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Lepota praznine – temeljni izvor kitajske estetike
Get PDFThe article explores how the concept of “emptiness” (xu 虛) emerged as the defining aesthetic principle in the tradition of Chinese “literati painting” (wenrenhua 文人畫). Far from denoting absence or nothingness in the strict sense of the word, xu represents a dynamic and generative force—an underlying condition through which artistic form, meaning, and spiritual insight arise. Tracing its development from the Wei-Jin period (220–589 CE) onwards, the article examines how xu evolved at the intersection of Neo-Daoist metaphysics (Xuanxue 玄學) and Chan Buddhist philosophy, transforming from a metaphysical abstraction into a concrete aesthetic language.
Focusing on five key figures—Gu Kaizhi, Zong Bing, Xie He, Jing Hao, and Shitao the study highlights how each articulated core aesthetic principles that grounded painting in the expressive possibilities of emptiness. Concepts such as liubai (留白, unpainted space), qiyun (氣韻, vital resonance of spirit), and yihua (一畫, the holistic or primordial brushstroke) demonstrate how emptiness manifests visually and philosophically. Ultimately, the article argues that xu is not only central to Chinese aesthetic theory, but serves as the silent generative force that animates the entire tradition of literati art.Članek raziskuje, kako se je pojem praznine (xu 虛) uveljavil kot osrednje estetsko načelo v tradiciji kitajskega slikarstva učenjakov (wenrenhua 文人畫). Daleč od tega, da bi označeval praznino ali ničnost v dobesednem pomenu besede, predstavlja xu dinamično in ustvarjalno silo – temeljno stanje, iz katerega vznikajo umetniška forma, pomen in duhovni uvid. Članek sledi razvoju tega pojma od obdobja Wei-Jin (220–589 n. št.) dalje ter analizira, kako se je xu oblikoval na stičišču neodaoistične metafizike (Xuanxue 玄學) in chan budistične filozofije ter se sčasoma preoblikoval iz metafizične abstrakcije v konkreten estetski jezik. S poudarkom na petih ključnih osebnostih – Gu Kaizhi, Zong Bing, Xie He, Jing Hao in Shi Tao – študija izpostavlja, kako je vsak od njih oblikoval temeljna estetska načela, ki slikarstvo utemeljujejo v izraznih možnostih praznine. Pojmi, kot so liubai (留白, neposlikani prostor), qiyun (氣韻, vitalna resonanca duha) in yihua (一畫, celostna ali izvorna poteza s čopičem), prikazujejo, kako se praznina uresničuje tako vizualno kot filozofsko. Članek v zaključku trdi, da xu ni zgolj osrednji pojem kitajske estetske teorije, temveč tiha ustvarjalna sila, ki oživlja celotno tradicijo umetnosti učenjakov
Budizem, nič in pesimizem: Od Schopenhauerja do Nietzscheja
Get PDFThe present contribution excavates a pivotal shift in the history of European Buddhism. It outlines the conceptual-historical entanglements of “Buddhist nothingness” with nineteenth-century German philosophy from Schopenhauer to Nietzsche. While Buddhism was primarily interpreted as a philosophy and practice of nothingness (as in Hegel) and as ascetic and nihilistic (as in Nietzsche), pessimist interpretations of Buddhist nothingness, negation, nirvāṇa, and the unconscious articulated other possibilities that helped promote a more receptive, at times enthusiastic, attitude toward Buddhist thought and practice. Nietzsche’s critique of “European Buddhism” as nihilism in his late works and fragments occurs in the context of this shift. Nietzsche’s interpretation is not only a continuation of earlier European suspicions concerning Buddhist nothingness. He intentionally deployed a variety of ideas and images drawn from South Asian Buddhist sources to confront and question European modernity as well as Buddhism itself. Works attributed to the Buddha and Nāgārjuna are discussed at points to help contextualize and assess the significance of these discourses.Pričujoči prispevek obravnava ključni premik v zgodovini evropskega budizma. Opisuje konceptualno-zgodovinsko prepletenost »budističnega niča« z nemško filozofijo devetnajstega stoletja od Schopenhauerja do Nietzscheja. Medtem ko je bil budizem predstavljen predvsem kot filozofija in praksa niča (kot pri Heglu) ter kot asketski in nihilistični pristop (kot pri Nietzscheju), so pesimistične interpretacije budističnega niča, negacije, nirvāṇe in nezavednega artikulirale tudi druge možnosti, ki so pripomogle k bolj sprejemljivemu ter včasih bolj navdušenemu odnosu do budistične misli in prakse. Nietzschejeva kritika »evropskega budizma« kot nihilizma, zlasti v njegovih poznih delih in fragmentih, se pojavlja v kontekstu tega premika. Nietzschejeva interpretacija pa ni le nadaljevanje zgodnejših evropskih zadržkov v odnosu do budističnega niča. Nietzsche je uporabil vrsto različnih idej in podob, ki jih je črpal iz južnoazijskih budističnih virov z namenom, da bi se soočil z evropsko modernostjo, kakor tudi samim budizmom, in ju postavil pod vprašaj. Prispevek mestoma obravnava tudi dela, ki jih pripisujejo Buddhi in Nāgārjuni, da bi tako bolje kontekstualiziral ter ocenil pomen teh diskurzov
MIGRATORY DYNAMICS OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE APUSENI MOUNTAINS (2011 Census)
No full textIn this study, we pursued the analysis of the migratory dynamics of the rural population of the Apuseni Mountains at the last census of 2011. Three relevant demographic indicators for migratory dynamics have been taken into account. Immigration, immigration and migratory growth are the basis for achieving this work. The statistical data required to calculate the rates for each indicator were obtained from the site of the National Statistical Institute. The processing of the data obtained was done with Microsoft Excel 2013, and the rates for the indicated indicators were obtained. There have been a number of graphs on rate weights by means of the same programme. Also, in order to best illustrate the territorial distribution of the rates of the three indicators, the program was used ArcGis 10.3, with three maps made. From the charts and maps we can say that the rural area of the Apuseni Mountains is depopulate at a fast pace. The number of departures is far above the establishments number, resulting in negative migration increase for 126 of the total of 140. Migration of the rural population leads to the emergence of demographic risk phenomena such as depopulation
Naslavljanje oseb na naslovnicah nemškega in avstrijskega tiska z vidika (ne)binarnosti
No full textBased on the criticism of the generic masculine by feminist and gender linguistics, various strategies to overcome it have been proposed. These can be divided into three categories: feminization and the making visible of women; neutralization strategies and descriptions; and the making visible of non-binary identities. This article examines the frequency of the different strategies and their types on the front pages of Austrian and German periodicals. The results suggest that the generic masculine makes up at most less than a third of all personal references. Meanwhile, making visible strategies (both feminizing and diversionary) are (almost) absent on the front pages of the analysed Austrian and German periodicals, while neutralizing strategies play a significant role.Na podlagi kritike generičnega moškega spola s strani feministične in spolne lingvistike so bile predlagane različne strategije za njegovo preseganje. Te lahko razdelimo v tri kategorije: feminizacija in vidnost žensk, strategije nevtralizacije in opisovanja ter vidnost nebinarnih identitet. Prispevek preučuje pogostost različnih strategij in njihovih vrst na naslovnicah avstrijskih in nemških periodičnih publikacij. Rezultati kažejo, da generični moški spol predstavlja največ tretjino vseh osebnih naslavljanj. Medtem ko so strategije vidnosti (tako feminizacijske kot diverzijske) na naslovnicah analiziranih avstrijskih in nemških periodičnih publikacij (skoraj) odsotne, imajo strategije nevtralizacije pomembno vlogo
The role of citizen science in crowdsourced collection of speech resources in Slovenian
No full textGovorni viri ustrezne kakovosti so za razvoj govornih tehnologij in raziskovanje govorjenega jezika ključnega pomena, a jih na področju spontano tvorjene govorjene slovenščine zaradi zahtevnosti zbiranja še vedno primanjkuje. Izgradnja govornih korpusov in podatkovnih baz je stroškovno zahtevna, zato raziskovalci vse pogosteje prepoznavajo potencial občanske znanosti. Ta z uporabo množičenja in drugih metod omogoča učinkovito zbiranje obsežnih govornih podatkov na daljavo. V prispevku obravnavamo ključne dejavnike – tehnične, finančne, pravne, etične in motivacijske – ki jih je treba upoštevati pri načrtovanju trajnostnega in razširljivega sistema za pridobivanje govornih posnetkov. Na podlagi pregleda literature, analiz obstoječih metod in globalnih iniciativ za zbiranje govornih virov podajamo priporočila, primerna za implementacijo v slovenski prostor.Speech resources of adequate quality are crucial for the development of speech technologies and spoken language research, but they are still scarce in the field of spontaneously produced spoken Slovenian due to the complexity of collection. The production of speech corpora and databases is costly, which is why researchers are increasingly recognizing the potential of citizen science. By leveraging crowdsourcing and other methods, it enables the efficient remote collection of large amounts of speech data. In this paper, we discuss the key factors - technical, financial, legal, ethical and motivational - that need to be considered when designing a sustainable and scalable system for speech acquisition. Based on a literature review, analysis of existing methods and global initiatives for collecting speech resources, we provide recommendations suitable for implementation in the Slovenian context
Ali uporaba pogovornih sistemov prispeva k izboljšanju znanja angleščine pri študentih in študentkah?
Get PDFThis study examines how Indonesian university students’ engagement with chatbots influences their English proficiency. While AI tools are increasingly used in language education, little research focuses on chatbot interaction dynamics. The research assesses behavioural (active use), cognitive (perceived value), and emotional (attitudinal) engagement across 150 non-English majors at four proficiency levels (A1–B2). Data from engagement surveys and proficiency tests were analysed using ANOV A, correlation, and regression. Results indicated that higherproficiency students (B1/B2) engaged more intensely with chatbots than their lower-level peers. Behavioural and cognitive engagement strongly correlated with improved language skills, while emotional engagement showed no significant link. Regression analysis identified behavioural and cognitive engagement as key predictors of proficiency gains, suggesting that active interaction and perceived utility of chatbots drive language development. The findings underscore chatbots’ potential as effective language-learning aids.Študija preučuje vpliv uporabe pogovornih sistemov na znanje angleščine pri indonezijskih študentih in študentkah. Čeprav se ta orodja vse pogosteje uporabljajo pri učenju jezikov, je raziskav o njihovi interakciji malo. Raziskava zajema vedenjsko (aktivna uporaba), kognitivno (zaznana koristnost) in čustveno (odnosno) vključenost pri 150 sodelujočih, ki ne študirajo angleščine, na štirih ravneh znanja jezika (A1–B2). Podatki iz anket in testov znanja so analizirani s pomočjo ANOVA ter korelacijske in regresijske analize. Rezultati so pokazali, da študenti in študentke z višjo ravnjo znanja (B1/B2) pogosteje in intenzivneje uporabljajo pogovorne sisteme. Vedenjska in kognitivna vključenost močno korelirata z izboljšanjem jezikovnih spretnosti, medtem ko čustvena vključenost nima pomembnega vpliva. Regresijska analiza je pokazala, da sta vedenjska in kognitivna vključenost ključna napovednika napredka v znanju angleščine, kar kaže, da sta aktivna uporaba in zaznana koristnost pogovornih sistemov glavna dejavnika pri učenju jezika. Ugotovitve potrjujejo potencial pogovornih sistemov kot učinkovitih učnih pripomočkov
UI je prišla in bo ostala: empirična raziskava o stališčih učiteljev in učiteljic angleščine in nemščine
Get PDFArtificial intelligence (AI) is a disruptor increasingly impacting foreign language learning and teaching. This paper explores the theoretical framework of AI, its application in foreign language teaching, and the question of whether AI is displacing foreign language teachers. The empirical part presents findings from a survey of English and German teachers (n = 112) in Slovenian primary and secondary schools regarding their views on AI in foreign language teaching. Statistical analysis reveals a constructively critical attitude towards AI among teachers, acknowledging its presence in and influence on teaching strategies, methods, and teacher roles but not perceiving it as a fundamental threat. Furthermore, statistical tests and correlations indicate no significant differences in attitude towards AI in the classroom based on whether they are English or German teachers or whether they work in primary or secondary schools.Umetna inteligenca (UI) je kot disrupcija močno posegla tudi v učenje in poučevanje tujega jezika. V prispevku najprej osvetlimo teoretski okvir pojmovanja UI, razpravljamo o UI pri pouku tujega jezika in se posvečamo tudi vprašanju, ali UI izpodrinja učitelje in učiteljice tujega jezika. V empiričnem delu predstavljamo izsledke raziskave, v kateri so svoja stališča o UI pri pouku tujega jezika izrazili učitelji in učiteljice angleščine in nemščine (n = 112) v osnovnih in srednjih šolah v Sloveniji. Statistična analiza podatkov anketiranih je pokazala, da so do UI konstruktivno kritični, da se zavedajo njene prisotnosti in da zelo vpliva na strategije, metode dela pri poukuvin delo učiteljev in učiteljic, jih spreminja, a jih ne ogroža. S statističnimi testi in korelacijami pa smo ugotavljali tudi, da ni statistično pomembnih razlik med stališči anketiranih do UI pri pouku glede na to, ali učijo angleščino ali nemščino, niti ne, ali delajo v osnovni ali v srednji šoli
PREGLED RAZISKAV PROPRIOCEPCIJE PRI TELOVADBI: BIBLIOMETRIČNA RAZČLENITEV IN SISTEMATIČNI PREGLED
No full textProprioception is a fundamental aspect of human movement and body awareness. The body’s ability to perceive its position in space enables accurate limb movement and balance control. Purpose: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge and to analyze bibliometric data related to proprioception in gymnastics and acrobatics. The study consists of two phases: (1) a bibliometric review based on data from the Web of Science and (2) a systematic review using Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases. The search terms "gymnast*" and "propriocep*" were used to identify relevant publications. Out of 164 studies, 29 were included for data extraction, comprising 1,379 participants of various ages, sports, physical activity levels, and physical conditions.
Due to the heterogeneity of study designs and assessment methods, interpreting the effects of proprioceptive interventions and comparing results across samples is challenging. Proprioception in gymnastics is difficult to define, given the diversity of referenced evidence and physiological considerations. Moreover, the commonly used assessment tools do not fully capture the multisensory nature of proprioception as it applies to gymnastics.
Our findings suggest that gymnastics training enhances joint position awareness and force sense, thereby improving proprioception and reducing the risk of injury. Proprioceptive exercises should be integrated into gymnastics training programs to promote movement stability and precision.Propriocepcija je temeljni vidik človeškega gibanja in zavedanja telesa. Sposobnost telesa, da zazna svoj položaj v prostoru, omogoča natančno gibanje okončin in nadzor ravnotežja. Namen te raziskave je zagotoviti celovit pregled trenutnega stanja znanja in razčleniti bibliometrične podatke, povezane s propriocepcijo v telovadbi in akrobatiki. Raziskava je sestavljena iz dveh delov: (1) bibliometrični pregled na podlagi podatkov iz Web of Science in (2) sistematični pregled z uporabo baz podatkov Web of Science, PubMed in Scopus. Za identifikacijo ustreznih publikacij sta bila uporabljena iskalna izraza »gymnast*« in »propriocep*«. Od 164 raziskav jih je bilo za izvoz podatkov vključenih 29, ki so zajemale 1379 udeležencev različnih starosti, športov, stopenj telesne dejavnosti in telesne priprave.
Zaradi različnosti zasnov raziskav in metod ocenjevanja je razlaga učinkov proprioceptivnih posegov in primerjava rezultatov med vzorci zahtevna. Propriocepcijo v telovadbi je težko opredeliti glede na raznolikost dokazov in fizioloških vidikov. Poleg tega pogosto uporabljena orodja za ocenjevanje ne zajamejo v celoti več čutne narave propriocepcije, kot se uporablja v telovadbi.
Naše ugotovitve kažejo, da telovadba izboljša zavedanje položaja sklepov in občutek za silo, s čimer izboljša propriocepcijo in zmanjša tveganje za poškodbe. Proprioceptivne vaje bi morale biti vključene v programe telovadbe, da bi spodbudile stabilnost in natančnost gibanja
Ocena tekmovalnega stresa z uporabo biomarkerjev sline pri tekmovalcih v ritmični gimnastiki
Get PDFStress and adaptation are inevitable components of the gymnastics training in competitive gymnasts. Salivary biomarkers, such as alpha-amylase activity (sAAA), concentration of protein (sP) and potassium (sK+) are useful non-invasive stress indicators. The aim of this study was to assess the stress levels before training and competitions in rhythmic gymnasts by using non-invasive biochemical salivary stress markers and anxiety questionnaires. The study included 10 national level rhythmic gymnasts (mean age: 14.7±1.57 years). Saliva was collected by salivates at three time points: nine days pre-competition at home (baseline), five days pre-competition before a training session, and just before the competition. The sAAA and the sP and sK+ were measured. Trait and state anxiety were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. At baseline, the mean sAAA was 5.89±0.75 ln(U/mL) and increased significantly to 6.56±0.58 ln(U/mL) just before the training session (p<0.05) and increased further to 6.90±0.70 ln(U/mL) just before the competition (p<0.05 vs baseline). The mean sP increased progressively insignificantly 1.84±0.70 g/L vs 2.28±0.97 g/L vs 2.91±1.44 g/L, respectively. The mean sK+ was significantly higher before the competition vs the baseline value (35.73±8.3 mmol/L vs 23.94±4.83 mmol/L, p<0.01). The mean state anxiety score was significantly higher before the training session in contrast to the baseline (36.90±11.03 vs 30.80±10.26, p<0.05) and to that before the competition (40.10±9.57 vs 30.80±10.26, p<0.05). In conclusion, the sAAA and sK+ were both in agreement with the anxiety scores, and they can be applied as useful and objective non-invasive markers of stress.Stres in prilagoditev sta neizogibna sestavina treninga gimnastike pri tekmovalnih telovadcih. Biokemični markerji v slini, kot so aktivnost alfa-amilaze (sAAA), koncentracija beljakovin (sP) in kalija (sK+), so uporabni nenasilni kazalci stresa. Namen te študije je bil oceniti stopnje stresa pred treningi in tekmovanji pri ritmičnih telovadcih z uporabo neinvazivnih biokemijskih markerjev stresa v slini in vprašalnikov tesnobe. Študija je vključevala 10 tekmovadk, ki tekmujejo na nacionalni ravni (povprečna starost: 14,7±1,57 let). Slina je bila zbrana ob treh časovnih točkah: devet dni pred tekmovanjem doma (osnovna vrednost), pet dni pred tekmovanjem pred treningom in tik pred tekmovanjem. Meritve so zajemale sAAA, sP in sK+. Lastnosti in stanje tesnobe so bile ocenjene z Inventarjem tesnobe (STAI). Ob osnovni vrednosti je bila povprečna vrednost sAAA 5,89±0,75 ln(U/mL) in se je znatno povečala na 6,56±0,58 ln(U/mL) tik pred treningom (p<0,05), nato pa še na 6,90±0,70 ln(U/mL) tik pred tekmovanjem (p<0,05 v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo). Povprečna vrednost sP se je progresivno, a neznačilno, povečala z 1,84±0,70 g/L na 2,28±0,97 g/L in 2,91±1,44 g/L. Povprečna vrednost sK+ je bila znatno višja pred tekmovanjem v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo (35,73±8,3 mmol/L proti 23,94±4,83 mmol/L, p<0,01). Povprečni rezultat za stanje tesnobe je bil znatno višji pred treningom v primerjavi z osnovno vrednostjo (36,90±11,03 proti 30,80±10,26, p<0,05) in pred tekmovanjem (40,10±9,57 proti 30,80±10,26, p<0,05). Zaključek: sAAA in sK+ sta bila v skladu z rezultati tesnobe in ju je mogoče uporabiti kot koristne in objektivne neinvazivne markerje stresa