fois ce sur quoi porte l’enquête et ce que l’enquête construit
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Verification of Mechanical Displacements in Piezoelectric Transformer
No full textInternational audienceAbstract Since its invention, piezoelectric transformers (PTs) have been extensively studied and its performances have been continuously improved. Nowadays, such devices are designed in sophisticated architectures with associated models describing their behavior quite accurately. However, the different studies usually carried out on such devices mainly focus on their electrical characteristics induced by direct piezoelectric effect such as voltage gain and efficiency. In this work, a particular interest is given to the characterization of mechanical displacements induced by inverse piezoelectric effect, in a PT in vibration. For this purpose, a detailed 3D finite element analysis is proposed to examine the mechanical behavior of a Rosen type transformer made of a single bar of soft PZT (P191). At the first three modes of vibration, output voltage and mechanical displacements along the length, the width and the thickness are calculated. The amplitude of displacements varies in a range from a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers. The validity of the simulations is successfully confirmed by experiments carried out on a prototype using a laser interferometer. A good match is observed between simulation and experimental results despite some differences observed locally at the scanned sections. Such 3D‐simulations thus appear as a helpful tool for a better understanding of mechanical phenomena in Rosen‐type PT
Reviewing Research Software
No full textInternational audienceEvery research project in computational science requires writing some code, even if it's only a few scripts. This code is instrumental in generating results, and often important for understanding in detail what was done. Nevertheless, unlike experimental or theoretical methods, software is almost never peer reviewed. Maybe this should change. But is it possible at all
Hybrid Inference for Microbial Community Models: Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Parameter Estimation in Generalized Lotka-Volterra System
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An empirical study of vowel reduction and preservation in British English
No full textInternational audienceThis article presents a dictionarybased study of vowel reduction and preservation in British English in initial pretonic position and intertonic position. The different variables which have been claimed to influence those processes are tested on a data set of over 4,500 words using regression analyses. Our results confirm the significant effects of syllable structure, position of the vowel, word frequency and opaque prefixation. They also provide weak evidence for other factors such as vowel features and the existence of a base in which the vowel bears a stress, although no clear effects of word segmentability could be found. We also report new findings, as we find that foreign words reduce less than nonforeign words; we find that [+back] vowels reduce less than [-back] vowels in initial pretonic position; and we find a difference in behaviour for vowels followed by /sC/ clusters between nonderived words and stressshifted derivatives
Extremising eigenvalues of the GJMS operators in a fixed conformal class
No full textInternational audienceLet (M, g) be a closed Riemannian manifold of dimension n ≥ 3. If s is a positive integer satisfying 2s < n, we let P s g be the GJMS operator of order 2s in M . We investigate in this paper the extremal values taken by fixed eigenvalues of P s h as h runs through the whole conformal class [g]. Because of the conformal covariance of P s g , two variational problems are of particular interest: the problem of maximising negative eigenvalues of P s h and the one of minimising positive eigenvalues of P s h , as h ∈ [g]. These extremal values -that we call throughout the paper conformal eigenvalues -are conformal invariants of (M, g) and optimisers for these problems, when they exist, are known to not be smooth metrics in general. In this paper we develop a general framework that allows us to address the the existence theory for extremals of conformal eigenvalues. We define and investigate eigenvalues for singular conformal metrics, that we call generalised eigenvalues. We develop a new variational framework for renormalised eigenvalues of any index over the set of admissible (singular) conformal factors: we obtain semi-continuity results and Euler-Lagrange equations for local extremals. Using this framework we prove, under mild assumptions on (M, g) and s, several new (non)-existence results for extremals of renormalised eigenvalues over [g]. These include, among other results, a maximisation result for negative eigenvalues, the minimisation of the principal eigenvalue of P s g and the analysis of the conformal eigenvalues of the round sphere (S n , g 0 ). We also establish a strong connection between the existence of optimisers and (nodal) solutions of prescribed Q-curvature equations. Our analysis allows any order s ≥ 1 and allows P s g to have kernel. Previous results only covered the cases s = 1, 2 and k = 1, 2. Our work strongly generalises these results to any s ≥ 1 and to eigenvalues of any order.</div