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»Edinost, izobrazba, jezik«: Ciril in Metod v očeh slovenskih katoliških intelektualcev od sredine 19. do sredine 20. stoletja
Get PDFFrom the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, Slovenian Catholic intellectuals attributed significant merit to Cyril and Methodius in spreading education and strengthening national consciousness during the struggle against Germanization and other nationalist pressures. The importance of Cyril and Methodius in the Slovenian environment was substantiated by intellectuals, such as the pedagogue and bishop of Maribor Anton Martin Slomšek (1800–1862), the Franciscan friar and linguist Stanislav Škrabec (1844–1918), and the diocesan priest and historian Ivan Vrhovnik (1854–1935). The highest expression of these efforts was the establishment of the Society of Saints Cyril and Methodius in 1885, whose purpose was to build schools with the Slovenian language of instruction in ethnically mixed areas. The establishment of Cyril and Methodius as bearers of religious and national ideals was crucially influenced by a series of anniversaries associated with the millennium of their work in Moravia and Pannonia (1863, 1869, 1885). The publication of the encyclical Grande munus (1880) by Pope Leo XIII also significantly contributed to the spread of their veneration. However, the role of Cyril and Methodius was comprehensively portrayed among Slovenian intellectuals not until Franc Grivec (1878–1963) in the first half and in the mid-twentieth century. Grivec was a priest and professor of ecclesiology and Eastern theology at the Faculty of Theology in Ljubljana, who also arranged for the first critical editions of sources about the holy brothers in the Slovene language.Od sredine 19. do sredine 20. stoletja – v času boja proti germanizaciji in drugim nacionalističnim pritiskom – so slovenski katoliški intelektualci Cirilu in Metodu pripisovali pomembne zasluge pri širjenju izobrazbe in krepitvi narodne zavesti. Pomen Cirila in Metoda so v slovenskem okolju utemeljevali izobraženci, na primer pedagog in mariborski škof Anton Martin Slomšek (1800–1862), frančiškan in jezikoslovec Stanislav Škrabec (1844–1918) ter škofijski duhovnik in zgodovinar Ivan Vrhovnik (1854–1935). Najvišji odraz teh prizadevanj je pomenila ustanovitev Družbe svetega Cirila in Metoda leta 1885, katere namen je bila gradnja šol s slovenskim učnim jezikom na narodnostno mešanih območjih. Na uveljavitev Cirila in Metoda kot nosilcev verskih in narodnih idealov je ključno vplivala vrsta obletnic, povezanih s tisočletnico njunega delovanja na Moravskem in v Panoniji (1863, 1869, 1885). K razmahu njunega čaščenja je pomembno prispevala tudi izdaja okrožnice „Grande munus“ (1880) papeža Leona XIII. Toda vlogo Cirila in Metoda je med slovenskimi intelektualci celovito prikazal šele Franc Grivec (1878–1963) v prvi polovici in sredini 20. stoletja. Grivec je bil duhovnik ter profesor ekleziologije in vzhodne teologije na ljubljanski Teološki fakulteti, ki je poskrbel tudi za prve kritične izdaje virov o svetih bratih Cirilu in Metodu v slovenskem jeziku
Med fronto in notranjim konfliktom: čustva v zapiskih vojaških kaplanov
No full textThis article presents an attempt to analyse the personal notes of Slovenian military chaplains from the First World War in the context of the “emotional front line”. Based on fragments from memoirs, letters and rare diary entries by Slovenian military chaplains (e.g. Janez Cegnar, Leopold Turšič, Januš Golec), it was possible to place them in a comparative framework alongside chaplains of other belligerent armed forces and the findings of contemporary researchers who are dedicated to this topic. From this material, it can be deduced that the Slovenian sources are only part of a broader pattern in which military chaplains became observers, comforters and chroniclers of painful and indescribable traumatic events on the front lines of the First World War – events that also left a deep mark on them.
Prispevek predstavlja poskus analize osebnih zapisov slovenskih vojaških duhovnikov iz prve svetovne vojne v kontekstu t. i. ‚čustvene fronte‘. Na podlagi fragmentov iz spominskih zapisov, pisem in redkih dnevniških notic slovenskih duhovnikov (npr. Janeza Cegnarja, Leopolda Turšiča, Januša Golca) je bilo te mogoče vpeti v primerjalni okvir predstavnikov duhovne oskrbe oboroženih sil drugih vojskujočih se držav in ugotovitve sodobnih raziskovalcev, ki se posvečajo tej tematiki. Iz pregledanega je mogoče razbrati, da so slovenski vpisi le del širšega vzorca, v katerem so vojni kurati postali opazovalci, tolažniki in kronisti bolečih in neopisljivih travmatičnih dogodkov na frontnih črtah prve svetovne vojne – dogodkov, ki so še kako zaznamovali tudi njih same
Benedict’s »Reform in Continuity « and the SlovenianReflection of the Second Vatican Council
Get PDFHermenevtiko drugega vatikanskega koncila kot »reforme v kontinuiteti« je utemeljil papež Benedikt XVI. Omenjeni dogodek papež presoja v luči skladnosti s prejšnjimi koncili in doktrinarnim izročilom Katoliške cerkve. Prvi del tega članka je posvečen konceptualnim izhodiščem pisanja zgodovine drugega vatikanskega koncila na podlagi izpeljave Benediktove hermenevtike, zlasti s pomočjo koncilske pastoralne konstitucije Gaudium et spes in razprav izbranih sodobnih rimskih teologov, ki pretežno delijo papeževo stališče. Drugi del članka se posveča reprezentativnim primerom refleksije slovenskih katoliških voditeljev in mislecev o namenu in posledicah koncila. Tako pri obravnavi mednarodnega konteksta kakor tudi slovenske refleksije se v luči Benediktove hermenevtike odraža napetost med »plemenitimi« nameni in včasih »odklonskimi« posledicami, ki jih Katoliška cerkev po koncilu ni rešila. Dojemanje dediščine drugega vatikanskega koncila se torej kaže kot nedokončan proces, na katerega vplivajo notranja razhajanja in potreba po nadaljnjem dialogu v Katoliški cerkvi sami.The hermeneutics of the Second Vatican Council as »reform in continuity« was established by Pope Benedict XVI. The Pope judges the mentioned event in the light of conformity with previous councils and the doctrinal tradition of the Catholic Church. The first part of this article is devoted to the conceptual starting points of writing the history of the Second Vatican Council based on the derivation of Benedict’s hermeneutics, especially through the Council’s pastoral constitution Gaudium et spes and discussions of selected contemporary Roman theologians who predominantly share the Pope’s point of view. Meanwhile, the second part of the article is devoted to representative examples of the reflection of Slovenian Catholic leaders and thinkers on the purpose and consequences of the Council. Both in the consideration of the international context and the Slovenian reflection, the tension be-tween »noble« intentions and sometimes »deviant« consequences can be reflected in the light of Benedict’s hermeneutics, which the Catholic Church has not resolved after the Council. The reception of the heritage of the Second Vatican Council therefore appears to be an unfinished process, influenced by internal divisions and the need for further dialogue within the Catholic Church itself
The influence of the composition of the 3D printing mixture of wood particles, plaster and adhesive on the properties of the 3D printed composite
Get PDFV okviru raziskave smo se posvetili razvoju novega kompozitnega materiala za 3D tiskanje z ekstrudiranjem na osnovi lesnih delcev, mavca in dodatka lepila. S sistematičnim spreminjanjem razmerij posameznih komponent smo proučevali njihov vpliv na tiskalne lastnosti in mehanske karakteristike končnih izdelkov. Ugotovili smo, da večji delež lesnih delcev povečuje potrebno silo za ekstrudiranje materiala skozi tiskalno šobo, medtem ko dodatek lepila to silo zmanjšuje. Pri utrjenih preskušancih je bila ugotovljena najvišja upogibna trdnost (6,7 N/mm²) pri zmesi, ki je vsebovala 25 % lepila, 22 % lesnih delcev in 53 % mavca. Pri materialih z večjim deležem lesnih delcev smo opazili povečano nagnjenost k skrčku in deformacijam med sušenjem, kar je negativno vplivalo na natančnost geometrije končnih izdelkov. Prihodnje raziskave bi se lahko osredotočile na optimizacijo sestave materiala z namenom zmanjšanja deformacij med sušenjem, uporabo večjih lesnih delcev, večjega deleža lesa ter na razvoj novih vrst veziva, ki bi izboljšalo vezavo med posameznimi komponentami in s tem povečalo dolgoročno stabilnost materiala.As part of our research, we focused on the development of a new, environmentally friendly composite material for extrusion-based 3D printing based on wood particles, plaster and an adhesive additive. By systematically varying the ratios of the individual components, we investigated their influence on the printing and mechanical properties of the end products. It was found that a higher proportion of wood particles increases the force required to extrude the material through the printing nozzle, while the addition of adhesive reduces this force. The highest flexural strength of solidified samples (6.7 N/mm²) was found for the mixture containing 25% adhesive, 22% wood particles and 53% plaster. Materials with a higher proportion of wood particles showed an increased tendency to shrink and deform during drying, which had a negative effect on the geometric accuracy of the final products. Future research could focus on optimizing the material composition to reduce drying-related deformations, using larger wood particles and developing new types of binders that would improve the bonding between the individual components, and thus increase the long-term stability of the material
Virtualno omrežno mesto in dolgi rep odtujenosti zaradi družbenih medijev
Get PDFCastells’ fundamental first volume of his Information Age trilogy entitled The Rise of the Network Society (1996) significantly overlooks the social phenomena that comprise and lead back to insularisation in online networks and abroad. As the call for this special issue notes, “the world we live in today is characterised by high levels of interconnectivity, codependence, and overwhelming amounts of information”, which “shapes our desires” and “evoke[s] ideas of isolation, remoteness, and detachment from everyday worries.” (Oroz and Simonič 2023) Unfortunately, these often unconscious desires to disconnect from McLuhan’s celebrated “global village” and Jameson’s unsavory “junkspace”, as repressed desires, may manifest as anti-social sentiments that develop longitudinally under the conditions of what I theorise as the virtual network city.Castellsov temeljni prvi del trilogije Information Age (Informacijska doba) z naslovom The Rise of the Network Society / Vzpon družbe omrežij (1996) pomenljivo spregleda družbene pojave, ki vključujejo in vodijo k izolaciji zaradi rabe spletnih omrežji. Kot je zapisano v vabilu k oddaji prispevkov za to posebno številko, je »za svet, v katerem danes živimo, značilna visoka stopnja medsebojne povezanosti, soodvisnosti in ogromna količina informacij«, kar »oblikuje naše želje« in »vzbuja ideje o izoliranosti, oddaljenosti in odmaknjenosti od vsakodnevnih skrbi« (Oroz and Simonič 2023). Žal se te pogosto nezavedne želje po odklopu od McLuhanove slavne »globalne vasi« in Jamesonovega neprijetnega »junkspacea«, kot potlačenih želja, lahko manifestirajo kot antisocialna čustva, ki se razvijajo v okviru tega, kar teoretiziram kot virtualno omrežno mesto
Melatonin stimulira toleranco soje na sol s pomočjo moduliranja fotosinteze, osmoregulacije in encimskega antioksidativnega obrambnega sistema
Get PDFAbiotic stress and climatic changes pose a serious threat to the agricultural sector. So, a pot experiment was performed at the National Research Centre greenhouse, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, to investigate the influence of foliar spraying of melatonin (1.25, 2.50, 5.0 mM) on soybean plants exposed to irrigation with saline solution (6.25 dS/m). Results show that salinity stress (S1: 6.25 dS/m) significantly decreased vegetative growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid (IAA), membrane stability index (MSI), seed yield quantity and quality, accompanied by significant increases in carotenoid, phenolic content, osmolytes, and antioxidant enzymes activity. On the other hand, melatonin treatments at all levels showed the opposite trend of salinity stress. Melatonin treatments significantly improved the growth and productivity of soybean plants, either irrigated with tap water or saline solution (6.25 dS/m), relative to corresponding controls. The optimum treatment was 2.50 mM melatonin. Since, it increased plant dry weight by 2.04 times in plant irrigated with tap water and by 2.79 times in plant irrigated with saline solution (6.25 dS/m) as well as increased seed yield /plant by 116.13% in plant irrigated with tap water (0.23 dS/m) and by 74.64% in plant irrigated with saline solution (6.25 dS/m) relative to corresponding controls. In addition, melatonin treatments increased salinity tolerance of soybean plants via increasing total photosynthetic pigments, IAA, phenolic content, osmolytes contents (free amino acids, proline, total soluble sugar), membrane stability index, activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxide), quality of seed (oil, protein, and carbohydrate contents) and decreasing hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, membrane leakage (ML) either in soybean plants irrigated with tap water (0.23 dS/m) or saline solution (6.25 dS/m). It could be recommended that melatonin treatments ameliorate the harmful effects of salinity on soybeans.Abiotski stres in podnebne spremembe predstavljajo resno grožnjo za kmetijski sektor. Zato je bil v rastlinjaku Nacionalnega raziskovalnega centra v Dokkiju v Kairu v Egiptu izveden poskus v lončkih, da bi preučili vpliv listnega škropiva melatonina (1,25; 2,50; 5,0 mM) na sojine rastline, izpostavljene namakanju s slano raztopino (6,25 dS/m). Rezultati kažejo, da je slanost (S1: 6,25 dS/m) znatno zmanjšala parametre vegetativne rasti, fotosintezne pigmente, indolocetno kislino (IAA), indeks stabilnosti membrane (MSI), količino in kakovost pridelka semen, hkrati pa se je znatno povečala vsebnost karotenoidov, fenolov, ozmolitov in aktivnost antioksidativnih encimov. Tretiranje z melatoninom je kazala nasprotne učinke na merjene parametre kot slanost. Tretiranje z melatoninom so znatno izboljšale rast in produktivnost sojinih rastlin, namakanih s vodovodno vodo ali slano raztopino (6,25 dS/m), v primerjavi z ustreznimi kontrolnimi skupinami. Optimalna koncentracija je bila 2,50 mM melatonina. S tem se je suha masa rastlin povečala za 2,04-krat pri rastlinah, namakanih z vodovodno vodo, in za 2,79-krat pri rastlinah namakanih s slano raztopino (6,25 dS/m), prav tako pa se je pridelek semen na rastlino povečal za 116,13 % pri rastlinah, namakanih z vodovodno vodo (0,23 dS/m) in za 74,64 % pri rastlinah, namakanih s slano raztopino (6,25 dS/m), v primerjavi z ustreznimi kontrolnimi skupinami. Poleg tega je melatonin povečal toleranco soje na slanost s povečanjem skupnih fotosinteznih pigmentov, IAA, fenolnih vsebin, ozmolitov (proste aminokisline, prolin, skupni raztopnljeni sladkorji), indeksa stabilnosti membrane, aktivnosti antioksidativnih encimov (superoksid dismutaza, katalaza, peroksid), kakovosti semen (vsebnost olja, beljakovin in ogljikovih hidratov) ter zmanjšanjem vodikovega peroksida, malondialdehid, puščanje membrane (ML) tako v sojinih rastlinah, namakanih z vodovodno vodo (0,23 dS/m), kot v rastlinah, namakanih s slano raztopino (6,25 dS/m). Priporočljivo je, da se melatonin uporablja za zmanjšanje škodljivega učinka slanosti na sojo
Metabolomi listov Noccaea praecox z neonesnaženega in s kovinami onesnaženega območja
Get PDFNoccaea praecox is a hyperaccumulating plant, i.e. the Cd, Zn, and Pb concentrations in leaves exceed 100-fold the non-toxic levels. In this study, we report the untargeted leaf metabolome of N. praecox from an unpolluted site (Lokovec) and a metal-polluted site (Žerjav) in Slovenia. Using UPLC-MS/MS and metabolomic analysis, we identified 7,253 metabolites: 6,659 were non-annotated, and 594 were annotated. Among the identified metabolite classes, carbohydrates, terpenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids were the most dominant. Principal Component Analysis revealed distinct metabolomic profiles between the two N. praecox ecotypes, suggesting environmental-related effects in N. praecox physiology. This dataset is a valuable resource for studies on plant adaptation, metal accumulation, and metabolite biosynthesis under metal-stress conditions.Rani mošnjak (Noccaea praecox) je hiperakumulacijska rastlinska vrsta, t.j. v svojih listih lahko kopiči zelo visoke koncentracije Cd, Zn in Pb. V tej študiji poročamo o netarčnem metabolomu v listih rastlin vrste N. praecox iz neonesnaženega (Lokovec) in s kovinami onesnaženega območja (Žerjav) v Sloveniji. Z uporabo UPLC-MS/MS in analize metaboloma smo identificirali 7253 metabolitov: 6659 je bilo neanotiranih, 594 pa anotiranih. Med identificiranimi razredi metabolitov so bili najpogostejši: ogljikovi hidrati, terpenoidi, flavonoidi in organske kisline. Analiza glavnih komponent (PCA) je pokazala razlike v metabolomskem profilu med obema analiziranima ekotipoma vrste N. praecox, kar kaže na značilen okoljski vpliv na fiziologijo te vrste. Pridobljen nabor podatkov je dragocen vir za prihodnje študije o prilagajanju rastlin, privzemu kovin in biosintezi metabolitov kot odziv na povečane koncentracije kovin v tleh
Kemična karakterizacija in protiglivična aktivnost izvlečkov iz užitne gobe Laetiporus sulphureus proti Fusarium oxysporum, povzročitelju vaskularne fusarioze na maroški datljevi palmi
Get PDFThis study examined the valorization of the edible and medicinal mushroom Laetiporus sulphureus, collected from northeastern Morocco, by analyzing its chemical composition and evaluating the antioxidant and antifungal activities of its methanolic, acetonic, ethanolic, hydromethanolic, hydroacetonic, and hydroethanolic extracts. Total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride methods, respectively, while chemical characterization was performed using two chromatographic analyses: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Concerning biological activities, the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging method was used to evaluate antioxidant capacity, while the microdilution method was employed to assess antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis. The results revealed significant phenolic compound contents, with TPC ranging from 19.24 to 30.47mg of gallic acid equivalent GAE/g and TFC from 11.09 to 17.98 mg of catechin equivalent CE/g of dry crude extract. GC-MS analysis identified 106 biologically active compounds across all samples, primarily classified as sugars (41%), fatty acids (18%), and organic acids (7%). HPLC-MS identified and quantified 25 polyphenols, with catechin (28.3 µg/g dry weight), kaempferol (18.14 µg/g dry weight), and isorhamnetin (10.98 µg/g dry weight) as the major compounds. Among the tested extracts, the hydroethanolic extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 2.97 mg/mL), whereas the hydroacetic extract exhibited the lowest (IC₅₀ = 6 mg/mL). All extracts inhibited F. oxysporum growth, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 1.20 to 3.20 mg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) from 3.20 to 5.80 mg/mL. These findings highlight L. sulphureus as a promising source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antifungal properties, supporting its potential application in pharmaceutical and agricultural fields.V tej študiji je bila proučena uporabna vrednost užitnih in zdravilnih gob Laetiporus sulphureus, nabranih v severovzhodnem Maroku, z analizo njihove kemijske sestave in oceno antioksidativnih in protiglivičnih lastnosti njihovih izvlečkov z metanolom, acetonom, etanolom, hidrometanolom, hidroacetonom in hidroetanolnom. Skupna vsebnost fenolov (TPC) in skupna vsebnost flavonoidov (TFC) sta bili določeni z metodo Folin–Ciocalteu oziroma metodo aluminijevega klorida, kemijska karakterizacija pa je bila opravljena z dvema kromatografskima analizama: plinsko kromatografijo–masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS) in tekočinsko kromatografijo visoke ločljivosti v kombinaciji z masno spektrometrijo (HPLC-MS). Glede bioloških aktivnosti je bila za oceno antioksidativne sposobnosti uporabljena metoda lovljenja radikalov z 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazil (DPPH), medtem ko je bila za oceno protiglivične aktivnosti proti Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis uporabljena metoda mikroredčitev. Rezultati so pokazali znatno vsebnost fenolnih spojin, s TPC v razponu od 19,24 do 30,47 mg ekvivalenta galne kisline GAE/g in TFC od 11,09 do 17,98 mg ekvivalenta katehin CE/g suhega surovega ekstrakta. Analiza GC-MS je v vseh vzorcih identificirala 106 biološko aktivnih spojin, ki so bile v glavnem razvrščene med sladkorje (41 %), maščobne kisline (18 %) in organske kisline (7 %). HPLC-MS je identificirala in količinsko opredelila 25 polifenolov, med katerimi so bili glavne sestavine katehin (28,3 µg/g suhe teže), kaempferol (18,14 µg/g suhe teže) in izorhamnetin (10,98 µg/g suhe teže). Med testiranimi ekstrakti je hidroetanolni ekstrakt pokazal najvišjo antioksidativno aktivnost (IC₅₀ = 2,97 mg/mL), medtem ko je hidroacetonski ekstrakt pokazal najnižjo (IC₅₀ = 6 mg/mL). Vsi ekstrakti so zavirali rast F. oxysporum, z minimalno inhibitorno koncentracijo (MIC) od 1,20 do 3,20 mg/ml in minimalno fungicidno koncentracijo (MFC) od 3,20 do 5,80 mg/ml. Ti rezultati potrjujejo L. sulphureus kot obetaven vir bioaktivnih spojin z antioksidativnimi in protiglivičnimi lastnostmi, kar podpira njegovo potencialno uporabo na farmacevtskem in kmetijskem področju
Karvakrol izboljša celično preživetje z zmanjšanjem apoptoze v pljučnih epitelnih celicah A549, izpostavljenih elastazi
Get PDFChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represents a significant global health issue characterised by mechanisms such as inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Carvacrol, a phenolic compound known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, may mitigate damage caused by oxidative stress and apoptosis. This research aimed to explore the protective effects of carvacrol against elastase-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in A549 lung epithelial cells. A549 cells were cultured and treated with elastase (60 mU/ml) along with varying concentrations of carvacrol (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mmol/L) for 24 hours. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured as a marker of oxidative stress, while total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and the expression of apoptotic genes BAX and BCL2 were assessed via RT-PCR. Both H₂O₂ and elastase significantly reduced cell viability, increased MDA levels and BAX expression, and decreased TAC and BCL2 expression. Treatment with carvacrol in combination with elastase led to a dose-dependent increase in cell viability, a reduction in MDA levels and BAX expression, and an enhancement in TAC and BCL2 expression, with the strongest protective effect observed at 0.4 mmol/L. Pearson\u27s correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between TNF-α and BAX expression (r = 0.43, P = 0.002), a negative correlation between TNF-α and BCL2 expression (r = -0.62, P = 0.0031), and a negative correlation between BAX and BCL2 expression (r = -0.56, P = 0.007). Carvacrol demonstrated significant protective effects on pulmonary epithelial cells exposed to elastase-induced oxidative stress, reducing apoptosis and enhancing antioxidant capacity. While our in vitro results suggest potential mechanisms that could be targeted in COPD, we acknowledge that these findings are preliminary. Further studies involving in vivo models and clinical trials are essential to validate the therapeutic relevance of these observations.Kronična obstruktivna pljučna bolezen (KOPB) je pomemben globalni zdravstveni problem, za katerega so značilni mehanizmi, kot so vnetje, apoptoza in oksidativni stres. Karvakrol, fenolna spojina, znana po svojih antioksidativnih in protivnetnih učinkih, lahko ublaži poškodbe, povzročene z oksidativnim stresom in apoptozo. Namen te raziskave je bil proučiti zaščitne učinke karvakrola proti apoptozi, povzročeni z elastazo, in oksidativnemu stresu v pljučnih epitelnih celicah A549. Celice A549 so bile gojene in obdelane z elastazo (60 mU/ml) skupaj z različnimi koncentracijami karvakrola (0,1, 0,2 in 0,4 mmol/L) v 24 urah. Citotoksičnost je bila ocenjena z testom MTT. Ravni malondialdehida (MDA) so bile izmerjene kot marker oksidativnega stresa, medtem ko so bila skupna antioksidativna sposobnost (TAC) in izražanje apoptotičnih genov BAX in BCL2 ocenjena z RT-PCR. Tako H₂O₂, kot elastaza sta znatno zmanjšala celično vitalnost, povečala ravni MDA in izražanje BAX ter zmanjšala TAC in izražanje BCL2. Zdravljenje s karvakrolom v kombinaciji z elastazo je povzročilo odvisno od odmerka povečanje celične vitalnosti, zmanjšanje ravni MDA in izražanja BAX ter povečanje TAC in izražanja BCL2, pri čemer je bil najmočnejši zaščitni učinek opazen pri 0,4 mmol/L. Pearsonova korelacijska analiza je pokazala pozitivno korelacijo med TNF-α in izražanjem BAX (r = 0,43, P = 0,002), negativno korelacijo med TNF-α in izražanjem BCL2 (r = -0,62, P = 0,0031) in negativno korelacijo med BAX in ekspresijo BCL2 (r = -0,56, P = 0,007). Karvakrol je pokazal pomembne zaščitne učinke na pljučne epitelne celice, izpostavljene oksidativnemu stresu, povzročenemu z elastazo, saj je zmanjšal apoptozo in povečal antioksidativno sposobnost. Čeprav naši rezultati in vitro kažejo na možne mehanizme, na katere bi se lahko osredotočili pri KOPB, se zavedamo, da so ti rezultati le predhodni. Za potrditev terapevtske pomembnosti teh ugotovitev so nujne nadaljnje študije z in vivo modeli in kliničnimi študijami