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Mo Di and the Pacifist Humanism of Universal Love
Full text linkPrvi in najznamenitejši predstavnik moistične šole, filozof Mo Di 墨翟 (479–390 pr. n. št.), je v svojih teoretskih zasnovah prevzel ter priredil številne ideje konfucijanske doktrine, čeprav sta bili obe šoli po letu 350 pr. n. št. zelo kritični druga do druge. Obe filozofski šoli sta izšli iz kulturnega in političnega konteksta države Lu, kjer je tradicija pacifizma že od samega nastanka idejnih diskurzov naprej poudarjala moralni imperativ človečnosti, empatije in obsodbe agresivnih vojn. Kljub poznejšemu razhajanju sta oba ustanovitelja in najpomembnejša predstavnika teh dveh šol, torej Mo Di in Konfucij, cenila etično vladanje, utemeljeno na zaslugah in moralni kompetenci; vendar pa je Mo Dijev pacifizem oblikovan veliko bolj sistematično in radikalno kot Konfucijev. Pričujoči esej preučuje njegovo idejo feigong 非攻 (»proti napadalni vojni«), ki predstavlja eno najzgodnejših in najizrecnejših zavrnitev agresivne vojaške ekspanzije v klasični kitajski filozofiji.The first and most renowned representative of the Mohist school, the philosopher Mo Di 墨翟 (479–390 BCE), adopted and adapted numerous ideas from the Confucian doctrine in his theoretical framework, even though the two schools became highly critical of each other after 350 BCE. Both philosophical traditions arose from the cultural and political context of the state of Lu, where a pacifist tradition had, from the very beginning of intellectual discourse, emphasized the moral imperative of humanity, empathy, and the condemnation of aggressive wars. Despite their later divergence, the founders and leading figures of these two schools—Mo Di and Confucius—both valued ethical governance grounded in merit and moral competence. Mo Di’s pacifism, however, is formulated far more systematically and radically than that of Confucius. This essay examines his concept of feigong 非攻 (“against offensive war”), which represents one of the earliest and most explicit rejections of aggressive military expansion in classical Chinese philosophy
OVARIAN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT IN A GERIATRIC BITCH: CHALLENGES IN TREATING AN ELDER PET AGGRAVATED BY COVID-19 PANDEMIC RESTRICTIONS
Full text linkOvarian tumors are considered rare in dogs but pose a diagnostic challenge, requiring oncological expertise to establish diagnosis and accurate treatment. Diagnostic imaging is crucial to cancer diagnosis and treatment follow-up but, as in Medicine, this service was impacted by quarantine imposed by COVID-19 pandemic. This report aimed to describe a senior canine patient diagnosed with ovarian adenocarcinoma in a Brazilian country town during COVID-19 lockdown, evaluating the decision-making process in the absence of a veterinary oncology specialist, complicated by pandemic restrictions. A 15-year-old, nonspecific breed, intact bitch presented apathy and emesis. Abdominal palpation revealed increased epigastric volume. Ultrasonography suggested tumoral mass of unknown origin. Exploratory laparotomy was performed and a unilateral ovarian mass was removed. Patient recovered well from surgery. Histopathological evaluation revealed ovarian adenocarcinoma with lymphatic vascular invasion. No further treatment was indicated. Semesterly revisions were scheduled but metastasis developed in less than a year, after first revision. By this time, thoracic radiography was unavailable in owner’s town, impairing metastasis screening and prognosis. Chemotherapy was offered only after metastasis detection but was declined by the owner. Patient was lost in follow-up. This present case illustrates the importance of a prompt diagnosis and suitable treatment for ovarian cancer-bearing patients based on veterinary oncology expertise. It also emphasizes how pandemic lockdown prejudicated imaging exam availability, especially in country towns, similar to what was observed in human patients, reflecting an undeniable One Health issue
LIP RECONSTRUCTION, İNTRAORAL BARRIER AND AUTOLOGOUS PLATELET RICH PLASMA (PRP) APPLICATION IN A DOG WITH LIP NECROSIS DUE TO SNAKE BITE: New Methods Contributing to Flap Vitality
No full textThe study case consisted of a 2-year-old male Jack Russell mixed breed dog with a delayed wound due to snake bite. The necrosis detected on clinical examination in the area starting from the left maxillary and mandibular canine teeth level to the anterior part of the ear base, the upper and lower lips including the left maxillary and mandibular teeth, and the cheek skin, with tissue loss. In the blood sample collected, platelets were recorded at 44 (x109 /L); however, the analysis of PRP revealed an approximately sixfold rise, with platelet levels reaching 240 (x109 /L). During the first 15 days, medical treatment was used to prepare the wound for surgery. Caudal Auricular Axial Pattern Flap technique was used in the first operation, and Pedicle Advancement Flap technique was used in the second operation. After both operations, dressings with ointments and systemic treatment continued. At the end of first operation, as a result of the large donor tissue area and the resulting inadequate nutrition and the mechanical irritation created by the patient\u27s tongue, tissue rejection and necrosis occurred at the tip of the flap applied to the lower jaw at the level of the mandibulary canine tooth, leading to loss of flap tissue. Therefore, to prevent tissue necrosis, accelerate flap acceptance and ensure flap vitality, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was applied one week postoperatively. It was concluded that PRP is a usefull method that accelerate angiogenesis, epithelialization, acceptance of the flap and to prevent flap necrosis
In vitro ohranjanje in razmnoževanje Cymbidium finlaysonianum Lindl. – vrtnarsko pomembna cvetoča vrsta orhideje
No full textThe study is envisioned to assist ex situ conservation of horticulturally important endangered epiphytic orchid species, Cymbidium finlaysonianum. The in vitro cultures were initiated through an asymbiotic seed germination technique, using undehisced capsules, in Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium and its combinations with auxin (α-naphthalene acetic acid; NAA 1 mgl-1) and cytokinin (6-benzylamino purine; BAP 1 mgl-1). MS medium (control), favoured early initiation of germination in the seeds. Attempts were also made to multiply protocorms in basal medium. Although growth regulators favoured protocorm multiplication, they also multiplied in Basal MS medium. Synergistic action of NAA and BAP was observed in seedling development, similar to that of the basal medium. Seedlings were formed after 20 weeks.Študija naj bi pomagala pri ohranjanju ogrožene epifitske vrste orhideje Cymbidium finlaysonianum, ki je pomembna za vrtnarstvo, ex situ. In vitro kulture so bile začete s tehniko asimbiotičnega kaljenja semen, z uporabo nedeljenih plodov, v gojišču Murashige in Skoog (1962) in njegovih kombinacijah z auksinom (α-naftalenocetna kislina; NAA 1 mgl-1) in citokinini (6-benzilaminopurin; BAP 1 mgl-1). MS medij (kontrola) je spodbudil zgodnje začetno kaljenje semen. Poskušali so tudi pomnožiti protokorm v bazalnem mediju. Čeprav so rastni regulatorji spodbujali pomnoževanje protokormov, so se ti pomnožili tudi v bazalnem MS mediju. Pri razvoju sadik je bilo opazno sinergistično delovanje NAA in BAP, podobno kot v bazalnem mediju. Sadike so se oblikovale po 20 tednih
V iskanju zaveznikov: Globalna filozofija kot kritika
Full text linkThe world is more dominated than ever by a destructive logic of self-assertion (Selbstbehauptung) at the expense of global solidarity. Can Chinese philosophy offer an alternative? If philosophy is needed today, then it is a philosophy which is able to break through that logic, instead of itself falling victim to or even supporting it. However, the latter is the case if a philosophy understands itself as an expression of a specific cultural identity as distinct from others, as for example in today’s China. Even what is currently being discussed under the term “global philosophy” is influenced by that logic, insofar as it presents itself as a panopticon of juxtaposed worldviews that rest in themselves and not as something that points beyond them. However, only by critiquing “its own” (das Eigene), and not by affirming it, can philosophy be truly global and develop alternatives to self-assertion. This corresponds to its origins, be it in Greece or China, as globality is originally inherent in philosophy, inasmuch as it emerges as a criticism of the given culture due to a crisis of its tradition that made human existence problematic. It is just that it has repeatedly fallen behind. Recalling philosophy’s origin might help to revive its culture-critical, culture-transcending core and enable it to join forces with its likes against the powers that are plunging the world into disaster.Svet je vedno bolj pod vplivom destruktivne logike samopotrjevanja (Selbstbehauptung) na račun globalne solidarnosti. Ali lahko kitajska filozofija ponudi alternativo? Če je filozofija danes potrebna, potem je to filozofija, ki je sposobna prekiniti in preseči logiko samopotrjevanja, ne pa da sama postane njena žrtev ali jo celo podpira. Zadnje velja, ko se filozofija vidi kot izraz specifične kulturne identitete, ki se razlikuje od drugih, kot na primer v današnji Kitajski. Tudi to, kar se trenutno razpravlja pod pojmom »globalna filozofija«, je pod vplivom te logike, če se predstavlja kot panoptikon različnih svetovnih nazorov, ki ostajajo sami v sebi, in ne kot nekaj, kar kaže onkraj njih. Toda filozofija lahko postane resnično globalna in razvije alternative v odnosu do samopotrditve le s kritiko »svojega« (das Eigene), in ne z njegovim potrjevanjem. To je v skladu z njenim izvorom, bodisi v Grčiji bodisi na Kitajskem, saj je globalnost v osnovi neločljivo povezana s filozofijo, če le-ta izhaja iz kritike dane kulture zaradi krize njene tradicije, ki je problematizirala človeško bivanje. Gre samo za to, da je vedno znova zaostajala. Pomnjenje samega izvora filozofije bi lahko pomagalo ponovno oživiti njeno kulturno-kritično in kulturo presegajoče bistvo ter ji omogočilo, da se združi s podobnimi silami proti močem, ki svet potiskajo v katastrofo
Oljarice iz rodu Brassica na Japonskem: gojenje, uporaba in sorte
Full text linkBrassica oilseed crops are the third most important source of edible vegetative oils in the world. Among these crops, the cultivation history of B. rapa goes back to very ancient times in Japan. Its cultivation area expanded substantially in the 17th century and Brassica oil was used as fuel for lamps and cooking oil. Brassica napus was introduced into Japan mainly as an oil crop in the late 19th century, after which it gradually replaced the heirloom B. rapa cultivars used in the production of edible oil. The rapeseed (B. rapa and B. napus) cultivation area in Japan reached its peak in the 1950s and then decreased rapidly due to increase of imports of inexpensive oilseed crops. In recent years, however, domestic cultivation of B. napus has started to increase again. Japanese people consume rapeseed oil well and consider it to be a healthy oil with low levels of saturated fatty acids. This article aims to provide the information about the history, current state, problems, and prospects of rapeseed cultivation in Japan. The paper also describes an overview of agronomic characteristics of representative Japanese cultivars as well as cultural practices. Oljarice iz rodu Brassica so tretji najpomembnejši vir jedilnega rastlinskega olja v svetovnem merilu. Med njimi se je gojenje oljne repice (B. rapa) na Japponskem pričelo že v pradavnini. Površine njenega gojenja so se močno povečale v 17. stoletju, ko se je njeno olje uporabljalo kot gorivo za svetiljke in kuhanje. Oljna ogrščica (Brassica napus L. ssp. napus) je bila uvedena na Japonsko pretežno kot oljarica v poznem 19. stoletju in je nadomestila sorte oljne repice (B. rapa L.ssp. oleifera (DC.) Metzg.), ki so se uporabljale za pridelavo jedilnega olja. Površina gojenja obeh vrst je na Japonskem dosegla višek v petdesetih letih prejšnega stoletja in potem hitro upadla zaradi povečanega uvoza poceni jedilnega olja iz teh vrst. V zadnjih letih se domača pridelava oljne ogrščice spet povečuje, ker ga prebivalstvo rado uporablja kot zdravo jedilno olje z majhno vsebnostjo nasičenih maščobnih kislin. Namen članka je podati informacije o zgodovini, sedanjem stanju, problemih in bodočem gojenju oljne ogrščice na Japonskem. Članek daje tudi pregled agronomskih lastnosti japonskih sort kot tudi o načinih gojenja
Nove genomske tehnike za natančno žlahtnjenje rastlin
Full text linkClimate change, new diseases and resource constraints are affecting the sustainable production of sufficient and quality food, requiring the continuous adaptation of plant varieties to existing and future production systems. Crop varieties of the future must be more resilient to biotic and abiotic stresses, and able to convert the energy and nutrients they receive into food more efficiently, presenting significant opportunities for innovation. The development of plant biotechnology and genetics, the application of knowledge gained from high-throughput omics approaches, and advanced statistical analysis and machine learning methods have greatly accelerated the identification of specific breeding targets that can make an important contribution to sustainable agriculture and food security. We review the scientific literature to explain how new genomic techniques work, how they differ from commonly accepted breeding methods and what advantages they have over traditional techniques. We then discuss which plants, and their traits have been modified, the intricacies of relevant legislation, particularly from the perspective of GMOs, and summarise the conclusions drawn from the public debate concerning the necessity and potential risks of these techniques.Podnebne spremembe, nove bolezni ter omejeni viri vplivajo na trajnostno pridelavo zadostne količine kakovostne hrane, kar zahteva stalno prilagajanje sort kmetijskih rastlin obstoječim in prihodnjim sistemom pridelave. Sorte kmetijskih rastlin morajo biti v prihodnosti odpornejše na biotske in abiotske dejavnike, prav tako pa morajo prejeto energijo in hranila učinkoviteje pretvoriti v kakovostne sestavine, pri čemer je veliko prostora za inovacije. Z razvojem rastlinske biotehnologije in genetike, uporabo znanj pridobljenih z visokozmogljivimi omskimi pristopi in naprednimi statističnimi analizami ter z metodami strojnega učenja se je močno pospešilo doseganje specifičnih žlahtniteljskih ciljev, ki lahko pomembno prispevajo k trajnostnemu kmetijstvu in varni preskrbi s hrano. S pregledom znanstvene literature pojasnjujemo, kako delujejo nove genomske tehnike, v čem se razlikujejo od splošno sprejetih metod žlahtnjenja in kakšne prednosti imajo v primerjavi s klasičnimi tehnikami žlahtnjenja rastlin. V nadaljevanju obravnavamo, katere rastline in njihove lastnosti so bile spremenjene z novimi tehnikami, kako je oblikovana ustrezna zakonodaja, tudi z vidika gensko spremenjenih organizmov, ter povzemamo zaključke javne razprave o njihovi potrebi in možnih tveganjih
Vloga hlapnih spojin in genov vključenih v biosintezo estrov pri razvoju plodov jagodnjaka (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne)
Full text linkStrawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the most crucial berry fruits because of its nutrients and pleasant taste. The present research is to identify volatile compounds, study the biosynthesis pathway during three developmental stages, and insilico analysis of lipoxygenase (LOX), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), and alcohol acyltransferase (AAT) genes in strawberries. The results indicated that 68 volatile compounds were identified in different developmental stages. The gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that the amount of esters increased during the development of strawberry fruit, while aldehydes and alcohol components decreased during the red stage. The results showed LOX gene expression decreased during fruit development, while ADH and AAT gene expression increased in ripe fruit. It seems that alcohols have a minor contribution to producing the aroma of fruits due to early consumption. Furthermore, esters in the red stage play a significant role in the aroma of ripe fruit. The knowledge of the phytochemical profile of strawberries in the growing stages could be used in different applications of these materials in various fields, including food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries, and production of food essences and natural flavorings, as well as fragrance design.Žlahtni jagodnjak (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) je ena izmed najpomembnejših vrst jagodičevja zaradi vsebnosti hranil v plodovih in dobrega okusa. Namen raziskave je bil insilico določiti hlapne spojine in njihovo biosintezo med tremi obdobji razvoja plodov in sicer delovanje genov za lipoksigenazo (LOX), alkohol dehidrogenazp (ADH) in alkohol aciltransferazo (AAT). V različnih razvojnih stopnjah je bilo identificiranih 68 hlapnih spojin. Analiza s plinsko kromatografijo in masno spektrometrijo je pokazala, da se med razvojem plodov jagodnjaka povečuje količina estrov medtem, ko se količina aldehidov in alkoholov zmanjšuje v rdečem obdobju razvoja plodov. Rezultati so pokazali, da se je delovanje genov za LOX zmanjševalo med razvojem plodov, medtem, ko se je delovanje genov za za ADH in AAT povečalo v zrelih plodovih. Izgleda, da imajo alkoholi manjši delež pri tvorbi arome plodov zaradi njihove hitre porabe, imajo pa estri v rdečem stadiju razvoja pommebmo vlogo pri aromi zrelih plodov. Vedenje o fitokemkičnem profile plodov jagodnjaka v rastnih obdobjih bi lahko bilo uporabljeno za različne namene in področja kot so prehrana, medicinska in farmacevtska uporaba, pri pripravi dodatkov hrani, naravnih barvilih kot pri načrtovanju vonjav
Nutritional value of whole-day meals in elderly nursing home
No full textV Sloveniji se kot starejši odrasli smatrajo osebe stare 65 let in več. Študije so pokazale, da je staranje povezano s številnimi fiziološkimi spremembami, vključno z zmanjšanjem energijskega in hranilnega vnosa, zaradi česar je ustrezna prehrana starejših odraslih bistvena pri preprečevanju podhranjenosti. Namen raziskave je bil ovrednotiti energijsko in hranilno vrednost ponujenih in zaužitih obrokov v domu za starejše občane z orodjem za vrednotenje prehrane na osnovi referenčnih podatkov o sestavi živil in s kemijskimi analizami ter preveriti skladnost sestave obrokov z aktualnimi priporočili in potrebami udeležencev. Glede na celokupne srednje vrednosti, je večina sodelujočih v raziskavi s celodnevnimi zaužitimi obroki dosegala priporočene dnevne energijske vnose, določene glede na spol, starost in ocenjeno raven telesne dejavnosti. Rezultati so pokazali, da je odstotek energije iz ogljikovih hidratov v celodnevnih zaužitih obrokih premajhen, odstotek energije iz maščob pa prevelik. Odstotek energije iz beljakovin je bil sicer skladen s priporočili, vendar pri večini udeležencev premajhen glede na njihovo telesno maso. Pri udeležencih smo preverili tudi všečnost ponujenih kosil in večerij ter njihove ocene primerjali z ocenami strokovnega panela. Tako vključeni starejši odrasli kot člani strokovnega panela so na 5-stopenjskih lestvicah dodelili visoke povprečne ocene za senzorično sprejemljivost obrokov.In Slovenia, older adults are defined as individuals aged 65 and over. Studies have shown that aging is associated with several physiological changes, including a decrease in energy and nutrient intake, making adequate nutrition crucial to prevent malnutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the energy and nutritional value of meals offered and consumed in a nursing home using the reference food composition data tool for dietary assessment and chemical analyses. Additionally, the study assessed the alignment of meal composition with current dietary recommendations and the specific needs of the participants. Based on overall mean values, most participants met the recommended daily energy intake according to their gender, age, and estimated physical activity level. However, results indicated that the proportion of energy from carbohydrates in the consumed meals was too low, while the proportion from fats was too high. Protein intake met general recommendations but was insufficient relative to body mass for most participants. The study also assessed the acceptability of lunches and dinners, comparing participants’ ratings with those of an expert panel. Both residents and experts assigned high average scores on a 5-point scale for sensory acceptability
Ameriški protestantski misijonarji v Koreji med letoma 1884 in 1942 z vidika priseljevanja
Full text linkBetween 1884 and 1942, about 1,000 American Protestant missionaries came to Korea. Most of them were young, religious, and educated people from various socioeconomic classes. It was their enthusiasm for overseas missions that made them decide to be missionaries, but it was the economic stability provided by the boards of foreign missions which allowed them to actually live as missionaries for a long time in Korea. Overseas missionary work was both a calling and a well-paid job, and therefore, missionaries’ lives in Korea were far from lived in hardship. They built their own communities, maintained the American middle-class lifestyle, and enjoyed a model family life with many children. Adopting the Korean way of life was considered unhealthy or inappropriate. Their lives were criticized by non-missionary Westerners, and sometimes by themselves, for being too luxurious, but it enabled them to engage in missionary work for a long time. Of course, they did not always live comfortably and freely throughout their time in Korea. When Japanese rule began, they also came under Japanese control and interference. Some were arrested, imprisoned, and even tortured. However, instead of returning to the US, they lived in Korea for as long as possible, sometimes for generations. In short, from the perspective of immigration, American Protestant missionaries were immigrants who came to Korea in search of a better life. There they experienced the joys of God’s work that they could not enjoy in the US, and not as poor and lonely missionaries, but as middle-class professionals with families and financial stability.Med letoma 1884 in 1942 je v Korejo prišlo približno 1000 ameriških protestantskih misijonarjev. Večina jih je bila mladih, vernih in izobraženih ljudi iz različnih družbenoekonomskih razredov. Za misijonarstvo so se odločili zaradi navdušenja nad tujimi misijoni, vendar jim je ekonomska stabilnost, ki so jo zagotavljali sveti tujih misijonov, omogočila, da so v Koreji dejansko dolgo časa živeli kot misijonarji. Prekomorsko misijonarsko delo je bilo hkrati poslanstvo in dobro plačano delo, zato življenje misijonarjev v Koreji še zdaleč težko. Zgradili so svoje skupnosti, ohranili življenjski slog ameriškega srednjega razreda in uživali vzorno družinsko življenje z veliko otroki. Sprejemanje korejskega načina življenja je veljalo za nezdravo ali neprimerno. Njihovo življenje so zahodnjaki, ki niso bili misijonarji, in včasih tudi oni sami kritizirali, da je preveč razkošno, vendar jim je to omogočilo, da so lahko dolgo časa opravljali misijonsko delo. Seveda pa niso ves čas bivanja v Koreji živeli udobno in svobodno. Ko se je začela japonska vladavina, so tudi oni prišli pod japonski nadzor in vmešavanje. Nekateri so bili aretirani, zaprti in celo mučeni; vendar so, namesto da bi se vrnili v ZDA, v Koreji živeli čim dlje, včasih tudi več generacij. Skratka, z vidika priseljevanja so bili ameriški protestantski misijonarji priseljenci, ki so prišli v Korejo iskat boljše življenje. Tam so izkusili radosti božjega dela, ki jih v ZDA niso mogli uživati, in to ne kot revni in osamljeni misijonarji, temveč kot strokovnjaki srednjega razreda z družinami in finančno stabilnostjo