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Uspešno čiščenje DNK iz agaroznih čepkov PFGE za sekvenciranje celotnega genoma
Full text linkWhole-genome sequencing (WGS) has replaced Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)-based bacterial genotyping as the reference genotyping method. We investigated the suitability of purified genomic DNA extracted from PFGE agarose plugs stored in a laboratory collection for WGS in cases where bacterial isolates are no longer available. Our study has shown that bacterial WGS can be successfully performed on DNA extracted from PFGE agarose plugs.Sekvenciranje celotnega genoma (WGS) je nadomestilo tipizacijo bakterij na osnovi gelske pulzne elektroforeze (PFGE) kot referenčne metode genotipizacije. Raziskali smo primernost genomske DNA, očiščene iz agaroznih čepkov PFGE, shranjenih v laboratorijski zbirki, za WGS v primerih, ko bakterijski izolati niso več na voljo. Naša študija je pokazala, da je bakterijski WGS mogoče uspešno izvesti na DNA, očiščeni iz agaroznih čepkov PFGE
Artificial Water Accumulations for Snowmaking on Eastern Pohorje (Slovenia): Breeding Sites and Ecological Traps for Amphibians
Full text linkUmetni vodni habitati so lahko za dvoživke mesta za razmnoževanje kot tudi ekološke pasti. Vodne akumulacije za umetno zasneževanje niso optimalni habitati za dvoživke in o njihovem razmnoževanju v teh vodnih telesih je malo znanega. V raziskavi smo dvoživke vzorčili v dveh akumulacijah za umetno zasneževanje na območju Mariborskega Pohorja. Ena se nahaja ob vznožju Pohorja (312 m nmv) v urbanem okolju, druga pa na pobočju Pohorja (560 m nmv), obdana z gozdom, ki je del Natura 2000 območja Pohorje. V akumulacijah smo skupno potrdili razmnoževanje sedmih vrst dvoživk: velikega pupka (Triturus carnifex), planinskega pupka (Ichthyosaura alpestris), navadnega pupka (Lissotriton vulgaris), hribskega urha (Bombina variegata), navadne krastače (Bufo bufo), sekulje (Rana temporaria) in rosnice (Rana dalmatina). Hribski urh in veliki pupek spadata med kvalifikacijske vrste za Natura 2000 območje Pohorje. V akumulaciji ob vznožju Pohorja, v kateri so bile tudi ribe, razmnoževanje dvoživk ni bilo uspešno. V akumulaciji na pobočju Pohorja, kjer rib ni bilo, sta strma brežina (30–60°) iz nepokrite geomembrane in nizka gladina vode povzročili pogin odraslih hribskih urhov in številnih (> 500) mladostnih osebkov rjavih žab. Upad gladine vode je povzročil tudi propad jajc in zarodkov velikega pupka. Akumulaciji za zasneževanje sta iz več vidikov neprimerni za dvoživke, vendar jih te kljub temu porabljajo za razmnoževanje. Za zmanjšanje poginov dvoživk bi bili potrebni naslednji ukrepi: ohranjanje maksimalnega vodostaja v času razmnoževanja (marec–julij), pokritost geomembrane in zmanjšanje naklona brežine akumulacije, kar bi dvoživkam olajšalo izhod iz akumulacije, odstranitev rib z jesenskim praznjenjem akumulacije in preprečevanje povozov na cestah ob akumulaciji.Artificial water habitats can be breeding sites for amphibians but may also function as ecological traps. Water accumulations for artificial snowmaking are not optimal habitats for amphibians, and little is known about their reproduction in these water bodies. In this study, we sampled amphibians in two accumulations for snowmaking in the Mariborsko Pohorje area. One is located at the foothills of Pohorje (312 m a.s.l.) in an urban environment, and the other on the slopes of Pohorje (560 m a.s.l.), surrounded by forest that is part of the Natura 2000 Pohorje. In total, we confirmed the reproduction of seven amphibian species in these accumulations: Italian Crested Newt (Triturus carnifex), Alpine Newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris), Smooth Newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata), Common Toad (Bufo bufo), Common Frog (Rana temporaria), and Agile Frog (Rana dalmatina). The Yellow-bellied Toad and the Italian Crested Newt are qualifying species for the Natura 2000 Pohorje site. In the accumulation at the foothill of Pohorje, where fish were present, amphibian reproduction was unsuccessful. In the accumulation on the slope of Pohorje, where there were no fish, the steep banks (30–60°) with uncovered geomembrane and the low water level led to the mortality of adult Yellow-bellied Toads and numerous (>500) juvenile Rana sp. frogs. The drop in water level also resulted in the stranding of eggs and embryos of the Italian Crested Newt. Snowmaking reservoirs are unsuitable for amphibians in several respects, yet they still use them for breeding. To reduce amphibian mortality, the following measures should be implemented: maintaining maximum water levels during the breeding season (March–July), covering the geomembrane and reducing the bank steepness to facilitate amphibian exit, removing fish through autumn reservoir drainage, and preventing roadkill on roads adjacent to the reservoirs
THE EVOLUTION OF REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES IN ANIMALS – IMPLICATIONS FOR THERIOGENOLOGY
Full text linkReproduction is one of the fundamental biological imperatives shared by all living beings. Organisms must reproduce to pass on their genes to the next generation, ensuring the survival and continuation of their species. In pursuit of this goal, nature has evolved a remarkable diversity of reproductive methods and behaviors, including external fertilization in aquatic species, internal fertilization in terrestrial animals, oviparity, viviparity, complex hormonal regulation, and diverse strategies of parental investment. In the Slovenian Veterinary Research journal, we welcome articles addressing various aspects of veterinary and comparative reproductive research and medicine. In this issue, we have placed particular emphasis on this topic. With this editorial, we would also like to bring attention to these articles, including a review of the phenomics evaluation and research on hormone GnRH injection in cattle and sheep breeding, the effect of food additives and environmental enrichment on fertility protection against toxicity and egg production and a case report on canine idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia.
Razmnoževanje skozi prizmo evolucije – pomen za sodobno veterinarsko medicino
Izvleček: Razmnoževanje je temelj življenja. Omogoča prenos genov na naslednje generacije in s tem ohranjanje vrst. Narava je skozi evolucijo razvila osupljivo paleto strategij, od zunanje oploditve pri vodnih organizmih do notranje oploditve pri kopenskih živalih, jajcerodnosti, živorodnosti, kompleksnega hormonskega uravnavanja in različnih oblik starševske skrbi. V reviji Slovenian Veterinary Research z veseljem objavljamo prispevke, ki obravnavajo različne vidike veterinarskih in primerjalnih raziskav ter medicine razmnoževanja. V tej številki smo temu področju namenili poseben poudarek. Predstavljamo prispevke, ki osvetljujejo fenomsko evalvacijo in raziskave vpliva hormona GnRH na plodnost goveda in ovc, vpliv prehranskih dodatkov in obogatitve okolja na zaščito plodnosti, in proizvodnjo jajc ter primer idiopatske oligoasteno-teratozoospermije pri psu
Trajnostna moda za otroška oblačila: raziskava trajnega plisiranja za prilagodljivo velikost in zmanjšanje količine tekstilnih odpadkov
Full text linkTextile waste has become a serious global problem, leading to pollution, resource depletion and overcrowding in landfills. To overcome these problems, sustainable design strategies that reduce resource consumption, minimize waste and maintain ecological balance are needed. Additionally, children\u27s rapid growth demands regular clothes changes, which generates a great deal of fabric waste. This highlights a serious research gap in creative, adaptable and waste-reducing ideas for children\u27s clothing, which affects the sustainability of the textile industry. This study explores the potential of permanent pleating in children’s clothing to develop sustainable, innovative designs that minimize waste and improve garment durability. In particular, permanent pleating in both the lengthwise and widthwise directions are investigated, while the durability and fit of pleated garments are assessed, as well as manufacturing limitations and challenges. Permanent pleating was applied to 100% polyester, a polyester-cotton blend, and 100% cotton fabrics using pleating moulds and three distinct methods: oven drying, oven drying with water mugs and steaming. The results revealed that the steaming method yielded the most successful permanent pleats on 100% polyester fabric, outperforming the polyester-cotton blend and 100% cotton fabrics. Permanent pleating reduces frequent clothing replacement by allowing the fabric to expand and fit various body sizes without losing structural integrity. This extends the lifespan of clothing and reduces textile waste.Tekstilni odpadki so postali resen svetovni problem, ki vodi do onesnaževanja, izčrpavanja virov in prenatrpanosti odlagališč. Za premagovanje teh težav so potrebne trajnostne strategije oblikovanja, ki zmanjšujejo porabo virov in količino odpadkov ter ohranjajo ekološko ravnotežje. Hitra rast otrok zahteva redno menjavo oblačil, kar povzroča veliko odpadkov tkanin. Na tem področju primanjkuje zamisli za zmanjšanje količine odpadkov otroških oblačil, kar vpliva na trajnostno učinkovitost tekstilne industrije. V raziskavi je proučevan potencial plisiranja otroških oblačil, da bi zmanjšali količino odpadkov in podaljšali trajnost oblačil. Proučevani so bili trajno plisiranje v vzdolžni in prečni smeri blaga, obstojnost gub, prileganje plisiranih oblačil, omejitve pri izdelavi in izzivi. Trajno plisirane so bile tkanine iz 100-odstotnega poliestra, mešanice poliestra in bombaža ter 100-odstotnega bombaža. Uporabljeni so bili kalupi za plisiranje in tri metode: sušenje v pečici, sušenje v pečici z vodnimi vrčki in parjenje. Pokazalo se je, da parjenje omogoča trajne gube na tkaninah iz 100-odstotnega poliestra, ki so obstojnejše kot na tkaninah iz mešanice poliestra in bombaža oziroma iz 100-odstotnega bombaža. Plisiranje zmanjšuje pogosto menjavo oblačil, saj omogoča, da se tkanina razširi in prilega različnim velikostim telesa, ne da bi pri tem izgubila strukturno celovitost. Tako se oblačila nosijo dalj časa, s tem pa je tudi tekstilnih odpadkov manj
Izboljšanje mehanskih lastnosti Kevlarjevih kompozitov z optimiziranimi parametri šivanja
Full text linkThe study explores the development of stitched reinforced composites using Kevlar woven fabric as the primary reinforcement. The influence of stitching parameters, stitch type, needle type and stitches per cm (SPC) on the mechanical performance of the composites was systematically investigated. Kevlar fabric was stitched using different needle types and SPC values before being mechanically tested for tensile strength, delamination resistance and impact performance. The results demonstrate that composites stitched with a ballpoint needle using a chain stitch at 3.94 SPC exhibited the highest mechanical strength, with tensile strength increasing from 145 MPa (unstitched) to 191.5 MPa (lock stitch) and 240 MPa (chain stitch). Impact resistance improved from 98 kJ/m² (unstitched) to 133 kJ/m² (ballpoint needle, lock stitch), with chain-stitched composites showing even better performance due to the greater load distribution of the sewing thread and reduced fabric damage. Conversely, lock-stitched composites provided superior delamination resistance due to enhanced interlayer gripping. These findings highlight the potential of the developed composite for advanced protective applications, including bulletproof vests and aerospace structures requiring superior impact resistance and structural integrity.Prispevek obravnava razvoj s šivanjem ojačanih kompozitov, pri katerih je kot primarna ojačitev uporabljena tkanina iz Kevlarja. Sistematično je bil preučen vpliv parametrov šivanja, vrste vboda, vrste igle ter število vbodov na centimeter (SPC) na mehanske lastnosti kompozitov. Kevlar tkanina je bila šivana z različnimi vrstami igel in SPC vrednostmi, preden je bila mehansko testirana na natezno trdnost, odpornost proti razslojevanju in odpornost proti udarnim obremenitvam. Rezultati kažejo, da so kompoziti, šivani z iglo z okroglo konico in verižnim vbodom pri 3,94 SPC, pokazali najvišjo mehansko trdnost; natezna trdnost se je povečala s 145 MPa (nešivani) na 191,5 MPa (prešivni vbod) in 240 MPa (verižni vbod). Odpornost proti udarcem se je izboljšala z 98 kJ/m² (nešivan) na 133 kJ/m² (igla z okroglo konico, prešivni vbod), pri čemer so kompoziti z verižnim vbodom dosegli še boljše lastnosti zaradi porazdelitve obremenitve preko šivalne niti in manjše poškodbe tkanine. Nasprotno pa so kompoziti s prešivnim vbodom zagotavljali boljšo odpornost proti razslojevanju zaradi izboljšane oprijemljivosti med plastmi. Izsledki raziskave poudarjajo potencial razvitega kompozita za napredne zaščitne aplikacije, vključno z neprebojnimi jopiči in letalskimi strukturami, ki zahtevajo visoko odpornost proti udarcem in strukturno celovitost
Language ability of bilingual children in the Slovenian language: A pilot comparison of bilingual and monolingual children assessed with CDI-III
Full text linkNamen predstavljene pilotne raziskave je bil primerjalno analizirati govorno zmožnost eno- in dvojezičnih otrok v slovenskem jeziku ter preučiti učinek dejavnikov družinskega okolja na različna področja govora eno- in dvojezičnih otrok. V vzorec je bilo vključenih 307 otrok, starih od 30 do 48 mesecev, in sicer 262 enojezičnih otrok, ki so bili v domačem okolju redno izpostavljeni le slovenščini, in 45 dvojezičnih otrok, ki so bili v domačem okolju vsakodnevno od rojstva dalje poleg slovenščine izpostavljeni še enemu jeziku. Govorno zmožnost vseh v raziskavo vključenih otrok smo ocenili s slovensko različico CDI-III, in sicer njihov besednjak, slovnico in metajezikovno zavedanje. Dobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da so dosežki enojezičnih otrok na ocenjenih področjih besednjaka in slovnice značilno višji v primerjavi z dosežki dvojezičnih otrok, ocenjenih le v enem jeziku, ne pa tudi na področju metajezikovnega zavedanja. Poleg tega smo ugotovile, da se družinski dejavniki (število knjig doma, pogostost skupnega branja, starost otroka ob začetku skupnega branja in izobrazba staršev) pomembno povezujejo z različnimi področji govora v slovenskem jeziku pri enojezičnih, ne pa tudi pri dvojezičnih otrocih. Ugotovitve pilotne raziskave kažejo na nekatere razlike v govorni zmožnosti eno- in dvojezičnih otrok v slovenskem jeziku, poudarjajo pomen ocenjevanja govora dvojezičnih otrok v obeh jezikih ter predstavljajo temelje za nadaljnje raziskovanje govorne zmožnosti dvojezičnih otrok v slovenskem jeziku.The aim of this pilot study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the language abilities of monolingual and bilingual children in the Slovenian language and to examine the influence of family environment factors on various aspects of language development in both groups. The sample included 307 children aged 30 to 48 months: 262 monolingual children who were regularly exposed only to Slovenian at home, and 45 bilingual children who had been exposed daily and from birth to both Slovenian and an additional language in their home environment. The children’s language abilities were assessed using the Slovenian version of the CDI-III, focusing on vocabulary, grammar, and metalinguistic awareness. The results showed that monolingual children scored significantly higher than their bilingual peers in vocabulary and grammar when only one language was assessed, but not in metalinguistic awareness. Additionally, we found that family factors—such as the number of books at home, frequency of shared reading, the child’s age at the onset of shared reading, and parents’ education levels—were significantly associated with various domains of language development in Slovenian for monolingual children, but not for bilingual children. The findings of this pilot study highlight specific differences in the Slovenian language abilities of monolingual and bilingual children, underscore the importance of assessing bilingual children’s skills in both languages, and provide a basis for further research on bilingual language development in the Slovenian context
Ocena vpliva napada oljčne muhe (Bactrocera oleae [Gmelin, 1790], Diptera: Tephritidae) v oljčnem nasadu v Biskri (Alžirija)
Full text linkOlive production is important to Algeria\u27s economy and ecology, its cultivation has expanded significantly in recent years in Biskra region, increasing both area and production, with olive varieties that adapt well to local conditions. The Olive tree Olea europaea is a key species for maintaining the Algerian ecosystem and achieving sustainable food security, its integrity and abundance can affect other organisms that depend on them as a natural resource, but both the consumption and processing of olives are subject to a fearsome pest called Bactrocera oleae (Gmelin, 1790). This olive fly is considered one of the main pests of olives, capable of causing significant crop losses and damaging olive quality, against this context, we set out to assess the rate of olive infestation, our study has focused on showing certain aspects of the damage caused by olive fly infestation. we analyzed infestation rates on olive trees in three harvest seasons. We confirmed that their infestation is closely linked to climatic conditions, the cardinal directions, and the phenology of its olive tree host. Our study of the impact of Bactrocera oleae on olive production and food safety is essential for implementing appropriate control and management measures in olive groves.Pridelava oljk je pomembna za alžirsko gospodarstvo in ekologijo, zato se je v zadnjih letih v regiji Biskra njena pridelava močno razširila, saj so se povečale tako površine, kot pridelava sort, ki se dobro prilagajajo lokalnim razmeram. Oljka (Olea europaea L.) je ključna vrsta za ohranjanje alžirskega ekosistema in doseganje trajnostne prehranske varnosti; njena celovitost in številčnost lahko vplivata na druge organizme, ki so odvisni od nje kot naravnega vira, vendar sta tako uživanje kot predelava oljk izpostavljena škodljivcu, oljčni muhi (Bactrocera oleae [Gmelin, 1790]), ki velja za enega najpomembnejših škodljivcev oljk, ki lahko povzroči velike izgube pridelka in vpliva na zmanjšanje kakovosti oljčnega olja. Naša študija se je osredotočila na prikaz nekaterih vidikov škode, ki jo povzroči oljčna muha. Analizirali smo stopnjo napadenosti oljk v treh sezonah obiranja. Potrdili smo, da je napad z oljčno muho tesno povezan s podnebnimi razmerami, geografsko orientacijo dreves in fenologijo njihovega gostitelja, oljke. Naša študija o pomenu oljčne muhe na pridelavo oljk in varnost hrane je bistvena za izvajanje ustreznih ukrepov za njeno zatiranje v oljčnih nasadih
Učinkovitost štirih velikosti izpustitve parazitoidnih vrst iz rodu, Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) na nekatere biološke parametre manjšega dateljevega molja Batrachedra amydraula Meyricke, 1916 (Cosmopteridae: Batrachedridae) na palmah v Basri, Irak
Full text linkDate palms are infested with various destructive insect pests, which cause major economic losses. One of these pests is the smaller date moth Batrachedra amydraula. The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of two different Trichogramma egg parasites (Trichogramma brassicae and T. evanescens) in the biological control of the lesser date moth B. amydraula. Each parasite type was examined at four different release doses (250, 500, 750, and 1000 parasites per tree). The findings revealed that all kinds of Trichogramma had a substantial effect, reaching 86.75% for a dose of 1000 T. evanescens parasitoids/tree. While the maximum rate of emergence of T. evanescens adults was at a dose of 1000 parasites/tree, which was much higher than T. brassicae . In addition, no statistically significant differences appeared between parasitoids in the average percentage of females to the parasite. The response of absolute doses of Trichogramma females to B. amydraula spawning sites was also evaluated, and the parasite\u27s egg sites were determined according to tree height. The best parasitism rate was recorded for both Trichogramma species on trees whose height ranged from 1.5 m - 2 m, especially for the dose of 1000 parasites/tree .Dateljevec napadajo različni škodljivci, ki povzročajo velike ekonomske izgube, med njimi je mali dateljev molj (Batrachedra amydraula Meyricke, 1916). Namen raziskave je bil preučiti učinkovitost dveh razčičnih parazitoidov jajčec iz rodu Trichogramma (Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 in T. evanescens Westwood, 1833) za biološki nadzor malega dateljevega molja. Vsaka parazitoidna vrsta je bila preučevana v štirih različno velikih izpustih (250, 500, 750 in 1000 parasitoidov na drevo). Rezultati so pokazali, da imata obe vrsti iz rodu Trichogramma precejšen učinek na jajčeca molja, še posebej ob večjih izpustih, kar je doseglo 86,75 % za izpust 1000 parazitoidov vrste T. evanescens na drevo, a značilno razliko 83,49 % pri izpustu 1000 parazitoidov vrste T. brassicae na drevo. Največje število odraslih osebkov vrste T. evanescens je bilo pri pri izpustu 1000 parazitoidov na drevo, ki je bilo veliko večje kot pri izpustu vrste T. brassicae , ki je doseglo le 64,20 %. Ovrednoten je bil odziv velikosti izpustov samic iz rodu Trichogramma na mesta razmnoževanja molja, kjer je bilo ugotovljeno število parazitiranih jajčec glede na višino drevesa. Največji obseg parazitizma je bil zabeležen za obe vrsti parazitoidov na drevesih, ki so bila visoka med 1,5 m-2 m
Mehanizmi dedovanja tolerance na kadmijev stres pri pridelku plodov in z njim poveznih lastnosti pri paradižniku
Full text linkUnderstanding inheritance patterns and yield-related traits under cadmium stress is essential for breeding strategies that reduce cadmium’s negative effects on crops. In a study, fifteen F1 tomato hybrids from six genotypes were evaluated under both cadmium and non-cadmium conditions. The genetic analysis confirmed that a simple additive-dominance model explained the inheritance of most traits, suggesting that a few genes, often with one having a stronger effect, control these traits. Over-dominance was observed in most traits, and genotypes P3 and P5 carried the most dominant genes, performing best under cadmium stress. Heritability estimates showed that, under non-cadmium conditions, traits like branch number, fruit set, fruit mass, and locule number had medium narrow sense heritability, indicating dominance gene action was the main factor in inheritance. Other traits with low heritability also pointed to the importance of dominance effects. As a result, P3 and P5 genotypes were more tolerant to cadmium stress due to their dominant gene composition. Understanding the roles of dominance and non-additive gene action can guide the development of high-yield, cadmium-tolerant tomato varieties.Razumevanje vzorcev dedovanja na s pridelkom povezane lastnosti v razmerah kadmijeva stresa je ključno pri strategijah žlahtnjenja, ki zmanjšujejo negativni učinek tega stresa na gojene rastline. V raziskavi je bilo ovrednoteno petnajst F1 hibridov paradižnika vzgojenih iz šest genotipov v razmerah z in brez kadmijevega stresa. Genetska analiza je potrdila, da je model preproste aditivne dominance pojasnil dedovanje večine lastnosti, kar nakazuje, da le redki geni, od katerih imajo nekateri močan učinek, nadzorujejo večino teh lastnosti. Prekomerna prevlada je bila opažena pri večini lastnosti, genotipa P3 in P5 sta imela najbolj dominantne gene, ki so se izražali najboljše v razmerah kadmijevega stresa. Ocene dednosti so pokazale, da imajo v razmerah brez kadmijevega stresa lastnosti kot so število stranskih poganjkov, nastavek plodov, masa plodov in število lokusov srednjo ožje pomensko dednost, kar kaže, da je delovanje dominantnih genov glavni dejavnik pri dednosti. Lastnosti z majhno dednostjo so tudi nakazale pomen učinka dominance. Kot rezultat sta se izkaza genotipa P3 in P5 kot bolj tolerantna na kadmijev stres zaradi vsebovanja dominantnih genov. Razumevanje pomena dominance in ne aditivnega delovanja genov lahko vodi v razvoj sort z velikim pridelkom in toleranco na kadmijev stres
BBCH scale for Nut Crops (Common walnut, Hazelnut, Sweat chestnut)
Full text linkBBCH lestvica predstavlja mednarodno uveljavljen sistem za opisovanje fenoloških faz rastlin in je ključna za natančno načrtovanje agrotehničnih ukrepov, zlasti v varstvu rastlin. V članku predstavljamo zgodovino in pomen BBCH sistema s poudarkom na njegovi uporabi pri lupinarjih – navadni oreh (Juglans regia L.), leska (Corylus spp.) in pravi kostanj (Castanea spp.). Do nedavnega so bili pri teh vrstah v uporabi različni, večinoma opisni sistemi, ki pa so pogosto oteževali primerjavo med regijami in raziskavami. Z uvedbo poenotenih in razširjenih BBCH-lestvic za omenjene vrste med letoma 2021 in 2024 je zdaj omogočeno natančnejše spremljanje razvoja posameznih fenofaz, vključno z ločenim opisom moških in ženskih socvetij ter faz dozorevanja plodov. V članku podajamo pregled in prevod aktualnih BBCH lestvic za vrste iz omenjenih rodov, kar omogoča njihovo neposredno uporabo v slovenskem pridelovalnem prostoru. Posebna pozornost je namenjena povezavi med fenološkim razvojem in optimalnim časom za uporabo fitofarmacevtskih sredstev. Standardizirana terminologija prispeva k učinkovitejšemu, ciljno usmerjenemu in trajnostnemu varstvu rastlin ter zmanjšanju okolijskih tveganj, hkrati pa povečuje uporabnost fenoloških podatkov v svetovalne, raziskovalne in napovedne namene.The BBCH scale is an internationally recognized system for describing plant phenological stages and plays a crucial role in planning agricultural interventions, particularly plant protection measures. This article presents the historical development and significance of the BBCH system, focusing on its application in nut crops— common walnut (Juglans regia L.), hazelnut (Corylus spp.), and sweat chestnut (Castanea spp.). Until recently, these species relied on various, mostly descriptive phenological systems, which often hindered data comparison across regions and studies. Between 2021 and 2024, harmonized and expanded BBCH scales were introduced for these nut species, enabling more precise monitoring of individual phenophases, including separate descriptions of male and female inflorescences and detailed stages of fruit ripening. The article provides a translated and adapted version of the current BBCH scales for cultivated species of above mentiloned genera, facilitating their direct implementation in Slovenian production and advisory practice. Special attention is given to the link between phenological development and optimal timing for the application of plant protection products. The adoption of standardized terminology supports more effective, targeted, and sustainable plant protection strategies, reduces environmental risks, and enhances the usability of phenological data in advisory services, research, and forecasting models