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Конституційне гуманітарне право: основи концептуальної парадигми
Get PDFIn modern conditions of constitutional development of Ukraine, favorable conditions are created for the formation and separation in the system of national constitutional law of such its humanitarian component as the constitutional humanitarian law.It is grounded to distinguish three main reasons of this.The first reason – is the current stage of constitutional reforms in Ukraine, which determines this tendency of the development of national constitutional law as its humanization and improvement of human dimension of constitutional and legal realities. Hence, the recognition and legal support for livelihood, development, self-fulfillment and protection of such subjects of constitutional law as a person, a citizen, society (including civil society).The second reason for separation and formation of humanitarian law in the system of constitutional law is strengthening interaction between national and international law. This is particularly evident under current conditions of European integration of Ukraine. International acts (including in human rights and freedoms) are (under certain conditions (see: Art. 9 of the Constitution of Ukraine) part of domestic law.The third reason is associated with the need of complex regulation of social relations that arise between people, civil society and state by constitutional and legal norms for the purpose of establishing constitutional and legal freedoms.The nature of constitutional humanitarian law is marked in the fact that modern constitutional law has a relationship with humanism ("humanism" – Lat. “humane”), which is found in its humanitarian focus, that is – to focus on ensuring the constitutional and legal freedoms, development and sustainable development of civil society.Constitutional humanitarian law – is an institution of constitutional law, which defines the establishment and protection of human rights, development of civil society through constitutional and legal means. The subject of its regulation are the social relations that arise between people, civil society and the state in the implementation of public (state) authorities for the purpose of establishing constitutional and legal freedomsСтаттю присвячено науковому аналізу передумов та об’єктивних чинників щодо формування та виокремлення у системі вітчизняного конституційного права такої його гуманітарної складової як конституційне гуманітарне право. Важливим є створення науково-практичної парадигми конституційного гуманітарного права, що буде сприяти формуванню та подальшому розвитку громадянського суспільства та утвердженню України як демократичної держави, в якій людина є найвищою цінністю. В статті розкриваються основи концептуальної парадигми конституційного гуманітарного прав
Правові форми та механізми захисту прав споживачів в рамках європейського союзу
Get PDFExistence of a paradigm of the consumer society causes in modern world causes no doubts. Consumering is a process which includes a choice of goods or services, keeping their maintenance and repairs, managing them.Ukraine has adopted the Civil Code which in fact is the act of the European Private Law, therefore the private rights protection is now in place. Articles 282, 708, 709 of the Civil Code of Ukraine guarantee proection of rights of a person as of a customer. The Law of Ukraine "On Protecting the Customers Rights" - partly harmonised with the EU Law - has provisions developed in line with the EU standards on customers rights protection. It is necessary to follow further developments in this area in the EU and to make sure they are applied to the Ukrainian context. Therefore a study of the types and forms of protection of the customers rights in the EU as well as of the mechanisms of possible application and the sources of law is of considerable importance. Of particular interest are the aspects of the rights of customers who make e-agreements taking the offers of the online shops, which are being regularly updated in the EU. Ukraine's legislation has to ensure similar provisions so that the rights of customers are guaranteed and spesific features of these agreements are taken into consideration. It should also be noted in this regard that there's a considerable number of EU Directives which deal with the protection of a customer in the area of information advertising, tourism services, information technologies at large. A wide range of issues and relevant EU legislation have therefore to be approximated and regulated in the Ukrainian law. Research on this topic is also part of the tasks that Ukraine has to fulfil under its obligations on the protection of the customers' rights within the EU-Ukraine Association AgreementВ науковій статті досліджено засади становлення та розвитку політики ЄС у сфері захисту прав споживачів. Обґрунтовано необхідність дослідження правового регулювання механізмів захисту прав споживачів в рамках ЄС. Проаналізовано акти вторинного права ЄС з метою застосування позитивного досвіду регулювання відповідних відносин в контексті гармонізації законодавства України з правом ЄС у цій сфер
"Права добробуту" в контексті практики верховного суду США
Get PDFThe article aims to study the contents of the "welfare rights" in the United States in the context of the legal position of the Supreme Court of the United States. An analysis of key decisions of the Supreme Court concerning the protection of such rights is made. The authors came to the conclusion that the legal positions of the Supreme Court of the United States have undergone a long evolution in the sense of "welfare rights": from their complete rejection to the assessment in the coordinates of the rule of law principle, which is implicitly derived from the Constitution. It has been found that the Supreme Court links the protection of "welfare rights" (unwritten constitutional rights) with the protection of other rights, which are outwardly enshrined in the text of the Constitution (in particular, with the right to due process)Стаття ставить метою дослідження змісту "прав добробуту" в США в контексті правових позицій Верховного Суду США. Зроблено аналіз ключових рішень Верховного Суду щодо захисту таких прав. Автори дійшли висновку, що правові позиції Верховного Суду США пройшли еволюцію в розумінні "прав добробуту": від їх повного заперечення до оцінки в координатах принципу верховенства прав
Особливості розсуду в податково-правовому регулюванні
Get PDFIt is stated that the problem of judgement in the tax-legal regulation cannot be considered as separate or relatively closed. An analysis of this form of realization of freedom of choice cannot be considered complete without the study of the problems of "discretion", "prejudice", "interpretation", "value judgement ". It is noted that the grounds of judgement in tax law regulation are: the nature and content of tax law norms, terminology of tax legislation, conflicts of legal norms, value judgements.Judgement in tax regulation is an elaborate complex phenomenon, which determines its place at the junction of several branches of law and methods of regulation. The application of judgement in tax relations involves harmonization of the range of influence of tax regulations and the discretion of possibilities of their use. The complexity of judgement in tax regulations involves two aspects: the complexity of relations that are regulated in a similar way, and the complexity of the acts by which it is carried out.The complexity of relations reflecting the situation, discretion of which should be realized, involves, apart from the availability of the tax sector, the groups of relations that are not directly tax, but without clarifying the origin and nature of which it is impossible to choose the subject of the judgement.The complexity of acts involves, on the one hand, the participation in the implementation of judgemental acts related to various sectoral legislation (as mentioned above), and, on the other hand, the complexity of acts that characterize a single (rather notional) sectoral approach.The substantial feature in the realization of the judgement of lawmaking subjects, power subjects, judicial discretion is the realization of the latter in the exercise of rights. At the same time, certain freedom of choice also characterizes the actions of the payer, when he, at his own discretion, chooses the possible options for the realization of his own tax liability. Freedom to choose the behavior option, taxpayer’s decision-making are both associated with the realization of dutyВ статті аналізуються основи розсуду в публічно-правовому регулюванні податкових відносин. Автор звертає увагу на принципові особливості природи відносин оподаткування і, виходячи з цього, розглядає різні види розсуду в цій області. Пов’язуючи розсуд з певним вибором варіанта поведінки та отримання на підставі цього певного рішення, вибір диференціюється за суб'єктами: розсуд суб'єкта законотворчості, розсуд суб'єкта владних повноважень, судовий розсуд. Зупинившись на особливостях кожного з них, автор акцентує увагу на співвідношенні публічного розсуду з реалізацією свободи вибору варіанта поведінки зобов’язаних осіб (платників податків) при виконанні податкового обов'язк
Політико-правова характеристика екстремізму
Get PDFThe concept, essence, social conditionality, types and consequences of extremism is considered in the article. The opinion that extremism is not only aggressive actions, violence, but also negative attitudes, beliefs, moods, hatred, cruelty, approval of radical actions and statements is proved. Extremism is considered as one of the forms of manifestation of legal nihilism.There are such features of extremism as extreme, categoriality, peremptoriness in theory and practice, the representation of own position as the only correct, the striving to achieve desired in any way, including by violence, which is justified at the ideological level. The extremist ideology is formed on the basis of traditional ideologies by their radicalization. The above-mentioned features characterize the essence of extremism.Extremism is a consequence of social and cultural contradictions in modern society. Strengthening of extremist attitudes is observed where there is inequality and opposition of the interests of social groups in political, economic, social, spiritual, interracial, interreligious, geopolitical and other relations. The main source of extremism is the crisis state of society, which generates its anomie.There are such types of extremism as political, religious, nationalistic and ecological extremism. Each of them reproduces the main features of extremism and has its own specifics. In particular, political extremism is an ideologized, organized, destructive and systematic political activity of both individuals and organizations, states, international organizations, which contradicts the officially proclaimed policy of the country and the current legislation, or even threatens the survival of entire communities or all human civilization. The intolerance to representatives of other faiths or rigid confrontation within one faith is characteristic of religious extremism. This is a kind of extremism, based on religious ideology. Nationalistic extremism manifests itself in the extreme forms of nationalism, racism, fascism (its present form of neo-Nazism), xenophobia, chauvinism, anti-Semitism. Ecological extremism is caused by aggravation of environmental problems, deterioration of the environment. Environmental terrorism, which is defined as deliberate pollution of the environment for the sake of blackmail in order to achieve certain political, economic or ideological goals, is the dangerous manifestation of ecological extremism.It is proved that extremism is an anti-legal ideology. It leads to violation of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of legal entities.It is impossible to overcome extremism completely, because there will always be contradictions that cause it in society. However, it is necessary to counteract extremism, thereby reducing its manifestations and minimizing the consequences. It requires coordinated measures of socio-economic, political, legal and ideological measures aimed at overcoming the contradictions in societyРозглядається поняття екстремізму, його антиправова сутність, ознаки та причини виникнення. Акцентується увага на ідеологізованому насиллі як ознаці екстремізму. Обґрунтовується думка, що основним джерелом екстремізму є кризовий стан суспільства. Подається характеристика різновидів екстремізму, а саме політичного, релігійного, націоналістичного та екологічного. Визначаються наслідки екстремізму та шляхи запобігання його проява
Встановлення дати заснування української держави: історико-правові аспекти
Get PDFThe article analyzes the formation and development of early state formations in Ukraine, as well as the most important preconditions for the formation of the early Ukrainian princely state – Ukraine-Rus. Much attention is paid to the substantiation of the time when the Ukrainian state was founded, which keeps its official countdown from 838 AD – one of the first written references in the chronicle " Tale of past years". Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of the periods of Ukrainian state-building processes. It is substantiated that the Ukrainian people live for several thousand years on their historical land. For more than 1000 years, the Ukrainian people had their own statehood in various forms and due to unfavorable internal and external factors forced to fight for its revival. The Ukrainian state originates from the princely state of Ukraine-Rus, which had a significant influence on the political life of both Western European countries and neighboring Asian countries, as well as states that were of great importance in the trade system between Europe and Asia. Subsequently, the Galician-Volyn state was no less powerful than the embodiment of the state idea of the Ukrainian people. The creation of the Galician-Volyn state is an important stage in the history of Ukrainian statehood. This state has achieved significant political development and, in terms of economy and culture, has become one of the most advanced countries in the time of Europe. It is noted that the Ukrainian national revolution of 1917–1921 had an epochal historical significance. After a long historical period of russification, national and social enslavement at the beginning of the XX century. The Ukrainian people restored their independent state. At that time, Ukraine experienced various forms of national statehood: the Ukrainian People's Republic for the Central Rada, the Ukrainian state - the Hetmanate P. Skoropadsky, the Ukrainian People's Republic under the Directory, and the Western-Ukrainian People's Republic, but failed to maintain state independence. In the centuries-old history of the state-building of the Ukrainian people, the events associated with its liberation struggle of the early twentieth century have a truly historic significance.On August 24, 1991, Ukraine proclaimed the revival of its state independence. The proclamation by Ukraine of its state sovereignty was only the first, albeit a very important step on the path to a strong, democratic, rule of law. The development of this state is a difficult, long-lasting, problematic process in which Ukraine has a great state-building experience of historical developmentУ статті проаналізовано становлення та розвиток ранніх державних утворень на території України, а також найважливіші передумови утворення ранньої української княжої держави – України-Русі. Значну увагу зосереджено на обґрунтуванні часу заснування Української держави, яка веде свій офіційний відлік з 838 р. – однієї з перших письмових згадок у історичних джерелах. Особливу увагу приділено характеристиці періодів українських державотворчих процесі
Українська революція і проблема створення національного парламенту
Get PDFIn this article, based on the analysis of available documents and real historical facts was made an attempt to follow the approaches and practices of the political forces that sought to implement the concept of the Ukrainian national-democratic revolution, one of its core program requirements - the convening of a national parliament.First steps in the aforementioned direction were made during the time of the Central Rada, headed by M. Hrushevsky. Leading political coordination center, created on a democratic basis and, in the conviction of its leaders, called upon to bring the Ukrainian community into a national system, in the process of its development began to take on some of the functions inherent in the classical examples of the world, first of all European parliamentarism. Starting from the documents of the Ukrainian National Congress (April 6-8, 1917, Kiev), Ukrainian political parties, and the approval of the Constitution of the Ukrainian People's Republic (April 29, 1918), due to the convening of a parliamentary institution (the names were different - Ukrainian Constituent Assembly, The Constituent Council, the Ukrainian Sejm (Soim), the Legislative Duma, the Provisional Parliamentary Assembly, the Parliament, the National Assembly of Ukraine, etc.) the task of creating the People's Parliament was put forward as a political perspective. The same Central Rada, or its unchanging Chairman, or scholars of law, constitutionalists, guided by scientific criteria, are not inclined to qualify as a full-fledged National Parliament. And the initiated process of movement in a democratic way was the force interrupted by the coup on April 29, 1918.Upon coming to power, hetman P. Skoropadsky abolished the Constitution of the UPR with his first acts and banned the convening of the Constituent Assembly, which planned to convene the Central Rada.In times of Hetmanate temporality, extraordinary, transient impetus of authoritarian rule were proved in every way. Numerous public declarations promised to create a parliamentary institution (for 7,5 months of the official existence of the Ukrainian State, even its name was not tired) have in fact turned out to be an empty sound. But the real position of delaying the authorities to resolve the popular, urgent problem was rigorously co-ordinated with the Austro-German occupation administration, for which, as the true ruler of the situation in the country, the National Parliament seemed unclear, totally unnecessary rage.On the business ground, the Directory tried to implement of the idea of creating a national parliament. However, the general situation of 1919 - 1920 was overcomplicated. In particular, contradictions in the political direction of the revived Ukrainian People's Republic were significantly negative. For some time it was planned to delegate the role of the Parliament before the Labor Congress of Ukraine (January 23-29, 1919), but it did not become, according to the plan, a permanent institution. Practically performing certain parliamentary functions (for example, lawmaking activities), the Directory, like the Central Rada, planned to convene a full-fledged national parliament, eventually determined by the beginning of implementation of the judicial process (Act of Unification of the UNR and ZUNR on January 22, 1919). However, due to the difficult, first of all the military, situation which permanently deteriorated, the realization of democratic state-building plans did not happen.Thus, in spite of ideas, initiatives, plans, preparatory efforts and approved documents, the practice of fulfilling some of the functions inherent in the Parliament, such a genuine institution in the revolutionary era (1917-1920), was not created in Ukraine.На основі аналізу наявних документів, реальних історичних фактів відтворюється аспект досвіду діяльності політичних сил України в 1917–1920 рр., спрямованої на запровадження в державотворення демократичних засад (народоправства), реалізації одного з його найважливіших, популярніших гасел і вимог – скликання національного парламенту. Робиться висновок, що попри всі зусилля й бажання, здійснені окремі кроки, лідерам Української революції, як доби Центральної Ради, так і Директорії, домогтися здійснення стратегічного завдання з різних причин не судилос
До питання про сутність міжнародного економічного процесуального права
No full textThe paper is devoted to the essence of international economic procedural law and its subjects. It considers the mutual influence and dependence of the international legal and national legal systems, their material and procedural law norms. The analysis of the international law system gives a possibility to separate international material and international procedural law in it.The one of such branches of international law it international economic procedural law, that must be understood as the system of norms and principles that establish the order, provision form of realization of material norms of international economic law by states, international organizations and other subjects in the process of realization of international economic cooperation and also regulate the activity of international arbitral and forensic institutions in this sphereСтаття присвячена сутності міжнародного економічного процесуального права та його суб’єктів. В ній розглядається взаємовплив і взаємозалежність міжнародно-правової та національних правових систем, їх матеріальних і процесуальних норм права. Аналіз системи міжнародного права дає можливість виділити в ній міжнародне матеріальне та міжнародне процесуальне право
Кваліфікація: правова категорія вищої освіти – порівняльний аналіз законодавчих джерел
Get PDFThe adoption of the new version of the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" (2014) was a consequence of the state's efforts to implement the European standards of education in Ukraine.Purpose. Scientific and analytical study of the definition of qualification under the legislation on higher education, as a criterion for the professional level of a graduate of a higher educational establishment.Methods. In the course of the study bibliographic, linguistic, substantive-legal and comparative-legal methods were used.Results. From our analysis, it is seen that both in international and national standards, the concept of "qualification" applies in two aspects, namely: as a result of academic education and as a result of professional training in other forms, which results in certain differences in its articulation depending on from the scope of application.In our opinion, the concept of "qualification" in the Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education" is the most concretised, unambiguous and understandable, reflecting its substantive content, namely, competence in accordance with higher education standards, rather than general references to the type and degree of professional training, and the more so on the document, as the form of its fixation.Conclusions. The above shows that the notion of "qualification" under the current national legislation on higher education is of no significance to the general definition, but the cross-cutting legal category, the cornerstone institutional criterion for defining fundamental approaches to the forms and principles of the organization of higher and vocational education, interdisciplinary and inter-branch relations, as well as comparing national and international standards of education / training and professional levels. With regard to the definition of "qualification" (in the context of higher education), we see it appropriate to supplement it, taking into account the statutory tasks of the higher school, with regard to the formation of not only the professional competences of the graduate (future specialist), but also his civil, moral, ethical and other personal qualities. According to international official documents and national normative acts, the definition of "qualification" exists in two dimensions: academic / educational and professional, which differ to a certain extent by the wording. In order to ensure a unified and stable inter-sectoral, inter-level understanding, interpretation and application, it is considered appropriate to unify and standardize it according to the rules of legal technique, based on the articulation of this concept for higher educationНаслідком дій держави щодо впровадження Європейських стандартів освіти в Україні стало прийняття нової редакції Закону України “Про вищу освіту” (2014).Мета. Науково-аналітичне дослідження визначення поняття кваліфікація за законодавством про вищу освіту, як критерію професійного рівня випускника вищого навчального закладу.Методи. У ході дослідження використано бібліографічний, лінгвістичний, змістовно-правовий та порівняльно-правовий методи.Результати. Із проведеного аналізу вбачається, що як в міжнародних, так і в національних стандартах поняття “кваліфікація” застосовується в двох аспектах, а саме: як результат академічної освіти та як результат професійного навчання в інших формах, чим і обумовлені певні відмінності в його артикуляціях залежно від сфери застосування.На погляд авторів, поняття “кваліфікація” у Законі України “Про вищу освіту” є найбільш конкретизованим, однозначним та зрозумілим, відображаючи його змістовну суть, а саме ‒ компетентності відповідно до стандартів вищої освіти, ніж загальні посилання на вид і ступінь професійної підготовки, а тим більше на документ, як форму її фіксації.Висновки. Викладене свідчить, що поняття “кваліфікація” за чинним національним законодавством з вищої освіти має значення не пересічної дефініції, а наскрізної правової категорії, наріжного інституційного критерію з визначення фундаментальних підходів стосовно форм та принципів організації вищої і професійної освіти, міждисциплінарних та міжгалузевих зв’язків, а також порівняння національних і міжнародних стандартів освіти/навчання та професійних рівнів. Що стосується дефініції “кваліфікація” (у контексті вищої освіти), вбачається за доцільне доповнити її, з урахуванням законодавчо визначених задач вищої школи, щодо формування не тільки професійних компетентностей випускника (майбутнього фахівця), але й його громадянських, морально-етичних та інших особистісних якостей. Як за міжнародними офіційними документами, так і національними нормативними актами визначення поняття “кваліфікація” існує в двох вимірах: академічному/освітньому та професійному, що до певної міри різняться за формулюваннями. З метою забезпечення єдиного та стабільного міжгалузевого, міжрівневого розуміння, трактування та застосування, убачається за доцільне уніфікувати та внормувати його за правилами юридичної техніки, на основі артикуляції цього поняття для вищої школ