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Ovarian Torsion in Prepubertal Girls: Clinical Characteristics, Biological and Radiological Features, Reccurency Rate
No full textInternational audienceIntroduction: The diagnosis of ovarian torsion is made with delay among pre-pubertal girls and the management after the surgical detorsion is poorly codified. We interested in the French experience during the last two decades.Methods: Retrospective study in French pediatric surgery centers from January 2000 to December 2022 concerning girls who presented with at least 1 episode of ovarian torsion in the prepubertal period. Data collected included patient history, symptomatology, biological and imaging assessment at first episode, emergency surgery, follow-up including recurrence.Results: Thirty centers participated and we included 502 girls diagnosed with ovarian torsion during a surgical procedure performed due to abdominal pain (with or without ovarian mass). The girls had a mean age of 7.9 years (± 2.8) and a median age of 8.3 years (Q1 5.97; Q3 10.12) at the time of the first episode of torsion. Nausea or vomiting was present in 71% of cases. Fever was present in 23% of cases and was more displayed 24 hours after the onset of abdominal pain (p < 0.0001). Mean follow-up was 2.1 (± 2.61) years. Only 42 out of 142 (30%) girls with enlarged ovaries (> 97th percentile) were referred to the endocrinologist to assess the existence of hormonal anomalies. Of the 482 girls without oophoropexy after the first episode of torsion, 71 (14.7 %) experienced at least one recurrence. Among them: 10 (7.5%) had an ovarian mass and 42 (55%) enlarged ovaries.Conclusion: Symptoms of ovarian torsion in pre-pubertal girls are not specific and clinicians should be aware of this insidious presentation in this group. These girls should be systematically referred to endocrinologists
Comportement thermo-chimio-mécanique d’élastomères fortement compressibles
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Endommagement, fragmentation et combustion d’un matériau explosif comprimé
No full textIn the context of the safety of pyrotechnic structures, it is important to evaluate by simulation the level of reaction reached during thermal or mechanical aggressions (impact). Nowadays, there is no unified approach approved by the international scientific community to describe the complex process leading to violent reactions such as the Combustion-Deflagration-Detonation transition (CoDDT). The objective of this thesis is to study the influence of the damage, resulting from low velocity impact damage on the combustion of a pressed explosive.First, we will study the influence of mechanical loading on the combustion behavior of our material. We will show that the burning surface plays an important role in the TCoDD phenomenon, and we will seek to determine this surface from manometer bomb tests. Next, we will quantify the damage within the microstructure (crack density, porosity, etc.) following mechanical loading. Finally, we will model the mechanical behavior of our material and relate its damage to the crack density influencing material combustion.Dans le cadre de la sécurité des structures pyrotechniques, il est important de prédire le niveau de réaction atteint lors d’agressions thermiques ou mécaniques (impact). À ce jour, il n’existe pas de démarche unifiée et approuvée par la communauté scientifique internationale permettant de décrire le processus complexe menant à des réactions violentes telles que la transition Combustion-Déflagration-Détonation (TCoDD). Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’influence de l’endommagement dû à un impact à basse vitesse sur la combustion d’un explosif comprimé.Dans un premier temps, nous étudierons l’influence d’une sollicitation mécanique sur le comportement en combustion de notre matériau. Nous montrerons que la surface en combustion joue un rôle important dans le phénomène de la TCoDD, et nous chercherons à déterminer cette surface à partir des essais en bombe manométrique. Ensuite, nous nous attacherons à quantifier l’endommagement au sein de la microstructure (densité de fissures, porosité, etc.) suite à une sollicitation mécanique. Enfin, nous modéliserons le comportement mécanique de notre matériau et relierons l’endommagement de celui-ci à la densité de fissures ayant une influence sur la combustion du matériau
Mice lacking the fructose transporter Glut5 exhibit excessive androgens and reduced sperm motility
No full textInternational audienceOverconsumption of fructose is linked to metabolic diseases, which are often associated with reduced fertility. GLUT5 is the most specific fructose transporter. To investigate its role in the testes, we analyzed the male reproductive phenotype of transgenic male mice deficient in GLUT5 (GLUT5−/− or GLUT5 knockout [KO] mice). Glut5 expression was shown in Leydig cells and germ cells, from primary spermatocytes to spermatozoa. We found reduced intratesticular fructose and pyruvate concentrations in GLUT5−/− mice. These mice exhibited 30% lower litter sizes compared with control mice. Histological analysis of the testes revealed some seminiferous tubules with a “Sertoli cell-only” phenotype, although spermatogenesis occurred normally in most tubules. Reduced fertility in GLUT5 KO mice was linked to lower sperm production and impaired sperm quality. Spermatozoa from these mice displayed reduced motility, head abnormalities, and a diminished acrosome reaction, which was associated with reduced cyclic adenosine monophosphate content and impaired phosphorylation of protein kinase A substrates in the acrosome. Unexpectedly, androgen production in GLUT5 KO mice was 3-fold higher than in controls, despite unchanged luteinizing hormone levels. Electron microscopy of Leydig cells revealed a highly developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum, increased lipid droplets, and abnormal mitochondrial structures, suggesting disrupted mitochondrial dynamics. Proteomic analysis identified 155 deregulated proteins in the testicular tissue of GLUT5 KO mice, nearly half of which were associated with sperm motility, germ cell morphology, glycolysis, mitochondrial dynamics, and oxidative stress. In conclusion, the absence of the specific fructose transporter GLUT5 reduced testicular fructose content and led to an asthenozoospermia phenotype accompanied by hyperandrogenism
Cystic fibrosis alters the structure of the olfactory epithelium and the expression of olfactory receptors affecting odor perception
No full textInternational audienceA reduced sense of smell is a common condition in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) that negatively affects their quality of life. While often attributed to nasal mucosa inflammation, the underlying causes of the olfactory loss remain unknown. Here, we characterized gene expression in olfactory epithelium cells from patients with CF using single-nuclei RNA sequencing and found altered expression of olfactory receptors (ORs) and genes related to progenitor cell proliferation. We confirmed these findings in newborn, inflammation-free samples of a CF animal model and further identified ultrastructural alterations in the olfactory epithelium and bulbs of these animals. We established that CFTR, the anion channel whose dysfunction causes CF, is dispensable for odor-evoked signaling in sensory neurons, yet CF animals displayed defective odor-guided behaviors consistent with the morphological and molecular alterations. Our study highlights CF’s major role in modulating epithelial structure and OR expression, shedding light on the mechanisms contributing to olfactory loss in CF
On the macroeconomic effects of fiscal reforms: fiscal rules and public expenditure efficiency
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Le chantier « Agroécologie & Marché » conduit par les groupes filières INRAE
No full textLe secteur agroalimentaire fait l’objet d’une segmentation croissante du marché avec la multiplication de démarches dites de qualité, publique ou privée, qui engagent les filières dans la construction de pratiques de production, de transformation ou de distribution différenciées. Nous connaissons peu de choses sur la manière dont ces démarches inscrivent leurs pratiques dans l’agroécologie, et en particulier pour les filières ayant une mention valorisante autre que l’agriculture biologique. De 2022 à 2023, la Direction Scientifique Agriculture INRAE a engagé un chantier exploratoire, avec 11 groupes filières INRAE, pour analyser comment se construisent des démarches de filières différenciées sur le marché et leur engagement en faveur de l’agroécologie.National audienceThe agri-food sector encountered an increasing market segmentation, with the proliferation of public and private quality labels, which commit the supply chains to the building of differentiated production, processing and distribution practices. We know very little about the way in which the value chains move towards agroecology, and in particular for the value chains with quality labels other than organic farming. From 2022 to 2023, INRAE's Scientific Division for Agriculture has launched an exploratory project, with 11 INRAE value-chain groups, to analyze how differentiated supply chains are committing toward agroecology. This project, entitled “Agroecology and Market”, was based on a desk research and interviews with over 60 actors from the interbranches and different streams in agrifood chains. This introductory article presents the initial thinking behind the project, the mission of the value-chain groups and the 28 case studies selected for illustrative purposes, in order to conduct this exploratory analysis within a diversity of production and supply chain contexts.Innovations agronomiques 100 (2025), 1-12 RésuméLe secteur agroalimentaire fait l'objet d'une segmentation croissante du marché avec la multiplication de démarches dites de qualité, publique ou privée, qui engagent les filières dans la construction de pratiques de production, de transformation ou de distribution différenciées. Nous connaissons peu de choses sur la manière dont ces démarches inscrivent leurs pratiques dans l'agroécologie, et en particulier pour les filières ayant une mention valorisante autre que l'agriculture biologique. De 2022 à 2023, la Direction Scientifique Agriculture INRAE a engagé un chantier exploratoire, avec 11 groupes filières INRAE, pour analyser comment se construisent des démarches de filières différenciées sur le marché et leur engagement en faveur de l'agroécologie. Ce chantier dénommé « Agroécologie et Marché » s'est appuyé sur une analyse documentaire et une série d'entretiens auprès de plus de 60 acteurs, représentatifs d'interprofessions et de différents maillons de diverses filières. Cet article introductif présente la réflexion initiale de ce chantier, la mission des groupes filières et les 28 cas d'études retenus à titre illustratif, pour conduire cette analyse exploratoire au regard d'une diversité de contextes de production et de filières.</div
Soins palliatifs et bon usage du médicament : quels enjeux ?
No full textBecause of its frequency and consequences, both individual and collective, drug misuse is a major public health issue. Among the main causes of this phenomenon, non-conformity of prescriptions plays a predominant role. To counter this, health authorities regularly publish recommendations aimed at limiting misuse. Although these guidelines are designed to apply to all patients, certain populations, such as those in palliative care, remain under-documented. In these specific contexts, drug prescribing poses a considerable challenge, requiring a delicate balance between expected benefits and incurred risks. The aim of this study is to characterize the misuse of drugs in palliative care, and to identify areas for improvement, particularly in the area of deprescribing.Particular attention was paid to two classes of drugs often over-prescribed in the general population: proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and benzodiazepines. Our studies of palliative care patients reveal a pronounced misuse of PPIs, and question overprescription of benzodiazepines. We also examined the feasibility of deprescribing in this context. Our initial results indicate that palliative care patients are generally in favor of deprescribing. We also studied the relevance of indicators for assessing the effects of deprescribing. Our results highlight the value of using synthetic assessment criteria, such as brief scales to measure specific symptoms like anxiety. Finally, they call for the creation of specific tools to assess palliative patients' quality of life in relation to deprescription.En raison de sa fréquence et de ses conséquences individuelles et collectives, le mésusage des médicaments est un enjeu majeur de santé publique. Pour y remédier, les autorités de santé publient régulièrement des recommandations visant à limiter le mésusage. Bien que ces directives soient conçues pour s'appliquer à l'ensemble des patients, certaines populations, comme celles en soins palliatifs, restent sous-documentées. Dans ces contextes spécifiques, la prescription médicamenteuse pose un défi considérable, exigeant un équilibre délicat entre les bénéfices attendus et les risques encourus. Ce travail a pour objectif de caractériser le mésusage des médicaments dans le cadre des soins palliatifs, en identifiant des pistes d'amélioration, notamment en matière de déprescription. Une attention particulière a été portée à deux classes de médicaments souvent sujettes à une surprescription dans la population générale : les inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons (IPP) et les benzodiazépines. Nos études menées auprès de patients en soins palliatifs révèlent un mésusage prononcé des IPP, et mettent en question la surprescription des benzodiazépines. Par ailleurs, la faisabilité de la déprescription dans ce contexte a été examinée. Nos premiers résultats indiquent que les patients en soins palliatifs se montrent globalement favorables à la déprescription. Nous avons également étudié la pertinence des indicateurs permettant d'évaluer les effets de la déprescription. Nos résultats mettent en lumière l'intérêt d'utiliser des critères d'évaluation synthétiques, tels que des échelles brèves pour mesurer des symptômes spécifiques comme l'anxiété. Enfin, ils appellent à la création d'outils spécifiques pour évaluer la qualité de vie des patients palliatifs en lien avec la déprescription
Flark! Localising The Intergalactic Colloquialisms Into French in Marvel’s Guardians of the Galaxy
No full textInternational audienceTranslating colloquial and idiomatic expressions have always been a challenge for translators as they are anchored in the source language and culture. The difficulty can be amplified according to the media in translation. In videogames, for example, translators have limited space to translate texts or temporal constraints when dubbing the characters. Science fiction is a very creative genre, not only through narration, but also through language. Science fiction artists have always invented new words to fill their imaginary worlds with new objects, concepts and ideas. Some of them go beyond lexical innovation and play with the language itself through fictional languages, transformation of the language used and the creation of new expressions that reflect the world. Marvel’s Guardians of the Galaxy is a videogame released in 2021 and developed by Eidos-Montréal. The players embody Star Lord, the leader of a group of heroic misfits, the Guardians of the Galaxy. One of the specificities of this linear, very narrative, action-adventure game is the way it uses dialogue as a very efficient way of immersing the players in the Guardians’ universe. Beyond the colourful design of the game, the authors use language as an immersive tool by creating a whole way of speaking, especially through the use of colloquial and idiomatic expressions: « You sons of chogs! Scutbustin’ aftbladders! »; « Filthy grudscum! Badoon-face scutplugs! »; « flarkholes »; « flark »; « d’astface! ».Our proposal offers to analyse the fictional phraseological units, that is the co-occurrence of lexical or grammatical items which creates a semantic unity, extracted from the game and their translation into French to understand how the translators have transferred the colourful language in the target language. The methodology will be divided in three parts: first, the extraction of all the science fictional colloquial phraseologisms (the colloquialisms - specifically all the expressions of anger, surprise or strong emotion) found in the game in English as well as their translated counterparts in the official French localisation. Then, I will analyse the way the new phraseological units were created in English, in a morphosyntactic and semantic perspective. At last, I will compare and contrast with the French localisation in order to understand how the units were deconstructed and recreated into French and the potential effect on the game experience. In the last section, translation strategies will be defined and studied. The analysis will take into account the constraints of videogame localisation and will be carried out within the framework of contrastive linguistics and functionalist theories
Investigating the influence of multitasking and gender in visuomotor skills of 1578 pilot candidates
No full textInternational audienceBecause accurate eye-hand-foot coordination and the ability to simultaneously achieve several tasks are key for piloting, pilot selection typically involves dual/triple tasking in conjunction with visuomotor tests that rely on tracking a moving target with the hand and/or the feet. Because there is also a requirement to integrate more women in military jobs, here we examined the influence of gender over 1578 candidates who performed such tests during their application process for entry into the French Air and Space Force flight school. By means of a flight evaluation system, volunteers performed pursuit tracking tasks that required to move a control stick or rudder either separately (single tasking), conjointly (dual tasking), or conjointly while performing mental calculation (triple tasking). The flight simulator was designed such that maneuvering the stick (but not the rudder) dictated its inclination. Stick and rudder tracking performance were evaluated through the mean distance and lag between cursor and target. For all types of tests, the tracking scores of men outperformed those of women, especially when the flight simulator was oscillating. In contrast to stick tracking, rudder tracking suffered extensively from dual and triple tasking for all candidates. Although our findings align with other studies reporting gender differences in visuomotor tracking, they bring attention to known gender differences in the vestibular system. Moreover, under cognitive load, control of the stick is prioritized at the expense of the rudder control. This finding has practical implications for guiding assistance during delicate situations that require concurrent maneuvering of stick and rudder